| 1. |
- André, Samuel, 1986-
(författare)
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Supporting the utilization of a platform approach in the engineer-to-order supplier industry
- 2017
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Manufacturing companies are continuously faced with requirements regarding technology novelty, shorter time to market, a higher level of functionality, and lower prices for their products. This is especially true of suppliers that develop and manufacture highly customized products within the automotive industry. It is not uncommon that a request for a new product or subsystem goes out to several suppliers and that the one that can deliver the product most quickly and at the lowest price receives the contract. It is therefore vital for any supplier to answer to quotation requests rapidly and with a high level of precision while also ensuring that company assets are used efficiently. Other issues that apply to suppliers in the automotive industry are heavily fluctuating requirements during development projects, each customer’s individual preferences, and the ever changing interfaces with the OEM product with which the supplier’s product is to be integrated. Platform strategies have been widely accepted in industry to serve a wide product variety while maintaining business efficiency. However, the challenge of applying a platform strategy at the supplier level in the face of the reality described above has not been fully investigated. Platform approaches tend to require a focused development of the platform, which in turn requires some knowledge about which future variants are to be derived from the platform. The research presented in this thesis investigates the state of practice in industry regarding the challenges, needs, and current use of platforms. To respond to the identified need, a platform approach is proposed that expands the scope of what a product platform has traditionally contained. This is undertaken to aid in the development of highly customized products when physical modules or component scalability does not suffice. The platform approach provides a coherent environment for heterogeneous design assets to be used in product development, supporting both the activity of designing and off-the-shelf solutions. The approach is based on identifying and modelling generic product items that are associated with descriptions governing their design. By describing the outcome of technology and product development like finished designs, design guidelines, constraints, etc., in a standardized format, the platform continues to evolve. To aid in using the platform approach, a support system called Design Platform Manager is introduced at a company active as a secondtier supplier in the automotive industry. The system enables the creation of generic product items that can be structured, instantiated, and associated with descriptions, which aids in realizing product variants. The aim of the platform approach and tool is to support the quotation and continued design processes by identifying valid knowledge to use as circumstances, such as requirement changes or new design iterations, warrant. The support tool and overarching model have been evaluated by company representatives, who reported good results.
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| 2. |
- André, Samuel, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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The design platform – a coherent platform description of heterogeneous design assets for suppliers of highly customised systems
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of engineering design (Print). - : Taylor & Francis. - 0954-4828 .- 1466-1837. ; 28:10-12, s. 599-626
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Companies developing highly customised products are continuously faced with fluctuating requirements during the early and late stages of the product development (PD) process. This differs from companies that develop end-consumer products, which uses fixed specifications and where product platforms have been a successful enabler for efficient customisation. However, in the past, product platforms have not been able to fully support companies working in an engineer-to-order business environment. This article outlines the results from a three-year collaborative research project between academics within the area of engineering design and practitioners from the engineer-to-order industry. The research introduces a design platform (DP) that aims to support the development of customised products when traditional platform concepts do not suffice. The platform approach provides a coherent environment for heterogeneous design assets to be used in PD by supporting both the design activity and the finished solutions. The needs and abilities regarding such a platform were investigated through a series of interviews and workshops at four companies. Then, the DP was modelled and support tools were developed. Finally, company representatives evaluated the complete DP and its applications, reporting promising results.
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| 3. |
- Arjomandi Rad, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Correlation-based feature extraction from computer-aided design, case study on curtain airbags design
- 2022
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Ingår i: Computers in industry (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0166-3615 .- 1872-6194. ; 138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many high-level technical products are associated with changing requirements, drastic design changes, lack of design information, and uncertainties in input variables which makes their design process iterative and simulation-driven. Regression models have been proven to be useful tools during design, altering the resource-intensive finite element simulation models. However, building regression models from computer-aided design (CAD) parameters is associated with challenges such as dealing with too many parameters and their low or coupled impact on studied outputs which ultimately requires a large training dataset. As a solution, extraction of hidden features from CAD is presented on the application of volume simulation of curtain airbags concerning geometric changes in design loops. After creating a prototype that covers all aspects of a real curtain airbag, its CAD parameters have been analyzed to find out the correlation between design parameters and volume as output. Next, using the design of the experiment latin hypercube sampling method, 100 design samples are generated and the corresponding volume for each design sample was assessed. It was shown that selected CAD parameters are not highly correlated with the volume which consequently lowers the accuracy of prediction models. Various geometric entities, such as the medial axis, are used to extract several hidden features (referred to as sleeping parameters). The correlation of the new features and their performance and precision through two regression analyses are studied. The result shows that choosing sleeping parameters as input reduces dimensionality and the need to use advanced regression algorithms, allowing designers to have more accurate predictions (in this case approximately 95%) with a reasonable number of samples. Furthermore, it was concluded that using sleeping parameters in regression-based tools creates real-time prediction ability in the early development stage of the design process which could contribute to lower development lead time by eliminating design iterations.
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| 4. |
- Arjomandi Rad, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Data-driven and Real-time Prediction Models for Highly Iterative Product Development Processes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinarity and the Future of Engineering. - : IOS Press. - 9781643683386 - 9781643683393 ; , s. 463-472
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some high-level technical products are associated with transdisciplinary simulation-driven design processes. Therefore, their design process involves many stakeholders and is prone to frequent changes, leading to a highly iterative process with a long lead time. Despite the decades of statistical approximations and metamodeling techniques on prediction models, companies are still striving toachieve fully automated real-time predictions in early design phases. The literature study shows a gap in existing methods such as not being fully real-time or suffering from high dimensionality. This paper presents a generic model for the development process of such described products and motivation for such modeling through a series of semi-structured interviews with an automotive sub-supplier company. The proposed process model points to the digital verification in every design loop as the bottleneck which is then confirmed by interviewees. As alternative solutions to overcome the problems, a method for data-driven and real-time prediction models is presented to enable the designer to foresee the consequence of their decision in the design phase. To evaluate the method, two examples of such real-time metamodeling techniques, developed in an ongoing research project are discussed. The proposed examples confirm that the framework can reduce lead time spent on digital verification and therefore accelerate the design process in such products.
