| 1. |
- Almgren, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Vetenskapsrådets friande av forskningsfusk obegripligt
- 2011
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter. - Stockholm. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Hård kritik mot friande beslut. Förra hösten fann vi att en medicinforskare fabricerat och förfalskat forskningsresultat. Det är den mest omfattande utredningen om forskningsfusk under efterkrigstiden. För två veckor sedan drog Vetenskapsrådets nye chef tillbaka utredningen med en motivering som är helt tagen ur luften. Beslutet riskerar att ytterligare försämra förtroendet för forskningen i Sverige och för arbetet mot forskningsfusk, skriver den expertgrupp i Vetenskapsrådet som utredde misstankarna mot forskaren.
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| 2. |
- Ambring, Anneli, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Mediterranean-inspired diet lowers the ratio of serum phospholipid n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, the number of leukocytes and platelets, and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy subjects.
- 2006
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Ingår i: The American journal of clinical nutrition. - 0002-9165. ; 83:3, s. 575-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Reduced cardiovascular mortality and morbidity have been shown in persons adhering to Mediterranean-inspired diets (MIDs). Although the underlying mechanisms of this association are poorly understood, the importance of increasing dietary amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 series has been emphasized. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether a MID provided to healthy subjects would affect 1) the inflammatory process and endothelial indexes such as vasoregulation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and 2) serum phospholipid fatty acid composition. DESIGN: A total of 22 subjects (10 women) received a MID or an ordinary Swedish diet (OSD) for 4 wk in a crossover fashion. Concentrations of lipids and fatty acids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6, both before and after lipopolysaccharide stimulation; the number of leukocytes and platelets; and VEGF and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were analyzed. RESULTS: The plasma ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids was substantially lower after the MID than after the OSD (x +/- SEM: 4.72 +/- 0.19 and 2.60 +/- 0.17, respectively; P < 0.0001). Neither C-reactive protein nor interleukin 6 concentrations changed significantly after the MID compared with the OSD. The total number of leukocytes and platelets was 10% (P < 0.05) and 15% (P < 0.001) lower, respectively, after the MID than after the OSD. Serum VEGF concentrations were lower after the MID than after the OSD (237 +/- 30 and 206 +/- 25 pg/mL, respectively; P = 0.0014). CONCLUSIONS: A MID reduces the number of platelets and leukocytes and VEGF concentrations in healthy subjects. This may be linked to higher serum concentrations of n-3 fatty acids, which promote a favorable composition of phospholipids.
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| 3. |
- Chen, Yun, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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High levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, insulin resistance and saturated fatty acids are associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy adolescents.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1484 .- 0021-9150. ; 211:2, s. 638-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Atherosclerosis begins and progresses during childhood and adolescence. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the earliest abnormalities that can be detected in the development of atherosclerosis. As the determinants of endothelial function in childhood are unknown, we investigated the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on endothelial function in a cohort of healthy adolescents. METHODS: A total of 257 adolescents (age: 14.5+/-1.0 years, 138 girls) participated in this study. Endothelial function was measured as reactive hyperemic index (RHI) using a fingertip peripheral arterial tonometry device. Blood samples were collected for analysis of lipids, insulin, glucose, fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids, and markers of inflammation and endothelial function. RESULTS: There was no gender difference in RHI. Boys had higher plasma level of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and lower level of insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL), ApoA1, ApoB, and docosahexaenoic acid of plasma phospholipids than girls. There was no gender difference regarding triacylglycerol, triacylglycerol/HDL, LDL/HDL and ApoB/ApoA. The RHI was inversely associated with plasma ICAM-1 (p=0.0003), HOMA index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, p=0.001) and saturated fatty acids of plasma phospholipids (SFA, p=0.001). The associations remained significant after adjusting for age, height, BMI-z-score, sex, blood pressure, HDL and smoking. CONCLUSION: In healthy adolescents impaired endothelial function is significantly associated with high level of soluble ICAM-1, HOMA-IR and SFA.
