| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Lindgren, Petter, et al.
(author)
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A likelihood ratio-based approach for improved source attribution in microbiological forensic investigations
- 2019
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In: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 302
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A common objective in microbial forensic investigations is to identify the origin of a recovered pathogenic bacterium by DNA sequencing. However, there is currently no consensus about how degrees of belief in such origin hypotheses should be quantified, interpreted, and communicated to wider audiences. To fill this gap, we have developed a concept based on calculating probabilistic evidential values for microbial forensic hypotheses. The likelihood-ratio method underpinning this concept is widely used in other forensic fields, such as human DNA matching, where results are readily interpretable and have been successfully communicated in juridical hearings. The concept was applied to two case scenarios of interest in microbial forensics: (1) identifying source cultures among series of very similar cultures generated by parallel serial passage of the Tier 1 pathogen Francisella tularensis, and (2) finding the production facilities of strains isolated in a real disease outbreak caused by the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Evidence values for the studied hypotheses were computed based on signatures derived from whole genome sequencing data, including deep-sequenced low-frequency variants and structural variants such as duplications and deletions acquired during serial passages. In the F. tularensis case study, we were able to correctly assign fictive evidence samples to the correct culture batches of origin on the basis of structural variant data. By setting up relevant hypotheses and using data on cultivated batch sources to define the reference populations under each hypothesis, evidential values could be calculated. The results show that extremely similar strains can be separated on the basis of amplified mutational patterns identified by high-throughput sequencing. In the L. monocytogenes scenario, analyses of whole genome sequence data conclusively assigned the clinical samples to specific sources of origin, and conclusions were formulated to facilitate communication of the findings. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential of using bacterial whole genome sequencing data, including data on both low frequency SNP signatures and structural variants, to calculate evidence values that facilitate interpretation and communication of the results. The concept could be applied in diverse scenarios, including both epidemiological and forensic source tracking of bacterial infectious disease outbreaks.
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| 3. |
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Access to Education Over the Working Life in Sweden : Priorities, Institutions and Efficiency
- 2012
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Editorial proceedings (other academic/artistic)abstract
- To facilitate individuals to adjust their skills to changes in market demands, Sweden has a relatively generous policy to stimulate formal adult education at the compulsory, upper secondary and tertiary levels. This paper provides an overview of what research has reported to assess if and/or how it may be an efficient use of tax payers' money. Some institutional factors are also briefly presented to discuss what is likely to be required for such a policy to exist in a particular country.
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| 4. |
- Borghans, Lex, et al.
(author)
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Does Expert Advice Improve Educational Choice?
- 2015
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper reports evidence that an individual meeting with a study counselor at high school significantly improves the quality of choice of tertiary educational field, as self-assessed 18 months after graduation from college. To address endogeneity, we explore the variation in study counseling practices between schools as an instrumental variable (IV). Following careful scrutiny of the validity of the IV, our results indicate a significant and positive influence of study counseling on the quality of educational choice, foremost among males and those with low educated parents. The overall result is stable across a number of robustness checks.
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| 5. |
- Dahl, Gordon B., et al.
(author)
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High School Majors and Future Earnings
- 2023
-
In: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 15:1, s. 351-382
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study how high school majors affect adult earnings using a regression discontinuity design. In Sweden students are admitted to majors in tenth grade based on their preference rankings and ninth grade GPA. We find engineering, natural science, and business majors yield higher earnings than social science and humanities, with major-specific returns also varying based on next-best alternatives. There is either a zero or a negative return to completing an academic program for students with a second-best nonacademic major. Most of the differences in adult earnings can be attributed to differences in occupation, and to a lesser extent, college major.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- de Luna, Xavier, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Can adult education delay retirement from the Labour Market?
- 2008
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Several studies have suggested that education is associated with later retirement from the labour market. In this paper, we examine whether adult education, involving enrolees aged 42 or above, delays retirement to potentially increase labour force participation among the elderly. With Swedish register data of transcripts from adult education and an-nual earnings, which encompasses 1979-2004 and 1982-2004 respectively, we exploit the fact that adult education is a large-scale phenomenon in Sweden and construct a measure of the timing of the transition from being self-supported by productive work to being supported by pension transfers. We match samples of treated and controls on the propen-sity score and use non-parametric estimation of survival rates. The results indicate that adult education has no effect on the timing of the retirement from the labour force. This can be contrasted with the fact that adult education is one of the cornerstones of the OECD strategy for “active ageing” and the European Union’s “Lisbon strategy” for growth and jobs.