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| 5. |
- Arjomandi Rad, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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System properties to address the change propagation in product realization
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary engineering for complex socio-technical systems – Real-life applications. - Clifton, VA : IOS Press. - 9781643681108 - 9781643681115 ; , s. 343-352
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Demanding markets and complex products are only some of the reasons that make changes and variations inevitable through different stages of product realization. From early phases of product development to downstream production phase, these changes or variations cause failure either directly or by propagating to other phases, triggering more fluctuations like the well-known butterfly effect. In this paper, first, the definition of changes in product realization will be reviewed and then different papers and their classification on change related system properties (illites) will be discussed and compared. It was argued that considering a system-level view, one could trace these propagations in the systems as a result of not being robust, flexible, or adaptable, etc. Some of the ambiguity in this semantic field demonstrated and most repeated definitions are identified as the unanimous and agreed-upon definitions in the literature. In the end, a historical comparison of the three identified properties presented. The results of this study help us to understand the multidisciplinary nature of these propagations and identify their stemming turbulent environment. This will be used as a foundation for forthcoming research either to prevent these propagations or utilize their attributes in the product realization.
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| 6. |
- Dogea, Ramona, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying challenges related to industry 4.0 in five manufacturing companies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Procedia Manufacturing. - : Elsevier. - 2351-9789. ; :C, s. 328-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of the 4th industrial revolution has resulted in significant improvement in the effectiveness of product and production development. Nowadays, research has been done focused on new technologies of integrated products and production platforms to support decision making in engineering processes. This means that there is the need to continuously explore different ways of integrating product and production platforms in industry. The aim of this paper is directed at finding the current state of practice in today´s industry with respect to their degree of automation. To make this achievable, a methodology based on the interactive research principles and the design research methodology is followed. As input data, six Swedish companies were interviewed in order to draw a picture of their challenges and needs for each lifecycle phase of selected products. The main contribution of this work is the identification of gaps in their product and production platforms as well as methods to address them. Struggling with understanding and adopting Industry 4.0, this paper also reviews the concepts and approaches related to digitalisation of product and production platforms. The results show that there are three application fields the companies have been facing: simulation and calculation, automation as well as data management. Within them, there are common aspects like lack of software tools, design and production automation, data migration and collection, or data handling in production. The findings of the study strongly suggest companies to adopt Industry 4.0 techniques to improve their product and production assets.
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| 7. |
- Elgh, Fredrik, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Design Platform - A Coherent Model for Management and Use of Mixed Design Assets
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary Engineering: A Paradigm Shift. - : IOS Press. - 9781614997788 - 9781614997795 ; , s. 703-712
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- For many companies, it is a challenge to balance product variety and cost, i.e. external and internal efficiency. Product platforms has been the dominant solution for a business targeting mass-customization. The main idea is to dived the product into modules that can be shared among different product variants. This has been a success on the consumer market, however, many manufacturing companies are engineer-to-order (ETO) oriented, such as original equipment suppliers (OES). They design a unique solution, often in close collaboration with other companies, based on different product concepts and/or core technologies. For these companies, there is a strategic need for a platform model influenced by the principles of masscustomization, although, not limited to only include modules. In this work, a novel platform model, called Design Platform is described. The model has been developed and applied in cooperation with four companies. The Design Platform provides a coherent environment for management of heterogeneous design assets to be used in product development and supports an improved ability to master fluctuating requirements and systematic introduction of new technologies.
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| 8. |
- Elgh, Fredrik, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Platform Models for Agile Customization – What's Beyond Modularization?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary Engineering Methods for Social Innovation of Industry 4.0. - : IOS Press. - 9781614998976 - 9781614998983 ; , s. 371-380
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many manufacturing companies are suppliers that deliver unique solutions to different business customers. Intense quotation work, with a high demand on accuracy and quick response, and development projects executed in close collaboration with customers and other actors characterize these companies. The projects can run for years or a few weeks depending on the business. Changes of requirements are frequent and technology development required for improved functionality, sustainability and competitiveness. The use of a product platform has been acknowledged as a strategic enabler for product family development and mass customization. However, companies struggle with adopting the common platform approach building upon pre-defined modules and components as it constraints the fulfilment of unique customer requirements and the introduction of new technology at high pace. This work reports the results from case studies conducted in collaboration with four companies. They are in many ways different but face the same challenges when it comes to customization, fluctuating requirements and need of high pace in technology advancement. The focus of this paper is on their initial states; including how they work with their product concept before the customer entry point, the work that is initiated when an order is accepted, the character of requirements and the adoption of product platforms. Criteria on, and identification of, new platforms models, termed Design Assets, are presented followed by a mapping to the Design Platform concept pointing out areas upcoming work, both scientifically and at the companies.
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| 9. |
- Elgh, Fredrik, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Traceability of decisions in product realization processes of custom engineered products
- 2018
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Ingår i: DS92: Proceedings of the DESIGN 2018 15th International Design Conference. - : The Design Society. - 9789537738594 ; , s. 249-260
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Custom engineered products require an engineer-to-order approach in development, quotation preparation and order processing. This work reports the result of a three-and-a-half-year project were the objective was to develop means for implementation and management of computer support for engineering design and production engineering of customized products. Efficient re-use is essential for success and decision is identified as the core concept to trace tasks executed, knowledge used, design rationale and artefacts developed throughout the product realization process.