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| 4. |
- Dangardt, Frida, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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High physiological omega-3 Fatty Acid supplementation affects muscle Fatty Acid composition and glucose and insulin homeostasis in obese adolescents.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of nutrition and metabolism. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2090-0732 .- 2090-0724. ; 2012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obese adolescents have high concentrations of saturated fatty acids and low omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCUFAs) in plasma phospholipids. We aimed to investigate effects of omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation to obese adolescents on skeletal muscle lipids and glucose and insulin homeostasis. Twenty-five obese adolescents (14-17 years old, 14 females) completed a randomized double-blind crossover study supplying capsules containing either 1.2g omega-3 LCPUFAs or placebo, for 3 months each with a six-week washout period. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and lipids were measured. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp were performed, and skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained at the end of each period. The concentrations of EPA, DHA, and total omega-3 PUFA in muscle phospholipids increased in both sexes. In the females, omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation improved glucose tolerance by 39% (P = 0.04) and restored insulin concentration by 34% (P = 0.02) during IVGTT. Insulin sensitivity improved 17% (P = 0.07). In males, none of these parameters was influenced by omega-3 supplementation. Thus, three months of supplementation of omega-3 LCPUFA improved glucose and insulin homeostasis in obese girls without influencing body weight.
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| 5. |
- Dangardt, Frida, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves vascular function and reduces inflammation in obese adolescents.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1484 .- 0021-9150. ; 212:2, s. 580-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Compared to normal weight adolescents, obese adolescents have lower serum omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, augmented inflammatory activity and endothelial dysfunction. We wanted to assess whether n-3 supplementation increases the serum n-3 PUFA concentration, improves vascular function and morphology, and lowers inflammation in obese adolescents.
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| 6. |
- Debray, Dominique, et al.
(författare)
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Best practice guidance for the diagnosis and management of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society. - 1873-5010. ; 10 Suppl 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Approximately 5-10% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients develop multilobular cirrhosis during the first decade of life. Most CF patients later develop signs of portal hypertension with complications, mainly variceal bleeding. Liver failure usually occurs later, after the paediatric age. Annual screening for liver disease is recommended to detect pre-symptomatic signs and initiate ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, which might halt disease progression. Liver disease should be considered if at least two of the following variables are present: abnormal physical examination, persistently abnormal liver function tests and pathological ultrasonography. If there is diagnostic doubt, a liver biopsy is indicated. All CF patients with liver disease need annual follow-up to evaluate the development of cirrhosis, portal hypertension or liver failure. Management should focus on nutrition, prevention of bleeding and variceal decompression. Deterioration of pulmonary function is an important consideration for liver transplantation, particularly in children with hepatic dysfunction or advanced portal hypertension.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Susanne, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Fatty acid pattern in serum is associated with bone mineralisation in healthy 8-year-old children.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The British journal of nutrition. - 1475-2662. ; 102:3, s. 407-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal studies have shown that fatty acids (FA) are important for normal bone development. Human data are scanty and mostly related to diseases. We hypothesised that serum FA pattern might be related to bone mineralisation in healthy children. Serum phospholipid FA pattern was studied in relation to bone parameters in eighty-five healthy Caucasian 8-year-olds. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and blood sampling for analysis of serum phospholipid FA by capillary GLC were performed on the same day. SFA concentrations were associated with bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip, lumbar spine and total body. There was a general trend that linoleic acid (LA; 18 : 2n-6) was negatively associated with BMD, since that was found both for the LA concentration, the total n-6 concentration and the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA. Arachidonic acid (AA; 20 : 4n-6) was positively correlated with bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD of total body, as was the corresponding z-score and the AA:LA ratio. Both saturated and polyunsaturated serum phospholipid FA were associated with BMC and BMD in healthy children. LA and AA were found to inversely influence bone mineralisation and the association with the n-6:n-3 ratio suggested that this balance might also be of importance. The general trend of a negative influence of high n-6 FA concentrations on bone mineralisation might be of concern in relation to the changes in the Western diet. Longitudinal studies are necessary to verify if different bone compartments and different grades of modelling are related to different FA patterns.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Susanne, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Food choice is reflected in serum markers and anthropometric measures in healthy 8-yr old.
- 2010
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Ingår i: e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-4991. ; 5:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In healthy 4-yr-olds 17% were overweight/obese and high fat intake was associated with lower body weight and BMI. Aim: The objective was to analyse food intake and the relationship to anthropometry at the age of 8 yrs. Design: One-hundred and fourteen 8-yr-olds were investigated. Questionnaires were used for lifestyle, health and food choice combined with a 24-h dietary recall. Serum concentrations of vitamin D (25(OH)D) and phospholipid fatty acid concentrations were measured in 97 children. Results: Percentage of overweight/obesity was similar to 4-yr-olds. Saturated fat intake was higher than recommended. Consumption of full fat milk was negatively associated to BMI, like protein and fat intake per kg body weight. A moderate intake of fat fish was associated with higher serum concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids. Serum 25(OH)D levels were correlated to the intake. Junk food was mainly restricted to weekends and associated to higher energy, fat and sucrose intake, without association to anthropometry. Conclusion: Food pattern was similar to that at 4 yrs of age suggesting that food habits were established at an early age. High saturated fat intake was not negatively influencing anthropometry. Serum markers reflected the intake of fish, milk and vitamin D.
