| 1. |
- Acke, Filip, et al.
(författare)
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Study of the reduction and reoxidation of a CaO surface
- 1997
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Ingår i: J Phys Chem B. - 1520-5207 .- 1520-6106. ; 101:33, s. 6484-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reduction of NO with CO and H2 is shown to comprise two basic reactions: a surface oxygen abstraction by the reducing agent and a reoxidation of the surface by NO. The former reaction step has been demonstrated by transient CO2 formation during CO exposure of oxidized CaO surfaces, while the latter was demonstrated by N2 and/or N2O transient formation during NO exposure of a prereduced CaO surface. It was shown that at low temperatures (between room temperature and 500 °C) both N2 and N2O were formed, but at temperatures above 500 °C only N2 was observed. The activation energies of the respective steps have been determined using temperature-programmed reaction experiments. The activation energy of the surface oxygen abstraction was determined to be 25 kcal/mol and is similar to the apparent activation energy of the overall reaction. The activation energy of the NO bond breakage was determined to be maximum 10 kcal/mol as measured by N2O formation. The importance of an N2O2- or N2O22- intermediate in the formation of N2O will be discussed, and the importance of N2O decomposition in forming N2 at temperatures above 500 °C will be compared with a N surface diffusion mechanism.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gårdfeldt, Katarina, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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A kinetic study on the Abiotic Methylation of Divalent Mercury in the Aqueous phase
- 2003
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 304:1-3, s. 127-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanism and kinetics of the formation of methylmercury from an experimental solution containing divalent mercury and acetic acid has been investigated. The experiments were performed in a 2-dm3 Teflon reactor. The organic mercury was measured with time resolutions varying between minutes and hours, after derivatisation, gas chromatography separation and Cold vapour atomic fluorescence detection. (GC)-CVAFS. CVAFS technique was used for determination of inorganic mercury in the aqueous phase using an automated mercury analyser. The experiments were carried out in concentrations relevant for natural waters. Our result shows that the reaction proceeds via mercury acetate complexes. A first order reaction coefficient has been calculated at various pH values, and was found to be (9.0±0.9)×10−7 s−1 at pH 3.6–3.7. The rate was not found to be enhanced by UV-light when taking into account the photolytical degradation of methylmercury. The reaction rate at various pH values, the influences of some other relevant reaction parameters, and implications for atmospheric and terrestrial waters are discussed.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Gårdfeldt, Katarina, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Evasion of Mercury from coastal and open waters of the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea
- 2003
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 37:Suppl 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) was measured in coastal Atlantic seawater and in the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlantic measurements were performed during September 1999 at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, situated on the Irish west coast. The measurements in the Mediterranean Sea were made along a 6000 km cruise path from 14 July to 9 August 2000 in the framework of the Med-Oceanor project. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in air were continuously measured with a 5 min time resolution using an automated mercury analyser (Tekran 2537A) during both expeditions. Paired TGM and DGM samples from all campaigns showed that the surface water was supersaturated with elemental mercury. The mercury evasion was estimated using a gas exchange model (J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 7373), which uses salinity, wind speed and water temperature as independent parameters. The predicted average mercury evasion from the coastal Atlantic water was 2.7 ng m−2 h−1 implying that the concentration of TGM in the Atlantic air is enhanced by mercury evasion from the sea. Measurements in different regions of the Mediterranean Sea showed spatial variations in DGM concentrations. The highest DGM concentration (90 pg l−1) was observed at a location in the Strait of Sicily (37°16N 11°52E). The mercury evasion in the eastern sector of the Mediterranean Sea (area: 32–36°N, 17–28°E) was generally higher (7.9 ng m−2 h−1) than that observed in the Tyrrhenian Sea (4.2 ng m−2 h−1) or in the western sector (2.5 ng m−2 h−1) (areas: 38–42°N, 8–13°E and 38–41°N, 7–8°E, respectively). Estimations of mercury evasion were also made at Mediterranean coastal sites using a dynamic chamber technique. In addition, a newly developed method making continuous in situ DGM measurements possible was tested.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Gårdfeldt, Katarina, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Oxidation of atomic mercury by hydroxyl radicals and photoinduced decomposition of methylmercury species in the aqueous phase
- 2001
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 35:17, s. 3039-3047
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rate constant for Hg0+.OH, kHg0+.OH=(2.4±0.3)×109 M−1 s−1, in the aqueous phase was determined using a relative rate technique with methyl mercury as reference compound. The .OH initiated mercury reaction proceeds via the molecular Hg(I) radical which is oxidised to Hg(II) by dissolved O2. The reaction can be of importance under certain atmospheric circumstances, such as when the aqueous phase capacity of forming OH radicals is significant and the gas phase concentration of ozone drops. The same end product, i.e. Hg(II) was observed from the photodegradation of methylmercury hydroxide. In this case, molecular Hg(I) radicals are again likely to be formed after photodegradation of the Hg–C bond with subsequent oxidation. A lifetime of 230 h of methylmercury at outdoor conditions was estimated due to this reaction. The action of .OH on methylmercury species also involves breaking of organometallic bonds and formation of Hg(II). Speciation of these reaction products from methylmercury is important for the estimation of biogeochemical cycling of mercury.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Munthe, John, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of atmospheric mercury species in Northern Europe: Final results from the MOE-project
- 2003
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 37:Suppl 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mercury species over Europe (MOE) project was aimed at identifying sources, occurrence and atmospheric behaviour of atmospheric Hg species. Within MOE, emission measurements, ambient air measurements, process and regional-scale modelling and laboratory measurements were conducted. In this work, a summary of some of the main results is given. From the emission measurements, information on stack gas concentrations and emission factors for five coal fired power plants and three waste incinerators are presented. Results from field measurements of mercury species in ambient air at five locations in Northern Europe are presented. Examples from regional-scale atmospheric modelling are also given. The results emphasise the importance of information on Hg species for instance in emission inventories and measurement data from background sites. Furthermore, the importance of considering the role of the global cycling of mercury in future control strategies is emphasised
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| 13. |
- Snis, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Abstraction of preadsorbed oxygen from CaO(100) by carbon monoxide
- 1994
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Ingår i: Surf Sci Lett. - 0039-6028. ; 310:1-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanism for abstraction of preadsorbed oxygen from CaO(100) by CO(g) to form CO2(g) is investigated by electronic structure calculations. The reaction mechanism is assumed to be the reverse of the one obtained for the decomposition of N2O(g) at CaO(100) [Surf. Sci 292 (1993) 317]. A 32 kcal/mol barrier for reaction is calculated. Adsorbed oxygen, Oads, to surface vibration frequencies in the range 840–930 cm−1 are calculated. These values are in qualitative agreement with experiment.