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| 10. |
- Hatami, Sepehr, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Optimised selection of processing routes for sintered parts manufacture: A component-oriented approach
- 2009
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Ingår i: Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials - 2009, Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, PowderMet 2009. - Princeton, N.J. : Metal Powder Industries Federation. - 9780981949611 ; , s. 139-1323
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To stay competitive, PM manufacturers have to be able to accept a wide range of components with different features and properties. Thus, it is of utmost importance for manufacturers to adapt their common process routes to new requirements as rapidly and economical as possible. The procedure of identifying the right route among all the alternatives requires abundance of experience and knowledge and is a crucial and time-consuming decision; usually made by a team of engineers. In this study, by considering the mechanical properties and design specifications of the final component, a simple methodology is developed to aid the engineer(s) in selection of the optimum PM process route. In order to sort the possible routes according to cost, a cost estimating module has been devised. The total concept is applied to a case study and its accuracy has been evaluated.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Heikkinen, Tim
(författare)
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Extended product models supporting multidisciplinary design automation
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Manufacturing organizations often pursue the ability to efficiently and effectively provide custom products for its competitive advantage. Research has shown product configuration to be an effective way of achieving this goal through a modularization, product platform, and product family development approach. A core assumption behind this approach is that the module variants and their constraints are explicitly pre-defined as product knowledge. This is not always the case, however. Many companies require extensive engineering to develop each module variant but cannot afford to do so proactively to meet potential customer requirements within a predictable future. Instead, they attempt to implicitly define the module variants in terms of the process in which they can be realized. In this way, manufacturing companies develop module variants on demand efficiently and effectively when customer requirements are better defined, as justified by the increased probability of profiting from the outcome.Design automation (DA), in its broadest definition, refers to computerized engineering support that efficiently and effectively utilizes pre-planned reusable assets to progress a design process. The literature has reported several successful implementations of DA, but especially widespread higher levels of automation are yet to be seen. One DA approach involves the explicit representation of engineering process and product knowledge in the engineers preferred formats, such as computer scripts, parametric geometry models, and template spreadsheets. These design assets are developed using various computer tools, maintained within the different disciplines involved, such as design, simulation, or manufacturing, and are dependent on each other through the product model. To implement, utilize, and manage DA systems in or across multiple disciplines, it is important to understand how the disciplinary design assets depend on each other throughout the product model and how these relations should be constructed to support users without negatively affecting other aspects, such as modeling flexibility, system transparency, and software tool independence.To support the successful implementation and management of DA systems, this work focuses on understanding how digital product model constituents are, can, and, to some extent, should be extended to concretize relations toward and between design assets from different tools and disciplines. This research consists of interviews with Swedish industrial companies, technical reviews, literature reviews, and prototype developments, resulting in an increased understanding and the consequent development of a framework that highlights aspects regarding the choice and development of extension techniques.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Heikkinen, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Incorporating Design for Additive Manufacturing in Multidisciplinary Design Automation – Challenges Identified
- 2020
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Ingår i: Computer-Aided Design and Applications. - : CAD Solutions. - 1686-4360. ; 17:5, s. 936-947
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One interesting method to take advantage of the particular capabilities of Additive Manufacturing is to utilize a combination of lattice-structures and topology optimization. This paper presents the results and experiences from attempting to incorporate these in an existing multidisciplinary design automation system within the aerospace industry. A combined state of art and practice is outlined with discussions regarding challenges in current commercial CAD tools, multidisciplinary design automation, and with respect to aerospace requirements.
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| 16. |
- Hjertberg, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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A tool for obtaining transparency and traceability in heterogeneous design automation environments
- 2018
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Ingår i: Computer-Aided Design and Applications. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1686-4360. ; 15:4, s. 488-500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, CAD-system are used for much more than just geometric modeling. They are complemented by various software and information sources forming a complete environment for handling all life-cycle aspects of the product. In such systems, the CAD-system works as a central hub. The software and information sources may be of various types making the system highly heterogenous. This presents problems with transparency and traceability in the system making long term management difficult. In this paper, a novel tool is presented to keep track of the dependencies between the various parts of such systems providing an overview and making it possible to predict the effect of proposed changes and facilitating long term management. The tool is tested in a highly heterogeneous environment at a manufacturer of aerospace components, with the result that the traceability is expected to increase at the expense of that time must be spent on defining dependencies and meta-information as the system is evolving.
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| 17. |
- Jarfors, Anders E.W. 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Build strategy and impact strength of slm produced maraging steel (1.2709)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI. - 2075-4701. ; 11:1, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current paper aimed to study the impact properties of additively manufactured maraging steel (1.2709) using laser powder bed fusion (PBF-L) processing. The specimens were fabricated using 3D Systems ProX 300 equipment under constant specific power input, or Andrew number. The interactions between the build strategy and parameters such as hatch spacing and scan speed was, and the impact strength and fracture were investigated. The impact energy anisotropy was also investigated in parallel and perpendicular to the build direction. Instrumented impact testing was performed, and the fractography supported that the fusion zone geometry dictated the fracture behavior. The influence from gaseous elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen was found insignificant at the levels found in the printed material.
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| 18. |
- Jarfors, Anders E.W. 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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On the nature of the anisotropy of Maraging steel (1.2709) in additive manufacturing through powder bed laser-based fusion processing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Materials & design. - : Elsevier. - 0264-1275 .- 1873-4197. ; 204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive manufacturing is growing rapidly as a manufacturing method. Additive manufacturing is a rapid solidification process and may, as such, generate new microstructures with an improvement of mechanical properties compared to conventional manufacturing. The repeatability and deeper understanding of properties repeatability for both mechanical and thermophysical properties are not well-established. In the current study, a complete analysis of the nature of the anisotropy is experimentally analysed to provide input for better understanding of the printing process and the resulting properties as reliability and predictability are important factors to build trust in a new manufacturing process.