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Susanne, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic profiles of fat and glucose differ by gender in healthy 8-year-olds.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 99:1, s. 78-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate if metabolic markers were associated with anthropometry and weight increase in healthy 8-year-olds. METHODS: Ninety-seven healthy children, 66 of whom had been examined at the age of 4 years, were investigated. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to determine fat (FM) and lean body mass (LBM). Plasma glucose and serum levels of insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, adiponectin and leptin were analysed and HOMA-indices were calculated. RESULTS: Despite similar anthropometry, metabolic markers differed by gender. Sixteen % of the children were overweight or obese. Body mass index (BMI) was strongly correlated to FM. Anthropometric measures except LBM correlated to metabolic markers in the girls. Boys had higher concentrations of plasma glucose than girls. In overweight children, insulin was negatively associated with LBM. Leptin and the ratio between leptin and adiponectin, but not adiponectin, were significantly associated with HOMA-IR and body composition. CONCLUSION: The metabolic profile of plasma glucose, serum leptin, fasting insulin and related HOMA indices differed by gender, despite no difference in BMI or FM. LBM, but not FM correlated to the insulin concentration in the overweight children. Leptin was the best marker of overweight.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Eriksson, Susanne, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Volumetric bone mineral density is an important tool when interpreting bone mineralization in healthy children.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 98:2, s. 374-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In adults, it is well known that gender influences bone mass, but studies in children have shown contradictory results. Also, conflicting results have been reported regarding bone mineral density in obese children. OBJECTIVE: To investigate bone parameters in healthy 8-year-old children and relate them to anthropometry and self-reported physical activity (PA). DESIGN: Bone measurements were performed with dual X-ray absorptiometry in 96 children, and questionnaires were used to assess self-reported PA. RESULTS: Bone mineral content and density differed by gender. Eighteen percent of the children were overweight/obese and they had higher bone mineral content and density than children with normal weight. Bone mineral apparent density (g/cm(3)) of the lumbar spine did not differ, since the vertebral size differed, as was also the case between genders. Self-reported weight-bearing PA influenced bone mass in the hip. CONCLUSION: PA influenced bone mineralization at this age. The differences in bone mineral content and density in healthy children would mainly be explained by the differences in bone size, reflected in body height and the width of the vertebrae. This indicates the importance of determining volumetric bone mineralization in children.
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| 12. |
- Fouassier, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein (EBP50), an estrogen-inducible scaffold protein, contributes to biliary epithelial cell proliferation.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The American journal of pathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1525-2191 .- 0002-9440. ; 174:3, s. 869-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) anchors and regulates apical membrane proteins in epithelia. EBP50 is inducible by estrogen and may affect cell proliferation, although this latter function remains unclear. The goal of this study was to determine whether EBP50 was implicated in the ductular reaction that occurs in liver disease. EBP50 expression was examined in normal human liver, in human cholangiopathies (ie, cystic fibrosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis), and in rats subjected to bile-duct ligation. The regulation of EBP50 by estrogens and its impact on proliferation were assessed in both bile duct-ligated rats and Mz-Cha-1 human biliary epithelial cells. Analyses of cell isolates and immunohistochemical studies showed that in normal human liver, EBP50 is expressed in the canalicular membranes of hepatocytes and, together with ezrin and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, in the apical domains of cholangiocytes. In both human cholangiopathies and bile duct-ligated rats, EBP50 was redistributed to the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. EBP50 underwent a transient increase in rat cholangiocytes after bile-duct ligation, whereas such expression was down-regulated in ovariectomized rats. In addition, in Mz-Cha-1 cells, EBP50 underwent up-regulation and intracellular redistribution in response to 17beta-estradiol, whereas its proliferation was inhibited by siRNA-mediated EBP50 knockdown. These results indicate that both the expression and distribution of EBP50 are regulated by estrogens and contribute to the proliferative response in biliary epithelial cells.
