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- Kisiel, Marta, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Medical students' self-reported gender discrimination and sexual harassment over time
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMC Medical Education. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6920. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Gender discrimination (GD) and sexual harassment (SH) occur at all academic institutions worldwide. Medical students report high prevalence of GD and SH, which may negatively affect their education and health. There are indications that policies and reforms on reducing GD/SH are insufficient. Swedish medical students' experiences of GD/SH are monitored by course-evaluations and bi-annual student union evaluations; however, the response rate is usually low. The aim of this study was to compare the exposure to and context of self-reported GD/SH over an 11-year period amongst medical students at a Swedish university.METHODS: In 2002, a questionnaire (n = 622) was mailed to medical students' home addresses. It was repeated in 2013 and then distributed during mandatory lectures (n = 856). The questions used a behavioristic approach and asked about specific GH/SH experiences. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. The changes in prevalence over time were calculated by sampling weights in order to obtain comparable estimates, representative of both cohorts.RESULTS: The response frequency was 55% (62% women) in 2002 and 81% (59% women) in 2013. The prevalence of GD tended to decrease for male and clinical students in comparison to female and pre-clinical peers. However, the prevalence of SH increased for female compared to male students. The ratio of SH for female pre-clinical students doubled in many instances; most often, the mistreatment occurred in the clinic. Medical doctors were indicated as perpetrators up to five times more often by all students in 2013.CONCLUSION: Our results show a disproportional change in exposure to GD/SH between female and male medical students, resulting in a widening of the gender gap regarding prevalence of GD and SH between 2002 and 2013. In particular, personal experiences of SH increased for both sexes. It is proof that institutional efforts to fight mistreatment might be ineffective.
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- Sundström, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Blood Pressure-Independent Relations of Left Ventricular Geometry to the Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance : A Population-Based Study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Heart. - : BMJ. - 1468-201X .- 1355-6037. ; 94, s. 874-878
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Insulin resistance independently predicts heart failure and coronary disease, and has been related to thick left ventricular walls, mainly in studies of hypertensive samples not fully accounting for the influence of blood pressure. This study investigated whether the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are related to left ventricular geometry independently of blood pressure. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A community-based sample of 820 70-year-old men and women (the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors, PIVUS) free from valvular disease, heart failure and myocardial infarction. Main outcome measures: Relations of the National Cholesterol Education Program-defined metabolic syndrome and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to echocardiographic left ventricular geometry. Models were adjusted for sex, height, intra-arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and antihypertensive medication. Results: Left ventricular mass index was increased in persons with the metabolic syndrome in the total sample (49.7 (SD 13.1) vs 39.7 (SD 11.5) g/m2.7, p<0.001) and in subgroups of normotensive and hypertensive persons, mainly accounted for by an increased relative wall thickness. HOMA-IR was related to left ventricular mass index in the total sample (r = 0.31; p<0.001) and in hypertensive persons, but with borderline significance in normotensive persons. HOMA-IR was related to relative wall thickness in the total sample (r = 0.27; p<0.001), in normotensive and hypertensive persons. Conclusions: Left ventricular mass and relative wall thickness were increased in persons with the metabolic syndrome and were related to HOMA-IR in a large population-based sample of men and women of the same age, accounting for covariates including intra-arterial blood pressure levels.
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