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| 8. |
- Dwibedi, Chinmay Kumar, et al.
(author)
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Biological amplification of low frequency mutations unravels laboratory culture history of the bio-threat agent Francisella tularensis
- 2020
-
In: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier. - 1872-4973 .- 1878-0326. ; 45
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Challenges of investigating a suspected bio attack include establishing if microorganisms have been cultured to produce attack material and to identify their source. Addressing both issues, we have investigated genetic variations that emerge during laboratory culturing of the bacterial pathogen Francisella tularensis. Key aims were to identify genetic variations that are characteristic of laboratory culturing and explore the possibility of using biological amplification to identify genetic variation present at exceedingly low frequencies in a source sample. We used parallel serial passage experiments and high-throughput sequencing of F. tularensis to explore the genetic variation. We found that during early laboratory culture passages of F. tularensis, gene duplications emerged in the pathogen genome followed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes for bacterial capsule synthesis. Based on a biological enrichment scheme and the use of high-throughput sequencing, we identified genetic variation that likely pre-existed in a source sample. The results support that capsule synthesis gene mutations are common during laboratory culture, and that a biological amplification strategy is useful for linking a F. tularensis sample to a specific laboratory variant among many highly similar variants.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Hederos, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Gender identity and relative income within households : evidence from Sweden
- 2022
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 124:3, s. 744-772
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In their study of relative income within US households, Bertrand et al. (2015, Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, 571–614) show that the distribution of the wife's share of household income drops sharply where the wife starts earning more than her husband. They attribute the drop to a gender norm prescribing that a wife's income should not exceed her husband's income. We document a similar drop in Swedish data. However, we also show that there is a spike where spouses earn exactly the same. Excluding the equal-earning spouses, the drop is small and mostly statistically insignificant. We conclude that, if anything, we find only weak evidence that Swedish couples comply with this gender norm.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
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Nature, nurture and socioeconomic policy-What can we learn from molecular genetics?
- 2010
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In: Economics and Human Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6130 .- 1570-677X. ; 8, s. 320-330
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many countries use public resources to compensate individuals with genetic disorders, identified by behaviors/symptoms such as chronic diseases and disabilities. This paper draws attention to molecular genetic research which may provide a new dimension to our understanding of how socioeconomic outcomes are generated. We provide an overview of the recently emerging evidence of gene-environment interaction effects. This literature points out specific areas where policies may compensate groups of individuals carrying genetic risks, without the need to identify anyone's genetic endowments. Moreover, epigenetics studies, which concern heritable changes in gene functions that occur independently of the DNA sequence, have shown that environments may affect heritable traits across generations. It means that policies which neutralize adverse environments may also increase intergenerational mobility, given that genetic and/or environmental risk factors are more common in socially disadvantaged groups.
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| 15. |
- Rooth, Dan-Olof, 1967-, et al.
(author)
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Intergenerational and Sibling Spillovers in High School Majors
- 2023
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper estimates family spillovers in high school major choice in Sweden, where admission to oversubscribed majors is determined based on GPA. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find large sibling and intergenerational spillovers that depend on the gender mix of a dyad. Same-gender siblings copy one another, while younger brothers recoil from older sister's choices. Fathers and mothers influence sons, but not their daughters, except when a mother majors in the male-dominated program of Engineering. Back of the envelope calculations reveal these within family spillovers have sizable implications for the gender composition of majors.
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| 16. |
- Rooth, Dan-Olof, et al.
(author)
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The Shape of the Income Distribution and Economic Growth : Evidence from Swedish Labour Market Regions
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We analyze the association between inequality and growth across 72 labor market regions in Sweden 1990-2006. Highly accurate measures of growth and inequality (gini, Q3, p9075, p5010) are derived from population register data. The regional set-up also reduces problems with omitted variable bias and endogeneity found in cross country comparisons since the regions within a country share the same redistributive policies and institutions. The findings suggest that inequality between the 90th and 75th percentiles enhances regional growth. This result no longer holds when we take into account changes in commuting patterns. Although only suggestive, the finding is interesting in that it is consistent with the hypothesis that inequality enhances growth by stimulating commuting incentives.
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| 17. |
- Rooth, Dan-Olof, et al.