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| 14. |
- Snis, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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N2O adsorption and decomposition at a CaO (100) surface studied by means of theory
- 1993
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Ingår i: Surf Sci. - 0039-6028. ; 292:3, s. 317-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adsorption and decomposition of an N2O molecule at different sites on a CaO(s) surface are investigated by means of ab initio quantum chemistry. The calcium, Ca2+, and oxygen, Os2−, sites at a perfect (100) surface and at a corner position, Oc2−, are considered. Adsorption energies at different sites are calculated and the largest value, 6 kcal/mol, is obtained for a corner site. The barrier for dissociation is calculated to 26 and 27 kcal/mol at the Oc2− and Os2− sites, respectively. These values are some 10 kcal/mol lower than the experimental estimate, and the discrepancy is understood from methodological difficulties to describe the free N2O molecule. A mechanism for the dissociation over an O2− site is proposed, whereby the transfer of the O atom goes via a linear N-N … O … O2− transition state.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Sommar, Jonas, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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A kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction between the hydroxylradical and atomic mercury
- 2001
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Ingår i: Atmos.Environ. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 35:17, s. 3049-3054
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The atom is the dominating species of mercury in the atmosphere. Its oxidation processes are of great interest since it is mainly oxidised mercury that undergoes deposition and thereby spreads into the ecosystems and becomes bioaccumulated. The kinetics of the gas-phase reaction between atomic mercury and hydroxyl radical has been determined at room temperature and atmospheric pressure of air by relative rate technique. OH radicals were produced by photolysis employing methyl nitrite. By using cyclohexane as the reference compound, the rate coefficient obtained was k(Hg0+·OH)=(8.7±2.8)×10−14 cm3 s−1 leading to natural lifetimes of mercury at global mean conditions of 4–7 month due to this reaction.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Strömberg, Dan, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Relativistic calculations on some mercury sulphide molecules
- 1991
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Ingår i: Water Air and Soil Poll. - 0049-6979. ; 56:1, s. 681-695
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relativistic quantum calculations at the CASSCF- and CCI-levels were performed on the Hg(SH)2, HgSH and HgS molecules. The relativistic effects were taken into account by a relativistic effective core potential method. Dissociation energies and optimal geometries were calculated for these three molecules, which are plausible atmospheric Hg compounds. The Hg(SH)2 and HgSH molecules (in the gaseous phase) have never been studied before, neither experimentally nor theoretically, i.e. the existence of these molecules are uncertain. The theoretical dissociation energies, De's, of Hg(SH)2 and HgSH (at the CCI-level) were 59 kcal·mol–1 and 3 kcal·mol–1, respectively, indicating that Hg(SH)2 could be stable in the atmosphere but probably not HgSH. The theoretical De of HgS differs very much from the experimental one, but the reason for this is not clear. The Hg-S distances for Hg(SH)2, HgSH and HgS were found to be 2.38, 2.63 and 2.30 Å, respectively. The Hg-S-H angle in Hg(SH)2 was optimized to 93°. The excitation energies of Hg(SH)2, Hg(SH)2(H2O)4 and (HSHg)2S were calculated in order to see whether these species can absorb photons with wavelengths longer than 290 nm (the sunlight limit) and subsequently be photolyzed. The Hg(SH)2(H2O)4 complex is intended as a model for Hg(SH)2(aq). Photoreduction of Hg-sulfide species in sea water, yielding Hg0, could be an important source of Hg in the atmosphere. Excitation energies lower than the sunlight limit (4.3 eV290 nm) were found for Hg(SH)2 and Hg(SH)2(H2O)4, although the lowest spin and dipole allowed excitations probably lie slightly (0.2 to 0.3 eV) above this limit. Therefore a photodecomposition of Hg(SH)2(g) and Hg(SH)2(aq) by sunlight seems likely to occur.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Ahlbäck, Anders, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources - POPA CTDA : Policy pathways to promote the development and adoption of cleaner technologies
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Executive summary Introduction In the strive towards a sustainable society, environmental technologies will play an increasingly important role. This has been acknowledged by the European Commission, and through the launching of the rather ambitious Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP) the Commission has committed to the wide-spread of clean technologies in all the sectors of society. This programme encourage a numerous of actions designed to “remove barriers for the development and diffusion of environmental technologies”, to “ensure that the EU will take a leading role in developing and applying such technologies”, and to “mobilise all stakeholders in support of these objectives” (EU, 2004a). As a measure within the framework of ETAP, this project is designed to identify policy pathways to the promotion and development of clean technology development (POPA-CTDA) in the sectors of industry, transport, agriculture and energy. This case study deals with renewable energy technologies (RET) (bio-fuelled combined heat and power, wind power and solar power). Currently driven by all three pillars of sustainability in addition to the ‘traditional’ environmental one, RETs are increasingly looked upon as commercially competitive alternative to fossil based energy technologies. Use of renewable energy is growing on the global market - not only in niche applications as e.g. remote installations but on the broader energy/electricity markets as well. The share of renewable energy in the global primary energy supply (TPES) is about 11.3%, which of the vast majority is combustible bio resources (about 10.8%) and about 0.5% being wind, solar and geothermal (IEA, 2005). On the European energy market, RETs accounts for approximately 5% of TPES. This can be compared with the 12% penetration target by 2010 stated by the Commission in 1997. Methodological approach Starting point for the design of an integrated policy strategy supporting the development and adoption of RETs are the barriers and drivers responsible for the corresponding engagement of relevant actors in this field. Both barriers and drivers have been identified in a previous study, Work Package 2 (WP2), by the means of a behavioural approach developed by Montalvo (2001; 2002) on the basis of a survey conducted with actual and potential developers, manufacturers, operators and end-users of RETs from Austria, Germany, Netherlands, UK, Sweden and Hungary. In the survey actors in the energy UGOT POPA-CTDA: Work package 3 5 sector where asked about their opinions concerning development and adoption of RETs. Various aspects of their