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| 19. |
- Jarfors, Anders E.W. 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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On the Use of Conformal Cooling in High-Pressure Die-Casting and Semisolid Casting
- 2021
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Ingår i: Technologies. - : MDPI. - 2227-7080. ; 9:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, tool life in high pressure die casting (HPDC) is of growing interest. A common agreement is that die life is primarily decided by the thermal load and temperature gradients in the die materials. Conformal cooling with the growth of additive manufacturing has raised interest as a means of extending die life. In the current paper, conformal cooling channels’ performance and effect on the thermal cycle in high-pressure die casting and rheocasting are investigated for conventional HPDC and semisolid processing. It was found that conformal cooling aids die temperature reduction, and the use of die spray may be reduced and support the die-life extension. For the die filling, the increased temperature was possibly counterproductive. Instead, it was found that the main focus for conformal cooling should be focused to manage temperature around the in-let bushing and possibly the runner system. Due to the possible higher inlet pressures for semisolid casting, particular benefits could be seen.
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| 20. |
- Jonsson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A case-based reasoning method including tooling function for case retrieval and reuse in stamping tooling design
- 2023
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Ingår i: Computer-Aided Design and Applications. - : CAD solutions. - 1686-4360. ; 20:5, s. 839-855
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design of sheet metal forming tooling is currently based on that experienced tooling designers with good knowledge of how stamping tools previously have been designed and operated in production, apply their knowledge when making a new design. For retrieving former designs, they often need to rely on their good memory. In this paper, an automatic method for retrieving relevant former cases is presented. A major challenge is defining the similarity between the current and the former cases i.e., finding the relevant parameters to include in the CBR (Case-based reasoning) search. This is here addressed by using CAD model parameters both from former components and the tooling for their production. By interviewing tooling designers in industry, a set of relevant parameters has been identified. To arrive at the correct weight of each parameter, a genetic algorithm has been used to optimize the search results. This resulted in a quick and automated way of retrieving the most relevant former cases and presenting them to the designer. The method has been tested on actual cases with promising results. This has the potential of making sheet metal part and tooling design less reliant on memory and experience.
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| 21. |
- Jonsson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Design knowledge reuse in design of progressive stamping tools : A qualitative study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society , Volume 1 , August 2021. - : Cambridge University Press. ; , s. 1053-1062
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Progressive stamping tools are widely used in mass-production of sheet metal components and their performance is critical as the design of the tool impact the cost of the manufactured component significantly. Knowledge reuse is an important part of successful design in general, and in progressive stamping tool design in particular. In the study described in this paper, 8 tool designers from 5 different Swedish companies were interviewed about (1) at what points in the tool design process they search for previously designed tools for information and knowledge reuse, (2) under what conditions and for what reasons does this reuse take place, and (3) what types of information and knowledge are sought for at each point. The results show that reuse of information and knowledge from previously designed tools happens in many parts of the tool design process. The reasons and conditions for reuse vary depending on where in the process the designer is. High component complexity is one example of a common factor triggering reuse. Also, information about the performance of the tool is important to tool designers, as they only want to reuse information and knowledge from tools with good performance and low maintenance.
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| 22. |
- Jonsson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Method for Task-based Model Retrieval for Reuse in Stamping Tool Design
- 2022
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Ingår i: CAD'22 Proceedings. ; , s. 189-193
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Shorter lead-times are a constant driver for improving efficiency in the design and manufacturing of stamping tools for sheet metal components. Finding and reusing past solutions in design is an important way for improving efficiency and quality in stamping tool development. This can be done in the form of retrieving CAD-models of relevant past tooling designs. This type of knowledge reuse is standard practice among tool designers through remembering past problems, and solutions from previous projects, or having a collection of good examples of tools of different varieties, to reuse solutions from. Automatically indexing and retrieving relevant CAD-models of the tools can enable the tool designers to conduct the search more systematically and automatically. Retrieving relevant similar CAD-models automatically, however, has some challenges regarding how similarity should be defined, as geometric similarity is ill-defined [4]. A relevant metric of similarity depends on the application context, the objective, and what knowledge that the designer is searching for [3].In this work, focus is on variations in the different use cases and situations of the stamping tool design process. The existing work done in the application to stamping tools has provided retrieval mechanisms for blanking dies [1], deep drawn features [6], and overall similarity [5]. In the stamping tool design process, the information and knowledge sought for at different stages are different in nature [2] and require individual similarity metrics and parameters to be effective. An example of this is that, the relevant CAD-models to retrieve when designing the functionality for part ejection from the tool is different from the relevant models when designing forming dies of the same tool.
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| 23. |
- Jonsson, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Stamping tools for sheet metal forming : Current state and future research directions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary engineering for complex socio-technical systems – Real-life applications. - Clifton, VA : IOS Press. - 9781643681108 - 9781643681115 ; , s. 281-290
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sheet metal forming tools play an important role in the manufacturing of many products. With shorter product life cycles and demand for shorter time to market for new products, the process for design and manufacturing of stamping tools becomes a critical part. Stamping dies are often designed and manufactured by smaller, specialized companies. For a tooling company, knowledge and experience is an important competitive advantage. Traditionally the design process has been characterized by being based on few key individuals with much experience and craftsmanship. To stay competitive in this market there is a need for more efficient processes, systems, tools and supports in order to become more industrialized. This paper presents results from a study of the state of practice in industry within progressive stamping tool design as well as a review of relevant literature. The design and manufacturing processes for stamping dies in six companies have been investigated through semi-structured interviews, from which the main challenges in the current state for the companies are identified. The results from the interviews was analyzed and compared to the established concepts and frameworks of methods found in the literature review. The results and analysis points in the direction of efforts needed in supporting the formalization and reuse of information and knowledge from previous tool projects and production, especially during the critical steps of tool process planning and creating the tool layout.