(author)
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The Shape of the Income Distribution and Economic Growth – Evidence from Swedish Labour Market Regions
- 2012
-
In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy. - : Wiley. - 0036-9292 .- 1467-9485. ; 59:2, s. 196-223
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyze the association between income inequality and economic growth using 72 labor market regions in Sweden during the period of 1990–2006. Compared with studies of cross-country data, the regional set-up reduces problems with omitted variable bias and endogeneity as regions within a country share the same redistributive policies and institutions. Using population register data, highly accurate measures of growth and inequality (gini, Q3, p9075, p5010) are derived. OLS cross-section and panel estimates imply that inequality between the 90 and 75th percentiles enhances regional growth and that the share of income falling to the third quintile reduces growth. These results no longer hold when we apply regions specific fixed effects and/or system GMM.
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| 18. |
- Rooth, Dan-Olof, et al.
(author)
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Valet av gymnasieutbildning och dessbetydelse för inkomster i vuxen ålder
- 2022
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 50:6, s. 8-18
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Denna studie använder unika data som gör det möjligt att utvärdera kausala effekter på arbetsinkomster vid 38 års ålder för de fem högskoleförberedande linjerna som fanns på gymnasiet 1977–91. Resultaten visar överlag positiva effekter av teknisk, ekonomisk och naturvetenskaplig linje, i flera fall motsvarande vad man funnit för ytterligare två utbildningsår, men för samhällsvetenskaplig och humanistisk linje finner vi i flera fall lika stora negativa effekter som indikerar att individernas inkomster skulle varit högre om de i stället antagits till sitt andrahandsval. Kvinnor är kraftigt överrepresenterade i utbildningar med negativ avkastning. Den huvudsakliga mekanismen bakom resultaten är att gymnasieutbildning påverkar yrkesval.
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| 19. |
- Simonoska, Rusana, et al.
(author)
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Inner ear pathology and loss of hearing in estrogen receptor-beta deficient mice
- 2009
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In: Journal of Endocrinology. - 1479-6805. ; 201:3, s. 397-406
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There are well known differences between males and females in hearing. In the present study, the role of estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta; listed as ESR2 in the MGI Database) in hearing was investigated by comparing hearing and morphology of the inner ear in ER-beta knock-out mice (ER-beta(-/-)) with that of wild-type (WT) littermates. Hearing was analyzed with auditory brainstem response audiometry at 3 and 12 months. The ER-beta(-/-) mice were deaf at 1 year of age, and the morphological analysis showed absence of hair cells and loss of the whole organ of Corti initiated in the basal turn of the cochlea. Furthermore, in ER-beta(-/-), but not in WT mice, the spiral ganglion was lacking many of its neurons. Immunostaining showed the presence of both ER-alpha (listed as ESR1 in the MGI Database) and ER-beta in the nuclei of some neurons in the inner ear in WT mice, but no ER-beta was found in the ER-beta(-/-) mice as expected. ER-alpha staining was predominant in the nuclei of large neurons and ER-beta in nuclei of small neurons and fibroblasts. These results reveal that both ERs are present in the inner ear at specific localizations suggesting subtype-specific functions. It is concluded that ER-beta is important for the prevention of age-related hearing loss. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that estrogen has a direct effect on hearing functions.
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| 20. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-
(author)
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An evaluation of the adult education initiative relative labor market training
- 2003
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of three papers which evaluate the effects of the Adult Education Initiative (AEI) in Sweden relative to the vocational part of Labor Market Training (LMT). Paper [I] studies unemployment incidence and unemployment duration for participants in the AEI relative to LMT. When evaluating the relative program effects on duration, one needs to take into account both the problem of selection and the fact that the outcome variable is right hand censored. The method used is an instrumental variable adaptation of the symmetrically trimmed least squares estimator. A bivariate probit model is used in order to study unemployment incidence. The results indicate a beneficial effect of the AEI relative to LMT on unemployment incidence, but longer duration in unemployment among the AEI participants. Paper [II] uses annual wage earnings in 1999 to compare the AEI and LMT for individuals that do not continue in education following program completion. Two separate estimation methods are used, the classical selection model and the method of matching on the propensity score. The results of both methods indicate negative effects of the AEI relative to LMT on wage earnings. The earnings effect of the AEI for individuals with a weak position in the labor market is particularly poor, implying that the official target to assist those individuals appear not to have succeeded. Paper [III] employs data for those enrolled in 1997 as well as 1998 to study the annual wage earnings of 1999 and 2000 and data on attachment to branches of employment before and after program. Data on branches of employment indicate less mobility among the AEI participants. This is largely due to a stronger attachment to the public service sector. The analysis of wage earnings of the sample enrolled in 1997, indicate that the effects on wage earnings tended to be more advantageous for the AEI in 2000 rather than 1999, possibly implying a lag in the effects of the program.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Can adult education delay retirement from the Labour Market?