attitudes where addressed such as economic and environmental risk perception, relevant pressure arising from the social environment, the market and regulatory bodies and of their own technical and managing capabilities. The full analysis of the questionnaire is presented in the WP2 report. In the present study, Work Package 3, plausible policy instruments are identified to address those barriers found in WP2 and to encourage the diffusion of RETs. The insights presented in this report are based on literature study, interviews and the questionnaire study conducted in WP2. Main insights Economy Costs of producing electricity from RETs have been greatly reduced during latest decades but are generally still above the ones of fossil fuels; in particular PV technology that is, roughly, 10 times as expensive as average generation costs.1 The inability to include environmental damage costs of electricity generation (combustion of fossil fuels, nuclear power plants or even renewable technologies), the vast amount of direct or indirect subsidies, tax concessions etc. all distort competition on the energy market. Hence, some level of economic support is required for RETs to compete on the open market. In the case of both wind and solar power, the German feed-in law has proved very successful in lowering investment risk and encouraging new installations. Market On a local level, the job and economic growth opportunities derived from an establishment of local electricity production is becoming increasingly recognised. RETs compared with fossil based technologies are generally more labour intensive and, coupled with increasing recognition of RETs to fulfil national/local sustainability targets, provides an attractive option for politicians and entrepreneurs to promote local business. This is particularly a driver to establish biomass power and, if locally available, biomass resources via crop or forestry industry. 1 Average spot market price for electricity in the Eu-15 was in 2004 about 30-35 €/MWh, where average generation cost for PV is roughly 500 €/MWh electricity. UGOT POPA-CTDA: Work package 3 6 Technology and infrastructure Several interviewees pointed out performance, power output fluctuations (intermittency), actual power generation costs (factoring in costs of maintenance and service etc.) and lifetime as technological uncertainties and potential barriers to up-take. There is a need for further RD&D (research, development and demonstration) to develop both specific technology characteristic and systemic issues as grid compatibility. The varying power output of renewable generation and its consequences to power distribution is a source for controversy and may pose challenges in grid management. While it was earlier believed that even small fractions of intermittent capacity would cause instability on the power grid, new empirical data from practical examples2 shows that it is foremost a question of grid-management techniques. Institutional and regulative While wind power in general has gained in economic competitiveness, several interviewees mention regulative barriers as, perhaps, the main obstacle to a wide-spread diffusion. Issuing building permits is a complicated and time consuming process, where in Sweden, for example, several authorities at various levels are involved at different stages. A projector has to face the same process twice; first against the planning and building regulation, then the environmental legislation, in order to obtain building permits. Opposing groups may quite easily appeal and, thereby, delaying the process up to several years and risking the economy of a project. Especially small actors with no internal legal resources may face great challenges in the planning phase of a project. The coordination between the involved authorities is regarded as not very well-organised and there most definitely is a large potential to streamline the current processes. Recommendations Policy support on the EU level via communications, directives green/white papers etc. is a significant driver to policy implementation on the national level. It is of most importance to continuing to show this support by stating new targets for RET penetration (post-Kyoto objectives) and ensure compliance with e.g. national Kyoto-bindings. 2 E.g. in western Denmark, over 20% of the total load is covered by wind energy (IEA, 2005). UGOT POPA-CTDA: Work package 3 7 RETs in general • The European Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) has yet to prove its positive affects on RET diffusion. The potential is great however, but is to a large deal dependent on the size of the national allocation plans. If the acceptance and compliance of the scheme is not kept strong enough, the potential might very well get lost in a political barging between member states. • The formation of a single European electricity market have the potential of being the “hardware” necessary for implementing EU-wide supporting schemes. Particularly a common market for Tradable Green Certificates could be realised, where actors all over Europe would trade green electricity, ensuring a wide competition among producers and, thereby, keeping over all costs low. • RETs are in the need of continuing R&D support to increase product performance and lower manufacturing costs. Positive side-effects of R&D and demonstration programmes may be gained from actors forming networks and alliances for knowledge transfers and partnership. This is a necessity to counter powerful coalitions promoting fossil based technologies that for decades have influenced the institutional framework in favour of coal, oil and natural gas. • To minimise risk perception of investment, clear and long-term policy guidelines is needed to support RETs. Almost all interviewees expressed the short-term design of the current supporting schemes as a major barrier to investments. Some level of security is needed to induce investments, and that is foremost achieved by clearly stated rules and stable support. Biomass • Even though biomass is being close to commercially competitive, it is still in the need of economic support. The CHP technology in it self is well proven and developed; future technology developments will probably focus on the gasification of biomass resources, where there is extensive efficiency gains to be made in the production of electricity. UGOT POPA-CTDA: Work package 3 8 Wind Power • For wind power to be able to compete with old (often governmentally financed) installations, some level of economic support is still needed. Germany and Spain have primarily through the use of feed-in systems emerged as world leaders in the use of wind power in their national electricity systems. • Issuing building permit processes are often time consuming and perceived as unreasonably complicated. To counter this, there are needs to both streamline the permit process by coordinating involved governmental bodies and to pre-allocate land for wind power installations. • The intermittency of wind power generation might prove to have deteriorated affects on power quality in regions with relatively high shares of installations. This is mostly a matter of managing the power production/transfer with dedicated routines and technology, but will require R&D efforts to increase the knowledge of how
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Feng, Xinbin, et al.