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| 24. |
- Pabolu, Venkata Krishna Rao, et al.
(författare)
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Flexible manufacturability analysis applied to the welding process to increase sustainability in engineer to order businesses
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Agile Systems and Management. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1741-9174 .- 1741-9182. ; 10:3/4, s. 271-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the manufacturability of welded components for engineer to order businesses including manufacturing feasibility, approximate manufacturing cost, manufacturing difficulties along with the sustainability aspects. This is addressed by creating an evaluation system for integration in a multi-objective design analysis system in the early phases of product development of the jet engines components in an aerospace business. The work is focused on the weldability assessment based on available weld methods and the weld capabilities of the company. Several rules for analysing the weldability are proposed. To keep the knowledge transparent, traceable and updatable, it is managed by a novel software called Howtomation© Suite using a forward chaining inferencing engine. The proposed framework enables a weldability index and welding cost guide to be derived, helping the designers choose appropriate weld method in early design stages.
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| 25. |
- Raudberget, Dag, et al.
(författare)
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Developing agile platform assets : exploring ways to reach beyond modularisation at five product development companies
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Agile Systems and Management. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1741-9174 .- 1741-9182. ; 12:4, s. 311-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of a product platform has been acknowledged as a strategic enabler for product family development and mass customisation. However, many companies struggle with adopting the common platform approach building upon pre-defined modules and components as it constrains the fulfilment of unique customer requirements and a rapid introduction of new technologies. These are the conditions under which manufacturing companies acting as suppliers operates, where unique solutions are delivered to different business customers, market segments or brands. This work reports the results from case studies of platform development conducted in collaboration with five product developing and manufacturing companies. The focus of this paper is on their initial states; including how they work with their product concept before a development project is started, the character of requirements and the adoption of product platforms. The main contribution of this work is a presentation of criteria on, and identification of, new platform elements termed design assets. These are introduced as a means to enable diverse types of resources to be reused in a company and a pragmatic way to bridge the gap between the physical products and the knowledge, tools and methods needed to realise these.
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| 26. |
- Raudberget, Dag, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting design platforms by identifying flexible modules
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED. - : The Design Society. - 2220-4334 .- 2220-4342. ; 3:DS87-3, s. 191-200, s. 191-200
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One way for firms to stay competitive is to adapt a platform approach. In product platforms, modules are used as exchangeable design blocks to create a variety in product performance. This is a proven way to get advantages of scale in production by reusing physical parts and investments in manufacturing. To ensure exchangeability between modules, interfaces between modules must be well defined. Hence, from this point of view, there is no such thing as flexible modules. In this research, flexibility refers to the idea of identifying strategic portions of the platform where flexibility is needed and to create the modular division in a way that the assigned modules are de-coupled in theses areas. The presented approach shows how the Design platform concept can be extended by the introduction of flexible modules. These support the Design Platforms by allowing areas of strategic importance to be more flexible and thereby enable room for uncertainties such as fluctuating requirements and future technical development.
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| 27. |
- Rivalta, F., et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of scanning strategy in the l‐pbf process of 18ni300 maraging steel
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI. - 2075-4701. ; 11:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maraging steels are good candidates for the laser powder bed fusion process (L‐PBF), also known as Selective Laser Melting, due to excellent weldability and resistance to quench cracking. Powders physical and chemical characteristics dominate the final microstructure and properties of the printed parts, that are also heavily influenced by the process parameters. In this study, the effects of the scanning strategies on dimensions, average surface roughness, density and material hardness were evaluated, keeping the powder type and the volumetric energy density (Andrew number) constant. The effects of the scanning strategy on these properties are far less understood than on other important ones, like residual stresses and distortion, strongly affected by the scanning strategy. In this study, parallel stripes, chessboard and hexagonal pattern strategies were studied, keeping the Andrew number constant but varying the interlayer rotation. In general, the hexagonal strategy underperformed compared to the chessboard and the stripes ones.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-
(författare)
-
An Automated Design and Advisory System for Pressed-and-Sintered Powder Metallurgy Parts
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2008 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, June 8–12, Washington, D.C. United States. - Princeton, NJ, United States : MPIF.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present paper is to dissolve the bottleneck for PM market expansion caused by lack of knowledge among designers about PM-specific design principles by proposing an automated PM-part advisory system. The system, called PM-Wizard, checks that a PM-part design suggestion represented as any 3D solid CAD-model complies with the geometrical design rules and recommendations for PM-parts. The system consists of a rule-base hosted by a modern commercial CAD/CAE-system and a programmed algorithmic procedure that converts the design suggestion into a specially developed format. The format enables the automated evaluation of the PM-part in the receiving CAD/CAE-system informing the designer on how the geometry should be revised to facilitate the pressing. The conversion algorithm has been tested on a large number of PM-parts, and the result is that all the tested parts can be converted into the proposed format and successfully evaluated.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-
(författare)
-
CAD-Model Parsing for Automated Design and Design Evaluation
- 2008
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Product development has both innovative and analytic sides. Starting from the requirements, a design suggestion is generated. In order to assess how well the envisioned design fulfils the requirements, it is sometimes necessary to build a computer model of it for the analysis. The overall motivation of the work presented is to reduce the time spent on creating the model by reusing knowledge gained from developing similar products by suggesting, building and evaluating IT-systems. To verify the systems real design examples, obtained from companies that have participated in the research projects have been used. The work is based on two major application examples. The first, involving the automated geometrical idealisation of die-cast parts (Paper I-III), and the second involving manufacturability of powder metallurgy pressed and sintered parts (Paper IV-VI). The work starts from the point in the product development process where it exists a design suggestion represented as an arbitrary format CAD-model. In the powder metallurgy case the object is to secure that the geometry is suitable for the production process. In the die-casting case the object is to automatically create an idealised version of the model for shell elements meshing. These two tasks have previously been treated as two separate cases, addressed by completely different software. This thesis suggests a common method for addressing the two cases. The method is based on converting the CAD-models, using the geometrical restrictions of the production processes, into a format with a specialised feature structure, parameterisation and construction history using a feature recognition approach. The features are then automatically reconstructed in a target CAD-system. The resulting, specialised CAD-model can be used for automated design and design evaluation purposes, demonstrated in the thesis. The models are therefore called DAR (Design Automation Ready)-models. The DAR-models are useful in that they separate the conversion from the subsequent treatment of the models providing modularisation, flexibility and user insight in the model structure. In that a construction history and parameterisation have be constructed in the target CAD-system, the advanced geometry manipulation and means for knowledge management often provided in modern CAD-systems can be accessed in a transparent and user manageable way. This extends the usefulness of the CAD-systems from involving only interactive work to managing all components sharing the same production process.
