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| 2. |
- Böhm, M., et al.
(författare)
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The conservation status of the world’s freshwater molluscs
- 2021
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Ingår i: Hydrobiologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-8158 .- 1573-5117. ; 848, s. 3231-3254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the biodiversity crisis continuing unchecked, we need to establish levels and drivers of extinction risk, and reassessments over time, to effectively allocate conservation resources and track progress towards global conservation targets. Given that threat appears particularly high in freshwaters, we assessed the extinction risk of 1428 randomly selected freshwater molluscs using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, as part of the Sampled Red List Index project. We show that close to one-third of species in our sample are estimated to be threatened with extinction, with highest levels of threat in the Nearctic, Palearctic and Australasia and among gastropods. Threat levels were higher in lotic than lentic systems. Pollution (chemical and physical) and the modification of natural systems (e.g. through damming and water abstraction) were the most frequently reported threats to freshwater molluscs, with some regional variation. Given that we found little spatial congruence between species richness patterns of freshwater molluscs and other freshwater taxa, apart from crayfish, new additional conservation priority areas emerged from our study. We discuss the implications of our findings for freshwater mollusc conservation, the adequacy of a sampled approach and important next steps to estimate trends in freshwater mollusc extinction risk over time. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 3. |
- Laegsgaard, E, et al.
(författare)
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A high-pressure scanning tunneling microscope
- 2001
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 72:9, s. 3537-3542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the design and performance of a high-pressure scanning tunneling microscope (HP-STM), which allows atom-resolved imaging of metal surfaces at pressures ranging from ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) to atmospheric pressures (1 x 10(-10)-1000 mbar) on a routine basis. The HP-STM is integrated in a gold-plated high-pressure cell with a volume of only similar to0.5 l, which is attached directly to an UHV preparation/analysis chamber. The latter facilitates quick sample transfer between the UHV chamber and the high-pressure cell, and allows for in situ chemical and structural analysis by a number of analytical UHV techniques incorporated in the UHV chamber. Reactant gases are admitted to the high-pressure cell via a dedicated gas handling system, which includes several stages of gas purification. The use of ultrapure gasses is essential when working at high pressures in order to achieve well-defined experimental conditions. The latter is demonstrated in the case of H/Cu(110) at atmospheric H-2 pressures where impurity-related structures were observed. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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| 4. |
- Pecl, Gretta T., et al.
(författare)
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Climate-driven 'species-on-the-move' provide tangible anchors to engage the public on climate change
- 2023
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Ingår i: People and Nature. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2575-8314. ; 5:5, s. 1384-1402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over recent decades, our understanding of climate change has accelerated greatly, but unfortunately, observable impacts have increased in tandem. Both mitigation and adaptation have not progressed at the level or scale warranted by our collective knowledge on climate change. More effective approaches to engage people on current and future anthropogenic climate change effects are urgently needed. Here, we show how species whose distributions are shifting in response to climate change, that is, ‘species-on-the-move’, present an opportunity to engage people with climate change by linking to human values, and our deep connections with the places in which we live, in a locally relevant yet globally coherent narrative. Species-on-the-move can impact ecosystem structure and function, food security, human health, livelihoods, culture and even the climate itself through feedback to the climate system, presenting a wide variety of potential pathways for people to understand that climate change affects them personally as individuals. Citizen science focussed on documenting changes in biodiversity is one approach to foster a deeper engagement on climate change. However, other possible avenues, which may offer potential to engage people currently unconnected with nature, include arts, games or collaborations with rural agriculture (e.g. new occurrences of pest species) or fisheries organisations (e.g. shifting stocks) or healthcare providers (e.g. changing distributions of disease vectors). Through the importance we place on the aspects of life impacted by the redistribution of species around us, species-on-the-move offer emotional pathways to connect with people on the complex issue of climate change in profound ways that have the potential to engender interest and action on climate change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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| 5. |
- Pedersen, M O, et al.
(författare)
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Diffusion of N adatoms on the Fe(100) surface
- 2000
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 84:21, s. 4898-4901
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The diffusion of individual N adatoms on Fe(100) has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy and ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The measured diffusion barrier for isolated N adatoms is E-d = (0.92 +/- 0.04) eV, with a prefactor of nu(0) = 4.3 x 10(12) s(-1), which is in quantitative agreement with the DFT calculations. Thr; diffusion is strongly coupled to lattice distortions. and. as a consequence, the presence of other N adatoms introduces an anisotropy in the diffusion. Based on experimentally determined values of the diffusion barriers and adsorbate-adsorbate: interactions, the potential energy surface experienced by a N adatom is determined.
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| 6. |
- Österlund, Lars, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Bridging the pressure gap in surface science at the atomic level : H/Cu(110)
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 86:3, s. 460-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structural response of the Cu(110) surface to H-2 gas pressures ranging from 10(-13) to 1 bar is studied using a novel high-pressure scanning tunneling microscope (HP-STM). We find that at H-2 pressures larger than 2 mbar the Cu(110) surface reconstructs into the (1 X 2) "missing-row" structure. From a quantitative analysis of the pressure dependence of the surface reconstruction, we conclude that Cu(110) responds identically to hydrogen at ultrahigh vacuum conditions and at atmospheric pressures. From the HP-STM data, we extract refined values for the adsorption and desorption rate constants.
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| 7. |
- Österlund, Lars, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative determination of adsorbate-adsorbate interactions
- 1999
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 83:23, s. 4812-4815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new concept called configuration distribution analysis is introduced to extract quantitative information on adsorbate-adsorbate interactions from high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy data. From atom-resolved nitrogen island configurations on an Fe(100) surface we show that the propensity to form small, compact c(2 X 2) nitrogen islands is due to a nearest neighbor repulsion and next-nearest neighbor attraction. We demonstrate the importance of including many-body terms and elastic interactions to account for the detailed description of the island distribution.
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