(författare)
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Modified on-line monitoring of total gaseous mercury in flue gases using a Semtech 2000 Analyzer
- 2000
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Ingår i: Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry. - 0937-0633. ; 368:5, s. 528-533
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Semtech Hg 2000 analyzer continuously monitors the Hg0 content in flue gas. An on-line measurement method of total gaseous mercury in flue gas developed in our laboratory is described, which uses the absorption cell of the Semtech Hg Analyzer connected to a converter that is located in a furnace heated up to 650 °C. The converter can be heated up to 800 °C by both the furnace and an extra heating of a Ni-Cr alloy heating wire. Both the absorption cell and the converter are made of quartz. All gaseous Hg2+ species in flue gas are thermally reduced to Hg0 by the converter and detected by the Semtech Hg 2000 analyzer. The thermal reduction efficiencies of different conversion materials, which were filled in the converter, such as quartz chips, granular MgO, Ni and CoO powder, were tested using different flue gas conditions. Studies have shown that HCl is the major factor to inhibit the thermal reduction of Hg2+ to Hg0, and in the converter and the absorption cell Hg0 will react readily with HCl to form HgCl2. Both MgO and Ni could be used in the converter to absorb HCl in the flue gas, but Ni has better absorption efficiency. By using an original Semtech and a modified one, both Hg0 and total gaseous Hg contents in flue gas could be monitored simultaneously and continuously.
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| 28. |
- Feng, Xinbin, et al.
(författare)
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On-line speciation of mercury in flue gas
- 1999
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Ingår i: Book of Abstract. 5th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1999.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 29. |
- Feng, Xinbin, et al.
(författare)
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On-line Speciation of Mercury in the Flue Gases
- 1999
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Ingår i: Proceedings of A&WM Mercury in the Environment Specialty Conference, Air & Waste Management Association, Minneapolis, MN. USA.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 30. |
- Gullbransson, Berit, et al.
(författare)
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Analys av hur Sverige ska genomföra EU:s miljöhandlingsplan ETAP fram till år 2010
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sammanfattning Här följer en kort sammanfattning av utredningen. Sammanfattningen följer rapportens kapitelindelning med avsikt att ge en överblick av innehållet. Kapitel 1: Uppdragets utformning Detta kapitel ger en kort presentation av uppdraget, dess genomförande samt en introduktion till rapporten. Kapitel 2: Mer europeisk miljöteknik på marknaden Tillsammans arbetar EU:s medlemsländer med att öka andelen miljöteknik på den europeiska marknaden. Målsättningen är att minska miljöbelastningen men till exempel också att minska beroendet av importerad energi. Ambitionen är att miljötekniklösningar ska levereras av europeiska företag, detta för att inte minska sysselsättningen i Europa och för att samtidigt stärka europeiska företags konkurrenskraft på marknader utanför Europa. För att samordna åtgärder på EU-nivå samt nationell nivå finns en gemensam handlingsplan för miljöteknik. Handlingsplanen för miljöteknik (Environmental Technologies Action Plan, ETAP) godkändes vid Europeiska rådets vårmöte 2004. Istället för bindande regler enades man om gemensamma mål där varje land strävar efter att uppnå målen på lämpligast sätt. Vilka framsteg länder har gjort samt hur strategin ser ut för de närmaste åren inrapporteras med nationella färdplaner. Vid den senaste utvärderingen av de nationella färdplanerna fick Sveriges färdplan omdömet att de svenska åtgärderna har en bra spridning över de områden som utpekats som viktiga för miljöteknik. En generell kommentar från EU-kommissionen rörande hela den europeiska omställningen var att den inte tagit fart ordentligt. Miljöbelastningen fortsätter att öka och den internationella konkurrensen på miljöteknikmarknaden ökar med risk att europeiska företag hamnar efter. EU-kommissionen uppmanar medlemsländerna att öka andelen åtgärder som stärker efterfrågan av miljöteknik på de nationella marknaderna. Åtgärder som stödjer svenska miljötekniksatsningar involverar en mängd olika myndigheter och aktörer. EU har till exempel olika stödprogram med koppling till företagsutveckling och miljöteknik, vilka fördelas både på nationell och på regional nivå. Det finns kommunala satsningar och det finns privata aktörer som specialiserat sig på att investera i miljöteknikbolag. I den här utredningen avgränsas analysen till att främst beröra svenska centrala myndigheter med utgångspunkten att utreda hur dessa kan samordna sina program med de andra initiativen för att skapa bästa möjliga synergier för miljöteknik. Följande myndigheter erbjöds att vara med i samrådsprocessen: Boverket, Energimyndigheten, Formas, Miljöstyrningsrådet, Naturvårdsverket, Nutek, Sida samt Vinnova. 