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| 13. |
- Garemo, Malin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Food choice, socio-economic characteristics and health in 4-year olds in a well-educated urban Swedish community
- 2007
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Ingår i: Clin Nutr. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-5614. ; 26:1, s. 133-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dietary habits founded early in life might influence development of welfare diseases. The aim was to analyse food choice, socio-economic characteristics and health by questionnaires in healthy 4-year olds. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty children were invited and 79% completed all questionnaires. Anthropometry was measured in 131 subjects. RESULTS: The sample was characteristic for Swedish children except that more parents had university education. Most children attended pre-school; 52% >30 h/week. Almost all had been breast-fed until a mean age of 5 months. Fifteen per cent were overweight and 2% obese according to the IOTF cut-offs. A, D vitamin supplementation was not given to a third. Full fat dairy products, minced meat and sausages predominated, and only a fourth was served fat fish. Olive or rape seed oil was consumed regularly by 40% and a third consumed "junk food" regularly. Maternal immigrant status influenced the food choice. CONCLUSION: In a Swedish urban community of 4-year olds, 17% were overweight or obese. The intake of vegetables, oils and "junk food" seemed to have increased, while the intake of dairy products, fruit, meat and fish seemed to be similar to earlier studies. Food choice was influenced by maternal origin.
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| 14. |
- Garemo, Malin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic markers in relation to nutrition and growth in healthy 4-y-old children in Sweden
- 2006
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Ingår i: Am J Clin Nutr. - 0002-9165. ; 84:5, s. 1021-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The worldwide increase in overweight and obesity probably involves dietary factors, and early indicators of risk must be identified. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to analyze metabolic markers in relation to dietary intake and anthropometry in healthy 4-y-old children. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of nutritional intake was performed in 95 children by use of 7-d food records. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and lipids. RESULTS: The study population was representative of Swedish children except that more parents than the average had a university education. The boys' mean energy intake was higher (6.6 +/- 0.75 MJ) than the girls' (5.7 +/- 0.79 MJ). Significant associations were found between the percentage of energy from carbohydrates and that from fat (r = -0.91) and sucrose (r = 0.59). High body mass index was associated with a low percentage of energy from fat (r = -0.32). Serum triacylglycerol, insulin, and the HOMA (homeostatic model assessment) index were higher in girls than in boys. In girls, HOMA beta-cell function was significantly negatively associated with fat intake and serum fasting insulin, and HOMA insulin resistance indexes were significantly associated with the increment in z scores for height and weight from birth to age 4 y. Compared with children with fasting insulin concentrations below the group mean + SD, the children with concentrations above that value were smaller as newborns and had larger increments in growth z scores from birth to age 4 y. CONCLUSION: In healthy Swedish 4-y-olds from well-educated families, low fat intake was related to high body mass index. Upward weight and height percentile crossings were related to insulin resistance, especially in girls.
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| 15. |
- Garemo, Malin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Serum phospholipid fatty acids are associated with bone mass in healthy 4-years-old children.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. - 1532-2823. ; 200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fatty acids are involved in bone development but knowledge in children is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate bone mass and mineral density in healthy preschool children in relation to fatty acids.In 111 healthy 4-yrs-old children (20% overweight) bone was analysed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and serum phospholipid fatty acid by gas chromatography. Fat intake was calculated from 7 days self-reported dietary records and food frequency questionnaire.Total bone mass content (BMC) and mineral density (BMD) differed by sex in normal weight, but not in overweight children showing generally higher bone mass density than children with normal weight. Linoleic acid intake was strongly correlated to BMC and femoral BMD in normal weight children. Serum concentration of docosahexaenoic acid correlated positively to BMD in all children (p=0.01), but linoleic and arachidonic acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids showed diverging associations with bone in normal weight and overweight children.Serum phospholipid DHA was associated with bone density. Other fatty acids associations to bone sites differed in overweight children, analogue to the pattern in healthy 8-yrs-old.The finding need to be confirmed longitudinally and in a larger group of overweight individuals.