- 2012
-
In: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 25:2, s. 677-696
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine whether adult education delays retirement to potentially increase labour force participation among the elderly, a mechanism suggested in the OECD strategy for “active ageing” and the “Lisbon strategy” of the EU. Using register data from Sweden, we analyse transcripts from adult education for the period 1979–2004 and annual earnings 1982–2004. We match samples of treated individuals, in adult education 1986–1989, and untreated on the propensity score. The timing of exit from the workforce is assessed by non-parametric estimation of survival rates in the labour force. The results indicate no effects of adult education on the timing of retirement.
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| 23. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-
(author)
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Does formal education for adults yield long-term multiplier effects or human capital depreciation?
- 2022
-
In: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 90
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Evaluations of adults in formal education (AE) are typically based on earnings measured 5-10 years after pro-gram enrollment. This paper uses propensity score matching to estimate returns up to 24 years after enrollment, and explore results for 15 cohorts of AE enrollees in Sweden 1994-2008 with at least a 10-year follow-up period. The results indicate substantially higher payoffs in absolute terms after the maximum length of follow-up compared with after 10 years. There is weak support that multiplier effects increase the percentage returns to AE over time, regardless of gender or whether the level of AE is college or high school.
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| 24. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Does formal education for older workers increase earnings? : evidence based on rich data and long-term follow up
- 2014
-
In: Labour. - Oxford : John Wiley & Sons. - 1121-7081 .- 1467-9914. ; 28:2, s. 163-189
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Governments in Europe, Canada and the US have expressed an ambition to stimulate education of older. In this paper, we analyze if there are effects on annual earnings of formal education for participants aged 42-55 at the time of enrolment in 1994-1995. The analysis explores longitudinal population register data stretching from 1982 to 2007. The method used is difference-in-differences propensity score matching based on a rich set of covariates, including indicators of health and labor market marginalization. Our findings underline the importance of long follow up periods and imply positive effects for females, especially so for women with children, and no significant average earnings effects for males. These results differ from earlier studies but are stable to several alternative assumptions regarding unobservable characteristics. Data further indicate that the gender gap in our estimates may stem from differences in underlying reasons for enrolment.
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| 25. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Does Formal Education for Older Workers Increase Earnings? Analyzing Annual Data Stretching Over 25 Years
- 2011
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Governments in the US, Canada and Europe have expressed an ambition to stimulate education of older. In this paper, we analyze if there are effects on annual earnings of formal education for participants aged 42-55 at the time of enrolment in 1994-1995. The analysis explores longitudinal population register data stretching from 1982 to 2007. The method used is difference-in-differences propensity score matching based on a rich set of covariates, including indicators of health and labor market marginalization. Results differ from earlier studies, implying no significant average earnings effects for males, positive effects for females, although insufficient to cover total costs.
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| 26. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Education and retirement : does University education at mid-age extend working life?
- 2013
-
In: IZA Journal of European Labor Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2193-9012. ; 2:16
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To our knowledge, this paper provides the first study evaluating the effects of higher education for adults on the timing of retirement. Using detailed longitudinal population register data 1982–2010, we track first-time enrollees in higher education in 1992–1993. Our sample is aged 42–55 at the time of enrollment and thus aged 60–73 in 2010. We find that higher education increases labor market survival rates when aged 61–66 by about 5 percentage points. The estimates represent relatively large effects. Tentative calculations indicate that if enrollment occurs at age 42, the retirement delay represents about one percent in yearly earnings returns per year of tertiary education.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-
(author)
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Evidence on the Impact of Adult Upper Secondary Education in Sweden
- 2007
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This study is the first to explore the earnings effects of credits attained in adult education at upper secondary level (AE) in Sweden. It is also investigated whether individuals with and without AE prior to enrolment in higher studies differ in their achievements at university and/or in their subsequent earnings. The analyses are based on register data of the cohort born in 1970 of which more than one third at some point has been registered in AE. In the preferred specification, credits equal to one year of AE are found to increase annual wage earnings by 4.1 per cent for males and 3.6 per cent for females. The results are mainly driven by course credits with an element of specific knowledge such as health related subjects and computer science, while more general subjects such as Mathematics, Swedish or English are linked with zero returns. Concerning higher education, the results indicate a lower payoff for AE individuals if higher studies are limited to less than two years. There is also evidence of a lower probability of completing four years of higher studies, in particular among females.