4 Utredningen görs på uppdrag av näringsdepartementet som ett underlag i regeringskansliets praktiska arbete med att ta fram regleringsbrev och förordningar för myndigheterna. Representanter från närings- och miljödepartemenen deltog i samverkansmötet den 27 augusti. Kapitel 3: Miljöteknik i Sverige, Europa och globalt Detta kapitel presenterar ETAP och dess pågående aktiviteter och resultatet av den senaste utvärderingen. I kapitlet presenteras situationen på den svenska miljöteknikmarknaden samt vad som sker i andra länder, både i och utanför EU. Handlingsplanen för miljöteknik godkändes vid Europeiska rådets vårmöte 2004. Målet med handlingsplanen är att tillvarata alla de möjligheter som miljötekniken erbjuder för att minska belastningen på naturresurserna, förbättra EU-medborgarnas livskvalitet och främja ekonomisk tillväxt. Med tanke på hur viktig denna handlingsplan är anser EU-kommissionen att den ”öppna samordningsmetoden” är det lämpligaste sättet att gå vidare. Denna metod innebär att det inte finns några bindande regler utan det är upp till varje land att finna metoder för att nå de gemensamma målsättningarna. Länderna inrapporterar, ofta årligen, vilka framsteg de har gjort. Istället för möjligheten att ta ett land till EG-domstolen är det framförallt trycket från de andra ländernas förväntningar och oviljan att utpekas som eftersläntrare, som ska leda till en ökad reformtakt. EU-kommissionens senaste utvärdering, som kom under våren 2007, presenterade generellt en försiktigt positiv bild av arbetet, med många nya åtgärder på EU-nivå. Det betonades i utvärderingen att miljösituationen fortfarande är alarmerande och gapet mellan vad som görs och vad som behöver göras är mycket stort. EU-kommissionens analys av de nationella färdplanerna visar att FoU-åtgärder som avser miljöteknik systematiskt genomförs i nästan alla medlemsstater, medan åtgärder för att öka efterfrågan är betydligt ovanligare. EU- kommissionen anser att mer måste göras för att stärka efterfrågan av miljöteknik, även i Sverige, till exempel pekas grön upphandling ut som en viktig åtgärd. Kommissionen föreslår också att fokus skulle kunna läggas på de sektorer där man har bedömt att de största vinsterna skulle kunna göras. De sektorer som lyfts fram är: byggnader, livsmedelssektorn, persontransporter och återvinningssektorn. De gemensamma åtgärderna inom EU rör flera områden: Tillämpad forskning bedrivs inom ramen för Framework Programme for reasearch (FP7) Life+, som i huvudsak ger ekonomiskt stöd till demonstrationsprojekt, Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP), som bland annat syftar till att öka europeiska miljöföretags konkurrenskraft, regionala strukturfonder, vilka delvis stödjer miljöteknik, Landsbygdsprogrammet, som bland annat vänder sig till miljöinriktad näringsverksamhet på landsbygden. 5 De gemensamma programmen har bidragit till att det i dag finns gott om goda nationella exempel på åtgärder som gynnat miljöteknik. Genom att dela med sig av goda exempel inom EU kan arbetet förhoppningsvis påskyndas. Högre takt är nödvändig för att säkerställa konkurrenskraften hos europeiska företag. Utveckling i andra delar av världen går också framåt och många nationer har höga ambitioner vad det gäller den internationella miljöteknikmarknaden. Internationellt är Sverige en liten aktör när det gäller marknad och miljökrav. Regleringar, styrmedel och marknadskrav formuleras i stor utsträckning av EU och av en global marknad samt genom internationellt samarbete. Sverige anses ändå vara en internationellt viktig miljöpolitisk nation. Sverige kan öka sina marknadsandelar genom framsynta statliga insatser, genom lagstiftning/regleringar, stimulanser, styrmedel, upphandlingar med hänsyn till miljöprestanda samt genom stöd till forskning och utveckling. Den totala omsättningen hos de svenska miljöteknikföretagen var år 2005 102 miljarder kronor. Exporten av miljöteknik var 24 miljarder kronor. Värt att notera är att exporten har ökat med 36 procent sedan 2003 men ändå bara står för knappt en fjärdedel av den totala omsättningen hos miljöteknikföretagen. Störst ökning av exporten sedan 2003 har skett inom undergrupperna energi & klimat, 80 procent, och avfall, 50 procent. Statistiken visar att trenden för miljöteknikbranschen är positiv – omsättningen och exporten har ökat. Kapitel 4: Svenska myndigheters ETAP-aktiviteter Detta kapitel redovisar vilka aktiviteter svenska myndigheter genomför. Dessutom presenteras resultatet av de intervjuer som genomfördes som en del av samverkansprocessen. Sverige har inga problem att, formellt sätt, uppfylla ETAP (se tabell nedan). Myndigheterna är generellt sett väl insatta och redovisar ett växande intresse för miljöteknikfrågor och ETAP. I summeringen av antalet aktiviteter syns det tydligt att Sverige, liksom många andra länder har en tonvikt på åtgärder för att förbättra innovationsprocessen och se till att uppfinningar hittar sin väg från laboratorierna till marknaden, det vill säga. Forskning och utveckling (åtgärd 1-2). Samt på medvetandehöjande åtgärder med inriktning på konsumenterna som kan stimulera efterfrågan på sådan teknik genom att främja produkter och tjänster med mindre miljöpåverkan, det vill säga. öka medvetenhet och riktad utbildning (åtgärd 22-23). 6 Tabell: En sammanställning över de ETAP-relaterade aktiviteter som genomförs av svenska myndigheter. För varje ansvarig myndighet har antalet aktiviteter listats utefter respektive ETAPområde. Notera att tabellen även innehåller aktiviteter från myndigheter/organisationer utöver de åtta som har identifierats som berörda myndigheter i denna utredning. Forsning och utveckling (åtgärd 1-2) Testning och standardisering (åtgärd 3) Prestandamål (åtgärd 5- 6) Mobilisering av finansiella instrument (åtgärd 7-15) Marknadsbaserade instrument och statligt stöd (åtgärd 16-18) Upphandling av miljöteknik (åtgärd 19-21) Öka medvetenhet och riktad utbildning (åtgärd 22-23) Agera globalt (åtgärd 24-25) Almi 1 Banverket 1 Boverket 1 Energimyndigheten 1 1 1 1 1 2 Exportrådet 1 Formas 4 1 Jordbruksverket 1 Miljöstyrningsrådet 2 2 Naturvårdsverket 1 1 2 1 NUTEK 2 1 Sida 2 3 Swedfund 1 1 Swentec 1 VINNOVA 10 Vägverket 1 Summa aktiviteter 19 1 0 6 3 3 11 4 Enligt EU-kommissionens rekommendationer bör också Sverige försöka få fram resurser för fler satsningar på åtgärderna 7-18. Intervjuerna med tillfrågade myndigheter var informativa och det framkom också intressanta problemformuleringar. Till exempel efterfrågas informationsspridning av ETAP-aktiviteter inom och utom Sverige, tydligare rollfördelning mellan myndigheter inom miljöteknikområdet, samordning av 7 ETAP-aktiviteter för ett starkare och effektivare miljöteknikstöd. Dessa formuleringar har lett till rekommendationer i följande kapitel. Kapitel 5: Sammanställning, analys och rekommendationer Detta kapitel presenterar analyser av Sveriges situation, rekommendationer för hur Sverige ska genomfö
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Larsson, Allan, et al.