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| 16. |
- Garemo, Malin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish pre-school children eat too much junk food and sucrose
- 2007
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatr. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 96:2, s. 266-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To analyze dietary intake in healthy 4-year-old children. METHODS: Families from three Paediatric Health Care Centres in different socio-economic areas in Goteborg completed 7-day food records and questionnaires about socio-economy. RESULTS: One hundred thirty two/153 completed the study, 49% of parents were university educated. Eighteen percent of children were overweight/obese. Energy intake was high; 67% had sucrose intake exceeding Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) but 36% had n-3 fatty acid intake < 0.5 energy percent. Significant negative correlations were found between sucrose and fat and between BMI and fat intake. Junk food supplied 24% of energy. Ninety-two percent had low vitamin D intake, 70% low iron and 21% low calcium intake. Gruel, which was consumed by 28%, had a positive impact on micronutrient intake. Child care and mother's origin seemed to influence dietary intake. CONCLUSION: In 4-year olds from well-educated urban families, 18% was overweight/obese. Total energy intake was above present NNR but lower than 20 years ago, when overweight was rare. Fat energy intake was negatively associated with BMI, and low n-3 fatty acid intake was associated with higher body weight. In several aspects dietary intake was not optimal in the children.
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| 17. |
- Gilljam, Marita, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with cystic fibrosis and mycobacterial disease.
- 1999
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Ingår i: The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. - 0903-1936. ; 14:2, s. 347-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients require higher dosages of many antibiotics. The relapse of tuberculosis in one CF patient, and the repeated growth of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in another, despite conventional therapy, raised the question of whether the serum levels of the antimycobacterial drugs were adequate. Antimycobacterial drug serum concentrations were assayed in 10 CF patients with pulmonary mycobacterial disease. Serum levels below the proposed target range were seen 2 h after drug intake in the initial four patients treated: for rifampicin in 2/3, ethambutol in 3/4 and for clarithromycin in 2/3 patients, despite standard dosages. Reassays after dose adjustment and assays in six other patients showed that adequate levels were not achieved 4 h after clarithromycin in 3/5, ethambutol in 1/5, ciproflaxacin in 1/2 and ofloxacin in 2/2 patients. The patient with relapse of tuberculosis and the patient with continuous growth of M. avium-intracellulare improved and became culture negative after dose adjustment. Low drug serum levels is one reason for therapy failure in cystic fibrosis patients with mycobacterial disease. Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Gronowitz, Eva, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Docosahexaenoic acid is associated with endosteal circumference in long bones in young males with cystic fibrosis.
- 2008
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Ingår i: The British journal of nutrition. - 0007-1145. ; 99:1, s. 160-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In children, but not adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), associations between essential fatty acids (FA) and bone mass have been reported. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is common in these patients. Previously we found a normal annual increase of BMD, suggesting a potential for attaining normal bone mass. The aim of the present study was to investigate phospholipid FA pattern in relation to bone in young adult men with CF compared with healthy controls. Fourteen male patients with CF were compared with forty-two healthy controls, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for total bone, lumbar spine and femur and peripheral quantitative computerised tomography for tibia and radius. A questionnaire concerning physical activity and nutrition was used. FA in serum phospholipids were measured using capillary GLC. CF patients did not differ in physical activity and anthropometry from controls. There were no differences in bone parameters between the two groups, but patients chronically colonised with Pseudomonas aeruginosa had lower BMD than non-colonised patients. The trabecular BMD in the tibia differed between patients and controls, but not after adjustment for age and weight. The endosteal circumference of the radius was significantly associated with serum phospholipid concentration of DHA and inversely with the n-6:n-3 FA ratio in CF patients but not in controls. The present study showed that young physically active adult males with classical CF obtained similar bone mass as controls, although influenced by pseudomonas colonisation. The association between DHA and long bone endosteal circumference suggested a later peak bone mass in those with CF compared with controls.
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| 21. |
- Gronowitz, Eva, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Normal annual increase of bone mineral density during two years in patients with cystic fibrosis
- 2004
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Ingår i: Pediatrics. - 1098-4275. ; 114:2, s. 435-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To determine prospectively for 2 years the change in bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and to correlate clinical data and routine biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and infection with BMD. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with CF, aged 6 to 33 years, were included. BMD was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). Anthropometric data and biochemical markers of bone metabolism and infection were measured. The number of intravenous antibiotic courses per year (ivAC) and pulmonary function were assessed. RESULTS: The patients had normal anthropometric data and normal growth, but 36% and 33% of the patients had BMD z score <-1 standard deviation in LS and in FN, respectively. Nevertheless, BMD increased at a normal rate during the 2 years and was correlated to weight and lung function. Intact parathyroid hormone was positively correlated with the increase of BMD in both LS and FN during childhood. Blood sedimentation rate, serum concentration of immunoglobulin G, and ivAC were negatively correlated with BMD in FN. Patients with 2 more severe CF transmembrane conductance regulator mutations had significantly lower BMD in FN than other genetic combinations. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that low BMD in CF is multifactorial and depends on infection and nutritional parameters. Differences in BMD of LS and FN suggested higher susceptibility to infection in FN at all ages. Longitudinal studies starting early before bacterial colonization would be valuable to determine the relative role of infection in the development of BMD in CF.