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| 29. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Field of Study and Mental Health in Adulthood
- 2024
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We analyze whether field of study assigned at age 16 impacts mental health in adulthood. Using a regression discontinuity design that exploits GPA cut-offs, we find that admission to the preferred study field improves mental health, lowering both the incidence of antidepressant prescriptions and of mental health-related hospitalizations. Engineering contributes strongly but not uniquely to the positive results. As for mechanisms, earnings explain 40% of the estimates, but earlier proposed hypotheses based on school-age peer characteristics have little explanatory power. Our findings imply that restrictions on individuals’ choices, to improve human capi tal allocations, entail costs that may have been underestimated.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-
(author)
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Interpreting estimates of heritability - A note on the twin decomposition
- 2013
-
In: Economics and Human Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-677X. ; 11:2, s. 201-205
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While most outcomes may in part be genetically mediated, quantifying genetic heritability is a different matter. To explore data on twins and decompose the variation is a classical method to determine whether variation in outcomes, e.g. IQ or schooling, originate from genetic endowments or environmental factors. Despite some criticism, the model is still widely used. The critique is generally related to how estimates of heritability may encompass environmental mediation. This aspect is sometimes left implicit by authors even though its relevance for the interpretation is potentially profound. This short note is an appeal for clarity from authors when interpreting the magnitude of heritability estimates. It is demonstrated how disregarding existing theoretical contributions can easily lead to unnecessary misinterpretations and/or controversies. The key arguments are relevant also for estimates based on data of adopted children or from modern molecular genetics research.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-
(author)
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The Impact on Annual Earnings of Adult Upper Secondary Education in Sweden
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Lifelong Education. - : Routledge. - 0260-1370 .- 1464-519X. ; 29:3, s. 303-321
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The public supply of adult education is very different between countries, making it likely that there is scope for efficiency gains. The contribution of this paper is to provide an economic evaluation of the earnings impact of adult education at upper secondary level (AE) in Sweden, where the supply is plausibly larger than in any other country. The analysis is based on register data 1990-2002 of the cohort born in 1970 on accomplished AE course credits and possibly subsequent higher education. Difference-in-differences estimates indicate that for AE enrollees in 1994-96, a year of AE credits increases earnings in 2002 by 6 % for males and by 4.5 % for females. The estimates are reconciled with conflicting results from earlier studies. According to crude calculations, which disregard other societal benefits of AE, the earnings benefits are sufficient to cover the costs incurred by the society within 17 years.
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| 35. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-
(author)
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Upgrading the Low Skilled? Is Public Provision of Formal Education a Sensible Policy?
- 2009
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- At various political levels, including the OECD and the EU, it is repeatedly emphasized that upgrading the low skilled is an important area for the economic and social development of modern societies. Employers are typically reluctant to train low skilled, who in their turn are unwilling to participate due to financial constraints or a perception of low quality and/or returns to training. If this is a market imperfection, a possible remedy is suggested by public provision of formal education where enrollees are eligible for financial support. However, the costs may be large and the economic returns to formal adult education (AE) for low skilled, a crucial measure to assess if expenses should be increased or decreased, is a virtually unexplored issue. This study uses Swedish register data 1990-2004 of low skilled siblings aged 24-43 in 1994 to estimate difference-indifference- in-differences models which include family fixed effects. It is found that a year of AE improves earnings by 4.4 per cent, but calculations indicate that the private returns alone only roughly cover the costs incurred by society, implying that social returns to AE are needed to justify the expenses.
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| 36. |
- Stenberg, Anders, 1966-
(author)
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Using Longitudinal Data to Evaluate Publicly Provided Formal Education for Low skilled
- 2011
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In: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier Ltd.. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 30:6, s. 1262-1280
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Modern societies would potentially reap large benefits from upgrading low skilled's education. However, this is difficult to put into practice because employers are reluctant to train low skilled and because low skilled are unwilling to participate. To circumvent this potential market imperfection, a large supply of formal education in Sweden is complemented with the eligibility of enrollees for financial support. This study uses detailed data on Swedish siblings aged 24-43 in 1994 to evaluate the impact on annual earnings. The estimated average return was 4.4% in 2004. Calculations indicate that this is barely sufficient to cover society's total costs.
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