(författare)
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Technology and Policy for Sustainable Development
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Executive Summary 1. The mandate given by the European Council (Chapter 1). At the European Council in Göteborg in June 2001 a strategy for sustainable development was agreed, completing the Union’s political commitment to economic and social renewal by adding a third, environmental dimension to the Lisbon strategy and establishing a new approach to policy making. The European Council stated that clear and stable objectives for sustainable development will present significant economic opportunities. This “has the potential to unleash a new wave of technological innovation and investment, generating growth and employment”. The European Council invited industry to take part in the development and wider use of new environmental technologies in sectors such as energy and transport and in this way decouple economic growth from pressure on natural resources. The Commission committed itself to present to the Spring European Council 2002 a report assessing how environment technology can promote growth and employment. This report, assessing how technology for sustainable development can promote growth and employment, is one contribution to the follow up by the Commission of the mandate from Göteborg European Council. 2. The role of technology for investment, growth and employment (Chapter 2). The report takes the broad view of Agenda 21 on technology as a starting point. The integration of environment policy into a strategy for sustainable development and the broadening of the measures from regulations to more of market based instruments, leads by necessity to a situation where more and more of the technologies will be regarded as mainstream technologies, rather than regulation-driven eco-technologies. As a consequence of this choice of a broad definition of technology the report has the title “Technology and Policy for Sustainable Development”. The report confirms and elaborates on the main message from the Göteborg European Council that new technology offers a strong growth dividend, through investment in which new technologies are embedded. To attain a GDP growth rate of 3 per cent per year – in line with the Lisbon strategy - a rate of investment growth of about 4 to 6 per cent over several years seems necessary, which represents a significant acceleration from the 2 per cent average over the 1990s in the euro area. A higher rate of investment will create room for a faster replacement of old technologies. In addition, a strategy for sustainable development – including policies “to get prices right” – will make the introduction of new technologies more profitable and contribute to stimulate investment. Consequently, the EU strategy for sustainable development can both build on the macroeconomic efforts to stimulate investment and give a strong contribution to such an investment strategy. 3. The potential of new technologies for sustainable development (Chapter 3). Technology is a double-edged sword. It is both a cause of many environmental problems and a key to solving them. It is a matter of fact that the technologies of the past, still dominating in transport, energy, industry and agriculture, are undermining our basic life supporting systems – clean water, fresh air and fertile soil. However, in each of these sectors there are new technologies available or emerging, that may, if widely used, essentially solve the 4 environmental problems. Thus, new technologies have the potential to contribute to a decoupling of economic growth from pressure on natural resources. The fact is that we face a choice between technological change at historically unprecedented rates or a change in atmospheric composition unlike any experienced since the dawn of humanity. During the 1990s we have seen a substantial diffusion of renewable energy and transport technologies and further progress in industry and agriculture technology, not least biotechnology. The most promising for immediate investment is energy saving technologies in housing and the tertiary sector. A systematic introduction of best available technology could reduce the use of energy with 20-50 per cent. New technologies for waste management offers a great potential; the most recent investment in this sector shows a utilisation of more than 90 per cent of the energy content of waste. Even more fundamental are new technologies for “up-stream” resource management in industry, offering strong synergies for productivity in production, quality in goods and services and efficiency in the use of natural resources. In this way a dematerialisation can be brought about in a larger scale. In agriculture organic farming is increasing with 20 per cent a year, in spite of subsidies to traditional, nonsustainable farming methods. Yet, in other cases the growth is not self-sustained. There are still significant obstacles to be overcome to reach the stage where the diffusion of renewable energy technologies is independent of government interventions and where these technologies have made a major inroad into the energy market. The extent to which more efficient technologies will be adopted by the market depends largely on the relative future price relations between different sources of energy, government policies to benchmark or to set standards for eco efficiency and voluntary commitments by industries. It is also of vital importance to consider consumer’s preferences for eco efficient products as well as consumer protection. 4. EU policies of importance for new technology for sustainability (Chapter 4). The European policy initiatives in the main policy areas are discussed in Chapter 4. Such policies can – if forcefully implemented by the Member States – have a strong effect on the demand for new technology in general and could give a strong push for investment. Of fundamental importance is the recommendation in the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines on a gradual but steady and credible change in the level and structure of tax rates until external costs are fully reflected in prices, to cope with the most fundamental structural problem in all developed countries, the unsustainable patters of production and consumption. There is a substantial scope for a rebalancing of prices, particularly on energy markets in favour of renewable energy sources and technologies by using both taxes and other market instruments. The implementation of the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) and the directive establishing an EU framework for emissions trading will act as a strong driving force towards more sustainable price relations. The setting of good environment standards to prevent the worst cases and measures to stimulate best practice, Integrated Product Policy (IPP), for the whole EU area will have a similar stimulating effect on investment in new technology. The European Single Market is the biggest market in the world for technology, and will become even more important through enlargement. The practices developed in this market will become global standards for all enterprises that wish to compete on this market. Thus, the integration of sustainable development in all policies, not least in research and development, can make the EU the 5 leading global actor in the renewal of products and processes, unleashing a new wave of technological innovation and investment, generating growth and employment. This makes the Member States’ sustainable development strategies, and a decisive implementation of these strategies, a matter of fundamental importance for growth and employment in the whole Community. 