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| 22. |
- Gronowitz, Eva, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Serum phospholipid fatty acid pattern is associated with bone mineral density in children, but not adults, with cystic fibrosis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Br J Nutr. - 0007-1145. ; 95:6, s. 1159-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Essential fatty acids (EFA) have proved to be important for normal bone mineral density (BMD) and bone growth in animal studies. Patients with cystic fibrosis often have low serum EFA levels, and low BMD has also been reported in patients with normal anthropometry. The aim of the present study was to analyse if BMD during a 2-year period was related to fatty acid status in patients with cystic fibrosis. Fifty-four patients, aged 6-33 years, were studied prospectively. BMD was measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry, and fatty acid concentrations in serum phospholipids were determined with capillary GLC. The cystic fibrosis patients showed low linoleic acid concentration and a high arachidonic acid (AA):DHA ratio in serum. The high eicosatrienoic acid:AA ratio, an indicator of EFA deficiency, increased further over 2 years, as did the total concentration of saturated fatty acids. In the adults there were no significant changes in fatty acids during the study. In the children, positive correlations were found between palmitic acid and bone mineral content in the lumbar spine and femoral neck. The lumbar spine BMD Z score correlated negatively with the AA:DHA ratio. No correlation was seen in adults except for a positive correlation between EFA deficiency index and the areas of lumbar spine and femoral neck. The present results imply that fatty-acid status influenced BMD in cystic fibrosis children, but not in adults, indicating that fatty-acid status would be important for bone growth.
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| 23. |
- Gronowitz, Eva, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Ultraviolet B radiation improves serum levels of vitamin D in patients with cystic fibrosis
- 2005
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatr. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253. ; 94:5, s. 547-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation can be used in the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. AIM: To investigate, in a controlled study of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), whether regular UVB radiation would improve serum levels of calcidiol during the dark season (October-April). METHODS: Thirty patients with mild to moderate disease were included (aged 9-40 y). All patients had cholecalciferol supplementation. One group (15 patients) was given UVB one to three times a week for 6 mo and one group (15 sex- and age-matched patients) served as controls. The radiation source consisted of three TL 12/40W UVB fluorescent lamps. Initial treatment duration was 1 min, subsequently increased by 0.5-1 min/treatment to a maximum of 10 min. RESULTS: The mean initial serum calcidiol levels were 21 ng/ml in the controls and 22 ng/ml in the intervention group. Serum calcidiol levels increased to 44 ng/ml after 8 wk and to 50 ng/ml after 24 wk of UVB radiation; the corresponding serum levels in the controls were 19 and 25 ng/ml, respectively. The mean serum calcitriol levels increased in the treated group and were unaltered in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: UVB radiation was effective in increasing vitamin D levels in patients with CF. The study results imply that UVB radiation is valuable in chronic conditions associated with vitamin D deficiency.
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| 24. |
- Gustafsson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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EPA supplementation improves teacher-rated behaviour and oppositional symptoms in children with ADHD
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 99:10, s. 1540-1549
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Measure efficacy of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of 0.5 g EPA or placebo (15 weeks) in 92 children (7-12 years) with ADHD. Efficacy measure was Conners' Parent/Teacher Rating Scales (CPRS/CTRS). Fatty acids were analysed in serum phospholipids and red blood cell membranes (RBC) at baseline and endpoint with gas chromatography. Results: EPA improved CTRS inattention/cognitive subscale (p = 0.04), but not Conners' total score. In oppositional children (n = 48), CTRS total score improved >= 25% in 48% of the children receiving EPA vs. 9% for placebo [effect size (ES) 0.63, p = 0.01]. In less hyperactive/impulsive children (n = 44), >= 25% improvement was seen in 36% vs. 18% (ES 0.41, n.s.), and with both these types of symptoms 8/13 with EPA vs. 1/9 for placebo improved >= 25% (p = 0.03). Children responding to treatment had lower EPA concentrations (p = 0.02), higher AA/EPA (p = 0.005) and higher AA/DHA ratios (p = 0.03) in serum at baseline. Similarly, AA/EPA (p = 0.01), AA/DHA (p = 0.038) and total omega-6/omega-3 ratios (p = 0.028) were higher in RBC, probably because of higher AA (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Two ADHD subgroups (oppositional and less hyperactive/impulsive children) improved after 15-week EPA treatment. Increasing EPA and decreasing omega-6 fatty acid concentrations in phospholipids were related to clinical improvement.