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| 32. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Challenges and Support when Introducing AM in HPDC Tooling
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Transdisciplinary engineering for complex socio-technical systems. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781643680200 - 9781643680217 ; , s. 147-156
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When manufacturing tooling inserts for HPDC (High Pressure Die Casting), several manufacturing steps such as milling, heat treatment, electro discharge machining and finally surface treatment are involved. By instead manufacturing the insert by SLM (Selective laser melting), the process is expected to be quicker and with less material waste compared to the traditional manufacturing. Examples of other expected advantages is higher product variant flexibility and the possibility of making conform cooling channels, extending the die life. However, the insert is part of a die system involving many components. The insert cannot be designed and manufactured without considering the complete die system. This paper seeks how to integrate the insert design in the die assembly design. This is done via an example component and in cooperation with die manufacturing firms. The result is that the printing is a minor step of the total manufacturing process and that special design considerations needs to be taken for an SLM insert. New die concepts are needed that will minimise the amount of material, reduce the tolerance and surface demand and support the subdivision of the die into several printed parts.
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| 33. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Design and Evaluation of Aerospace Components for SLM
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Transdisciplinary engineering for complex socio-technical systems. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781643680200 - 9781643680217 ; , s. 147-156
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Currently, the additive manufacturing process SLM (selective laser melting) is of high interest in the aerospace industry for the manufacture of jet engine components. This is driven by several factors such as reducing weight and minimizing the variation in the manufacturing process. In the paper, the state of practice in designing SLM parts is examined showing that there is plenty of opportunity to adapt designs to the process. However, this is often too time consuming in the early stages. By examining the state of art in SLM part design, the paper and identifies the variant specific cost drives that are proposed to be used to rank the manufacturability of different design alternatives for turbine frame aerospace components.
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| 34. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Design for Inspection : Evaluating the Inspectability of Aerospace Components in the Early Stages of Design
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Procedia Manufacturing. - : Elsevier. - 2351-9789. ; 11, s. 1193-1199
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One important part of the manufacturing process of aerospace components is making inspections using Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection (FPI). This mandatory inspection represents a non-negligible part of the manufacturing and service cost. It is therefore important to make the geometry of the components suitable for inspection i.e. practicing Design for Inspection (DFI). This has been studied at an aerospace company with the aim of bringing DFI to the early stages of product development process. In this paper, a tool is proposed for the evaluation of inspectability in the early design stages. The tool is applied on CAD-models of the components automatically ranking the inspectability of design proposals using a novel inspectability index. Thus, inspectability can be considered together with other performance and manufacturing aspects forming a powerful decision support. The tool has been run and evaluated together with manufacturing staff at the aerospace company with promising results.
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| 35. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-
(författare)
-
Designing Material Standards
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of DESIGN 2012, the 12th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia. - : The Design Society. - 9789537738174 ; , s. 1133-1140
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Material standards are currently developed though building consensus and voting in organisations like ISO and ASME. If these organisations adopted methods from design in the development process of standards, the user perspective could be added greatly improving the usefulness of the standards. This paper attempts to fi nd the user requirements on material standards and evaluates how well it has been met in four different existing standards. The result is that the end user perspective has been forgotten to a varying extent, leaving plenty of room for improvements which is discussed in the paper.
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| 36. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Enhancing traceability in heterogeneous design platforms
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management. - : Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.. - 1743-5110 .- 1743-5129. ; 12:1, s. 62-80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Companies are frequently using in-house developed scripts, macros and applications to support and automate the development of products and product variants. These items are often of different types creating a design platform with a multitude of dependencies. Such environments are often difficult to overview and maintain. In the current paper, an aerospace company with a design platform that has proven challenging to maintain has been studied. A method and limited software implementation have been tested and evaluated by interviewing four professionals at the company. The implementation provides a high granularity, which has been found to be necessary to give a quick platform overview and to facilitate maintenance and expansion of the design platform.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-
(författare)
-
Identifying Features in Cad-Models for Powder Metallurgy Component Evaluation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design 2008, 10th International Design Conference. - 9789536313891 ; , s. 689-696
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a newly developed CAD-integrated system for the manufacturability evaluation of designs of powder metallurgy (PM) pressed and sintered parts. The contribution of the paper is the automated reconstruction of a specialized construction history tree from any CAD-model directly in the receiving CAD-system. The reconstruction is based on the geometrical restrictions of the shapes that can be manufactured by the PM process. This facilitates the creation of a transparent and user-revisable rule-base to evaluate the parts manufacturability, which is shown. It will enable designers to get feedback on their designs, reducing the number of design loops with the PM-parts supplier needed before the parts geometry can be established.