5. Enlargement and technology for sustainable development (Chapter 5). The review of the situation in the candidate countries highlights the role of technology and investment as key to the EU strategy for sustainable development. Enlargement of the EU will create strong incentives for the candidate countries to speed up the modernisation process, phasing out old investment and technologies from the command and control period and phasing in the most recent technologies. The energy sector is the most prominent example, where the candidate countries need to increase their capacity substantially and, at the same time, replace old outdated plants with new eco-efficient technologies. 6. Policy conclusions (Chapter 6) The integration of environment in the Lisbon strategy and the emphasis on new technology for sustainable development, agreed by the Göteborg European Council, will make the policies of each of the three pillars of the strategy mutually supportive: • To attain a GDP growth rate of 3 per cent a year and to bring about a decoupling of economic growth from pressure on natural resources, a rate of investment growth of about 4 to 6 per cent seems necessary, increasing the investment share of GDP from around 20 per cent to 24-25 per cent. • This higher rate of investment should be utilised to phase out old technology and phase in new technology, contributing to productivity, quality and eco-efficiency for health, prosperity and environment; to achieve these objective a forceful implementation of a strategy to “get prices right” is necessary to make the value of natural resources and eco-systems visible to the agents in the economy • Economic growth and investment should be utilised to create more and better jobs and be made sustainable by policies, that facilitate participation in working life (see Guidelines for Member States Employment Policy 2002); in this way the EU should reach the employment rate of 70 per cent, agreed in the Lisbon strategy, making Member States’ social protection systems, in particular their pension systems, more sustainable.
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| 34. |
- Lindstedt, Anja, et al.
(författare)
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High temperature catalytic reduction of nitrogen monoxide by carbon monoxide and hydrogen over La1-xSrxMO3 perovskites (M=Fe,Co) during reducing and oxidizing conditions
- 1994
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Ingår i: Appl Catalysis A. - 0926-860X. ; 116:1-2, s. 109-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The catalytic activity of La1−xSrxMO3 perovskites (M = Fe or Co) was investigated for the reduction of nitrogen monoxide. The catalytic activity for the NO+CO and the NO+H2 reaction was investigated in a fixed bed reactor in the temperature interval 873–1223 K. The perovskites showed high activity for the reduction of nitrogen monoxide in the absence of oxygen even at 873 K. Hydrogen was less active than carbon monoxide as a reducing agent and the cobalt perovskites showed slightly higher activity than the iron perovskites in the lower temperature range. The reduction of nitrogen monoxide was concluded to proceed through the reduction of the surface by the reducing agent followed by adsorption and decomposition of nitrogen monoxide on the surface. The activated (reducing) perovskites were investigated by X-ray diffractometry. The cobalt perovskites were reduced to a compound of the K2NiF4 type, La2CoO4, while the iron perovskites retained their perovskite structure upon reduction. The perovskite structure of the cobalt perovskite was restored upon reoxidation of the La2CoO4 compound. The introduction of excess oxygen into the gas mixture decreased the nitrogen monoxide reduction level to zero. Nitrogen monoxide (1000 ppm) was completely reduced in a stoichiometric CO+O2 mixture (2% CO and 1% O2) over La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 at 1173 K. LaCoO3 showed high thermal stability in a helium atmosphere at 300–1223 K, while the perovskite was reduced to La2O3 and cobalt metal in a 10% CO+ He atmosphere.
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| 35. |
- miettinen, heije, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory study of N2O formation from burning char particles at FBC conditions
- 1995
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Ingår i: Energy and Fuels. - 1520-5029. ; 9:1, s. 10-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coal combustion in fluidized bed combuster is a cause of nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere. The formation of NzO seems to be related both to homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions taking place in the combustion process. The purpose of this investigation was to study the formation of NzO from burning char particles under different combustion conditions. The experiments were carried out in a fmed bed reactor containing quartz sand (SiOz) to support the coal particles. A monolayer of bituminous coal particles between two layers of quartz sand was devolatilized prior to the actual combustion in an argon flow. The coal particle sizes were varied between 0.090 and 2.80 mm. The inlet gas mixture contained NO, 0 2 , and Ar or just 0 2 and Ar. The oxygen concentration was varied between 0.5 and 20% 0 2 and the NO concentration was varied between 0 and 1000 ppm NO. The inlet gas flow was varied between 590 and 1581 mL/ min NTP (273 K, 1 atm) and the bed temperature was varied between 1023 and 1123 K. The off-gases were analyzed for NzO, NO, CO, and COZ. Addition of NO to the flue gas increased the NzO yield. A low combustion temperature also favors high yields of N20. A great influence of the oxygen concentration was found (high oxygen concentrations give low Nz0 yields), which indicates that the combustion conditions are very important for the NzO yield. A particle size of 1 mm gives the highest NzO yields.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Olanders, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of nitric oxide over magnesium oxide and dolomite at fludised bed conditions
- 1995
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Ingår i: Energy and Fuels. - 1520-5029. ; 9:4, s. 680-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reduction of nitric oxide over lime and char at fluidized bed conditions has been studied by many authors, but less attention has been paid to other surfaces existing in the boiler. This investigation concerns the reduction of nitric oxide by carbon monoxide, with or without oxygen present, and also the effect of small amounts of water, The reactions were studied in a fixed-bed quartz reactor with quartz, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and dolomite as bed materials in the temperature interval 600-950 “C. The residence time and the concentrations of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen were varied. Magnesium oxide formed from heated magnesium hydroxide and calcined dolomite were more active than magnesium oxide of analytical grade, which indicates that the origin of the surface is important for the reaction. The reaction between nitric oxide and carbon monoxide is very sensitive to the presence of oxygen. When oxygen was present the reduction of NO almost ceased. However, if the gases were thoroughly dried, the effect of oxygen addition was not that severe.