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| 25. |
- Hallberg, Karin, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Duodenogastric bile reflux is common in cystic fibrosis
- 2004
-
Ingår i: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. - 0277-2116. ; 38:3, s. 312-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a high incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, but few cases of mucosal injury are reported. Duodenogastric reflux has not been studied in CF but has been suggested to have a pathogenic role in producing alkaline injury to the esophageal mucosa. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of duodenogastric reflux in patients with CF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients with CF and 7 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Gastroduodenal manometry and intragastric perfusion were performed in all subjects. Gastric perfusate was analyzed for bilirubin and bile acids. Only patients and controls exhibiting normal migrating motor complexes were evaluated. RESULTS: Eight patients with CF had normal motility recordings and had significantly higher gastric bilirubin levels compared with healthy subjects (P = 0.003). The bilirubin concentration was associated with bile acid regurgitation in five patients with CF. All bile acids were conjugated with a high glycine/taurine ratio and low levels of secondary bile acids. Small amounts of keto bile acids were found in two patients. CONCLUSION: The patients with CF had an increased incidence of duodenogastric reflux compared with healthy subjects. The bile acid composition was typical for CF with low levels of secondary bile acids. Although high bile acid concentration was found in the duodenogastric reflux in most patients with CF, the less toxic profile of the bile acids might possibly contribute to the low frequency of Barrett's esophagus in CF.
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| 26. |
- Hanson, Lars A, et al.
(författare)
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Breast-feeding, a complex support system for the offspring.
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Pediatrics International. - 1328-8067 .- 1442-200X. ; 44:4, s. 347-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The newborn has an immune system, very limited in size at birth and its postnatal expansion and maturation takes time. In the meantime the transplacental IgG antibodies from the mother play an important role for the protection of the infant. However, these antibodies act in tissues and induce inflammation and are energy-consuming. In contrast, the milk secretory IgA antibodies stop microbes already on the mucosa preventing infection, tissue engagement and energy loss. In addition, the milk contains many protective factors such as lactoferrin and oligosacharides functioning as analogues for microbial receptors preventing mucosal attachment, the initial step of most infections. As a result, breast-feeding significantly reduces the risk of neonatal septicemia, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, infection-induced wheezing and necrotizing enterocolitis. Via several mechanisms it seems that human milk can actively stimulate the immune system of the breast-fed infant. This reduces the risk of infections like otitis media, respiratory tract infections, diarrhea and infection-induced wheezing for several years after the termination of breast-feeding. Furthermore, it seems that breast-feeding decreases the risk of attracting celiac disease and allergic diseases. The latter has been much debated, but a recent critical review of published reports gives good support for long-term protection of allergic diseases, especially in high-risk children.
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| 27. |
- Hanson, Lars A, et al.
(författare)
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The transfer of immunity from mother to child.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - 0077-8923 .- 1749-6632. ; 987, s. 199-206
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The newborn's immune system grows fast from a small size at birth by exposure primarily to the intestinal microflora normally obtained from the mother at and after birth. While building up its immune system, the infant is supported by the transplacental IgG antibodies, which also contain anti-idiotypic antibodies, possibly also actively priming the offspring. The second mode of transfer of immunity occurs via the milk. Numerous major protective components, including secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies and lactoferrin, are present. The breastfed infant is better protected against numerous common infections than the non-breastfed. Breastfeeding also seems to actively stimulate the infant's immune system by anti-idiotypes, uptake of milk lymphocytes, cytokines, etc. Therefore, the breastfed child continues to be better protected against various infections for some years. Vaccine responses are also often enhanced in breastfed infants. Long-lasting protection against certain immunological diseases such as allergies and celiac disease is also noted.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Hogmalm, Anna, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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IL-1β expression in the distal lung epithelium disrupts lung morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation in fetal mice.