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| 39. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating Additive Manufacturing in the Design of Aerospace Components
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Transdisciplinary Engineering Methods for Social Innovation of Industry 4.0. - : IOS Press. - 9781614998976 - 9781614998983 ; , s. 145-154
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the aerospace industry, Additive Manufacturing (AM) is quickly gaining ground. When optimizing the design of an AM component, all life-cycle aspects need to be considered. It is by no means limited to the classic weight / stiffness optimization of the topology alone. The AM component design must comply with an array of requirements on for example assembly, maintenance and inspection. In addition, there are the manufacturability requirements and constraints of the printing procedure itself, including component orientation and support structures. In this paper, a proposal on how to integrate the AM design of components with the design of the complete engine structure is presented. To find how the current design process is conducted, an interview study involving design and manufacturing experts has been made at an aerospace company, forming a base for the proposal. The result is that a primary design procedure for the AM component must be made as a separate step involving a limited set of design considerations prior to making a multidisciplinary evaluation of the proposed engine structure.
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| 40. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-
(författare)
-
Integrating the design of the product life cycle by a master bill of materials
- 2023
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Ingår i: Leveraging transdisciplinary engineering in a changing and connected world. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781643684406 - 9781643684413 ; , s. 33-41
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A bill of materials (BOM) is a representation of the structure of parts and components in a product. The most well-known ones are the engineering (EBOM) and the manufacturing (MBOM). However, there are several more with various purposes throughout the lifecycle of the product. All BOMs are related to the part and component structure of the product but focus on different life cycle phases. They are often individually defined in product development creating a fragmented process. In this paper it is proposed to instead define a “master BOM” It is cross functional and includes all life cycle items. The master BOM has impact on the IT environment of a company as well as the organization of the work. In this paper, the creation and management of BOMs have been investigated in an industrial company. The IT environment of the company is currently heterogeneous, but there is a change towards a PLM centric environment. Results indicate that changing the IT environment and the structure of BOMs can integrate the different domains of the company better and facilitate the early phase assessment of the environmental impact of the products.
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| 41. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Introducing design for selective laser melting in aerospace industry
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Computational Design and Engineering. - : Oxford University Press. - 2288-5048. ; 7:4, s. 489-497
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The selective laser melting (SLM) process has created new possibilities for the manufacture of new lightweight jet engine components with lattice structures replacing solid sections. Hopes are to reduce the density of the component and thereby saving weight. To introduce the new manufacturing process, the components need to be redesigned and verified to comply with an array of requirements concerning, for example, strength, aerodynamics, and manufacturing. To find out how a capability of designing and evaluating components for the SLM process can be built into an organization, an interview investigation has been conducted at an aerospace company finding the state of practice in technology and product development. The impact of introducing SLM is thereafter estimated. The result is that introducing a novel manufacturing process will primarily influence the methods used to predict product lifecycle performance. An important finding is that it is currently difficult to include a topology optimization step in the multiobjective design evaluation environment used at the company due to which the complexity would increase significantly.
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| 42. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Introducing Inserts for Die Casting Manufactured by Selective Laser Sintering
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Global Integration of Intelligent Manufacturing and Smart Industry for Good of Humanity. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 309-316
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advances in additive manufacturing (AM) for high grade steels has in some cases made it possible to manufacture die inserts for demanding processes like high pressure die casting (HPDC). However, several challenges remain before this becomes commonplace. There is still a need of secondary manufacturing steps on the insert after printing. Also, extensive design changes must be made on the die inserts to fully utilize the advantages of AM. Further, the die insert is only one of many parts needed in the die assembly. Much of the die manufacturing will still be done by conventional methods. In this paper, several companies involved in the manufacturing and use of dies for HPDC have been interviewed on that they think is the future role of AM in their business. The result is that the effect of just printing the inserts would will be quite limited at present. Bringing down the time spent on die manufacture is important since that time then could be spent on improving the manufacturability of the parts.
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| 43. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Introducing Welding Manufacturability in a Multidisciplinary Platform for the Evaluation of Conceptual Aircraft Engine components
- 2017
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1743-5110 .- 1743-5129. ; 10:2, s. 107-123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computer simulations play an important role for evaluating designs in an early stages leading to that more informed decisions can be taken and thereby reducing the risk of costly re-design. In this paper, a platform currently in operation at aeronautical company for doing extensive automated multiobjective design parameter studies on conceptual designs of aircraft engine components is studied. In the paper, an extension of the capability of the platform into making a rule-based evaluation of the welding manufacturability of the conceptual designs is proposed. The extension is tested by a prototype system at the air-craft manufacturer showing the relation between the design parameters and the manufacturability of the components. The results are presented as a manufacturability index showing what trade-offs with other performance criteria of the engine that can be made. It is shown that the manufacturability evaluation can be integrated in the knowledge value stream and supports a set-based concurrent engineering approach in the company.
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| 44. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Making Additively Manufactured Cores with Conformal Tooling Directly on a Die-base
- 2021
-
Ingår i: FAIM 2021. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 200-204
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dies for high pressure die casting (HPDC) has traditionally been manufactured by machining from slabs of tool steel. Currently, the possibility of manufacturing them using additive manufacturing is being explored. This provides some advantages such as the possibility of making conformal cooling channels. However, the size of the dies is often larger than can be handled in most metal printers Still, it is possible to partly print the die by adding cores with intricate conformal cooling on a traditionally manufactured die base. In this paper, a feasibility study of using selective laser melting (SLM) to print cores of maraging steel directly onto a die base is explored. Results shows that the strength of the bond between the two metals is sufficient, and that the connection between the drilled and printed tooling channels can be made. The paper reasons on the expected impacts on the tooling industry showing potential for extended die life and recovery of die bases via re-manufacturing.