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| 41. |
- Samuelsson, Bo, 1942, et al.
(författare)
-
From Here to Sustainability – Is the Lisbon/Göteborg agenda delivering?
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Executive Summary The European Councils held in Lisbon (2000) and in Göteborg (2001) gave the Union a new direction by establishing a long term strategy with sustainable development as the overarching objective. Sustainable development means, in this context, goals for economic, social and environmental policy, which are both mutually consistent and capable of delivering enhanced economic growth. To assure progress towards an agreed range of targets, the open method of coordination (OMC) has been adopted as the process for the implementation of the strategy. The strategy for sustainable development is a long-term one and, although the deadline originally set for the Lisbon agenda was 2010, it is clear that sustainable development has a much longer time-horizon and also that there is a global dimension to sustainable development, not just an EU one. In the run up to the mid-term review of the Lisbon strategy, this report by the European Panel for Sustainable Development, EPSD, offers an assessment of the EU approach to sustainable development. The report is based on official documents, research reports and background reports prepared by researchers from different disciplines. It concentrates on the EU-15 Member States, because the ten new members that acceded to the EU in May 2004 have not (yet!) been subject to the same commitments in relation to sustainable development. However, in future work by the EPSD, it is anticipated that the coverage will be extended to embrace all 25 Member States. The report starts with a discussion on the political process, followed by an examination of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of the strategy, of the potential of new technologies, and of the results delivered by the Member States. The final chapters include discussions on impact assessment and the global dimension of sustainable development. The focus of the report is on: − The integration of the three dimensions of sustai nable development and the policies that affect them into one coherent strategy − The implementation of the strategy through the open method of co-ordination The main messages of the report are that it is vital to: • Maintain the original commitment to sustainable development as the overarching objective of the Lisbon strategy and improve the co-ordination between the three pillars of the strategy: the economic, social and environmental dimensions [...]
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| 42. |
- Schidler, S, et al.
(författare)
-
Performance Targets in Production Processes (PT-PRO) - final report
- 2007
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the main actions of the European Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP) is: "Setting ambitious targets to improve the environmental performance of technologies within a given timeframe. This should encourage technological development while preparing the markets to accept and prepare for these high standard environmental technologies". On request of DG Environment, the JRC-IPTS launched a project on Performance Targets for Industry Processes (PT-PRO project), with the objective to further define concepts and to identify the conditions necessary to implement the concept of Performance Targets. The project was carried out with the help of ITA, ÖAW, GMV/IVL, FEA and TNO. This report provides a definition of the main elements of Performance Targets and an overview of the general principles for their implementation. Based on four case study sectors (the iron & steel, cement, pulp & paper and the textile industries), an illustration of these different elements is provided in relation with a range of industry sectors and their environmental challenges, existing regulations, technical potentials, market situations and organisational structure. The report also discusses the best conditions and limitations of setting Performance Targets for the industry and the possible value-added.
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| 43. |
- Sommar, Jonas, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution equilibrium of mercury (II) chloride between water and air applied to flue gas cleaning
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. - 1096-2247. ; 50:9, s. 1663-1666
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the literature, different values of the distribution coef-ficient K H for HgCl 2 between water and air are present in a range that spans more than 3 orders of magnitude. In order to determine if a waste incineration scrubber solu-tion could become saturated with regard to HgCl 2 , an ac-curate experimental determination of the distribution constant of HgCl 2 at elevated temperatures is needed. In this work, the coefficient has been determined at four dif-ferent temperatures between 10 and 50 °C. The Arrhenius expression obtained is 5.5 x 10 5 x exp[-(8060 ± 2200)/T] with a corresponding enthalpy for the process HgCl 2 (aq)?I HgCl 2 (g) of 67 ± 20 kJ/mole. K H at 293 K was found to be ~5 x 10 -7 atm M -1 , which is in almost perfect agreement with an earlier study. Applying the obtained K H values to waste incineration scrubber conditions shows that no major saturation effect will occur.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Strömberg, Dan, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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First-order relativistic calculations on Au2 and Hg22+
- 1990
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Ingår i: Chem Phys Lett. - 0009-2614. ; 169:1-2, s. 109-115
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spin-free first-order relativistic calculations have been carried out on Au, Hg at the SCF level and on Au2 and Hg22+ at the CI level using the size-consistent CPF procedure. The atomic SCF results agree with previous relativistic atomic calculations using the Cowan-Griffin procedure to within 0.5 eV. The spectroscopic constants calculated for Au2 agree fairly well with experiment and with previously published relativistic effective core potential results. For Hg22+ we obtain, in contrast to previous theoretical results, a relativistic destabilization of the binding energy. Article Outline
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| 50. |
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