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| 45. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-
(författare)
-
Managing Product and Process Knowledge in CAD-Systems
- 2009
-
Ingår i: NordPLM'09. - Göteborg : Chalmers University of Technology. - 9789197507974 ; , s. 51-61
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to codify, manage, and reuse the knowledge gained from pursing product development projects, CAD-programs have started to provide functionality for supporting this activity. Since the primary purpose of the CAD program is to interactively define geometry, the functionality has been integrated primarily to be used on the parameters of the CAD-model of the design instance. This paper explores how the functionality can be used in a broader scope, managing and automatically reusing knowledge for all designs intended for a certain production process. This is facilitated by automatically converting an arbitrary CAD-model of a design to a format that is accessible for knowledge handling and reuse functionality in the CAD-system. A conversion algorithm for the processes die-casting and powder metallurgy pressing sintering is presented, as well as showing how the knowledge can be represented in the CAD-system. This will allow engineers to actively participate in the knowledge build-up and insure that the general knowledge can be handled in the companies’ IT-infrastructure.
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| 46. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Manufacturing of High Pressure Die Casting Die Inserts Using SLM
- 2020
-
Ingår i: SPS2020. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781643681467 - 9781643681474 ; , s. 663-671
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dies for high pressure die casting are normally manufactured by machining of slabs of tool steel to the required dimensions. This manufacturing requires several steps such as rough machining, heat-Treatment, EDM (electro discharge machining) and polishing. With the AM (additive manufacturing) method SLM (Selective Laser Melting) it has become possible to print the dies fully or in part. Several advantages are expected, such as a better thermal distribution in the die in service and thereby extended die life and better component quality. This is due to the possibility of making the cooling channels conformal. There are also expectations of reduced time and cost in the manufacturing process due to fewer manufacturing steps and better material utilisation. Hopes are to print a net shape or near net shape that can be used directly as a die component. In this paper it is investigated to what extent this can be fulfilled by printing two die inserts to be used for casting fatigue test samples of aluminium. They were printed on a 3D Systems ProX DMP 300 in maraging steel powder. The result is that it is possible to obtain a sufficiently smooth surface die surface. However, the current design with an SLM insert fitted in a machined die makes extensive post printing manufacturing necessary.
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| 47. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Requirements Handling in Multidisciplinary Product Development - A Company Study
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Transdisciplinarity and the Future of Engineering. - : IOS Press. - 9781643683386 - 9781643683393 ; , s. 115-124
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When developing new products there are a multitude of requirements from different domains to consider making it a multidisciplinary activity. It involves stakeholders from the company and from the broader society. Requirements come from for example the customers, the production facility, suppliers, and governmental agencies placing safety and environmental regulations on the product. To manage all these heterogeneous requirements, a need of formalization and support emerges. The requirements can be managed using IT support. This functionality is often provided in contemporary PLM-systems. In this paper, it is investigated how a large industrial company with in-house design and manufacturing of consumer products formalize the requirements and handles them through the product development stages. The study involves corporate documents and interviewing staff from several departments of the company. Results show that while some aspects such as compliance with health and safety regulations are well supported, others are being addressed differently in each project with little formalization and IT support. This increases the risk of extra iterations in the development process. The paper discusses how to mitigate those risks and highlights some areas of possible improvement of the practices and IT support in product - as well as in production development.
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| 48. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970
(författare)
-
Reusing CAD-models of die-cast products for FEA
- 2006
-
Ingår i: NAFEMS seminar: Prediction and modelling of failure using FEA 2006, Copenhagen / Roskilde Denmark, NAFEMS..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 49. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Transiting Between Product Development and Production : How IT in Product Development and Manufacturing Integrate
- 2023
-
Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031251818 - 9783031251825 ; , s. 136-143
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One crucial moment in product development is when all specifications of a product are ready, and the start of production is imminent. Companies very often have a milestone gate at this point where the development project is signed off and approved making sure that everything is ready and handing it over to the production department. This is a crucial moment involving checking a lot of information that has originated from different departments in the company. It can result in errors since the checking often is done manually and based on that staff check and report the results to a central function managing the transition. The situation is worsened by interoperability problems between different IT systems and databases used for different purposes in the company. In this paper it is examined how an automotive company currently is conducting the handover, gathering and checking all specifications before start of production. Risks of mistakes and unnecessary time loss are identified. In the paper it is discussed how the integration can be improved and the amount of manual work reduced. Results indicate that there is a potential for both saving time and reducing risk of error by automating parts of the handing over and integrating the IT systems and databases.
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| 50. |
- Stolt, Roland, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Using property profiles to support early PM component design
- 2010
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When designing high performance mechanical parts in PM it is the mechanical and other properties provided per unit of cost that counts for the designers. Therefore, current PM-materials standards MPIF 35 and ISO5755 are confusing since they stress the chemical composition of the powder grade rather than the properties. To clarify, the concept of property profiles is explored in this paper. The basic idea is that rather than selecting a powder grade and prescribe the density, the designer will instead select an appropriate property profile. The PM parts supplier will then understand the requirements for the PM part better and be able to propose a powder and process that will provide exactly the required properties. In addition to simplifying the material and process selection, property profiles will also favour suppliers who strive towards providing precisely the value-adding sides of the PM-part, improving the competiveness of the whole PM-business.
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