- 2014
-
Ingår i: American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 1522-1504 .- 1040-0605. ; 306:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perinatal inflammation and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1 can modify lung morphogenesis. To examine the effects of antenatal expression of IL-1β in the distal airway epithelium on fetal lung morphogenesis, we studied lung development and surfactant expression in fetal mice expressing human IL-1β under the control of the surfactant protein (SP)-C promoter. IL-1β-expressing pups suffered respiratory failure and died shortly after birth. IL-1β caused fetal lung inflammation and enhanced the expression of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC/CXCL1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP-3/CCL7), the calgranulins S100A8 and S100A9, the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), the chitinase-like proteins Ym1 and Ym2, and pendrin. IL-1β decreased the percentage of the total distal lung area made up of air saccules and the number of air saccules in the lungs of fetal mice. IL-1β inhibited the expression of VEGF-A and of its receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. The percentage of the cellular area of the distal lung made up of capillaries was decreased in IL-1β-expressing fetal mice. IL-1β suppressed the production of SP-B and pro-SP-C, and decreased the amount of phosphatidylcholine and the percentage of palmitic acid in the phosphatidylcholine fraction of lung phospholipids, indicating that IL-1β prevented the differentiation of type II epithelial cells. The production of Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) in the nonciliated bronchiolar (Clara) cells was likewise suppressed by IL-1β. In conclusion, expression of IL-1β in the epithelium of the distal airways disrupted the development of the airspaces and capillaries in the fetal lung and caused fatal respiratory failure at birth.
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| 30. |
- Karlsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Serum phospholipid fatty acids, adipose tissue, and metabolic markers in obese adolescents
- 2006
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Ingår i: Obesity (Silver Spring). - 1930-7381. ; 14:11, s. 1931-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Fatty acid (FA) composition has a role in adipogenesis. The objective was to study serum phospholipid (PL) FAs in adolescents and their relation to abdominal adipose tissue (AT) compartments and metabolic markers. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Abdominal AT was measured by magnetic resonance imaging and FA pattern was determined in serum PL of 10 obese adolescents (5 females), median age 12.0 years (range, 10.4 to 16.4) and BMI 30.7 (26.8 to 40.4), and 15 lean control subjects (9 females), median age 12.6 years (range, 11.3 to 15.4), and BMI 19.5 (17.1 to 23.4). RESULTS: Obese adolescents had relatively higher levels of saturated FA (SFA) and nervonic acid compared with controls. Serum PL concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was lower in the obese vs. lean females (p = 0.01), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (p = 0.01). The ratios of arachidonic acid to DHA and total n-6/n-3 FA were increased in obese children (p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). n-3 PUFAs were inversely correlated to all subcutaneous AT compartments except visceral AT. The homeostasis model assessment index of beta-cell function related inversely to DHA concentration (p = 0.03). All changes were more marked in the females. DISCUSSION: Serum FA pattern in obese adolescents differed significantly from that in age-matched lean controls, reflecting a decrease in n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, and an increase in SFA. The subcutaneous AT, but not visceral AT, correlated to the changes in PUFA and SFA, suggesting an abnormal essential FA metabolism in obese adolescents.
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| 31. |
- Keen, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Airway nitric oxide in patients with cystic fibrosis is associated with pancreatic function, Pseudomonas infection, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Chest. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-3692. ; 131:6, s. 1857-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Airway nitric oxide (NO) is low or normal in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. This may affect bacterial status since NO has antimicrobial properties. Arachidonic acid (AA), which is increased in the serum and airways of CF patients, has been shown to reduce NO levels. The aim of this study was to investigate whether airway NO level correlates with genotype and pancreatic function, and whether low airway NO level is associated with bacterial infection and increased serum AA level in CF patients. METHOD: Nasal NO (nNO) and exhaled NO (eNO) were measured according to the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society standard in 59 CF patients aged 7 to 55 years, 80% of whom were pancreatic insufficient (PI) and 51% were chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RESULTS: PI CF patients had significantly lower nNO levels than pancreatic-sufficient (PS) patients. Airway NO level did not correlate with lung function or inflammatory parameters. PI patients chronically infected with P aeruginosa had significantly lower nNO levels than noninfected PI patients. nNO level correlated inversely with the AA/docosahexaenoic acid ratio, and eNO with the essential fatty acid (FA) deficiency index, which is the ratio between mead acid and AA. CONCLUSIONS: CF patients with PI, which is associated with more severe genotypes, had lower airway NO levels than patients with PS. Low NO level was correlated to chronic P aeruginosa infection, and an association was found between airway NO level and the abnormal serum phospholipid FA pattern.
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| 32. |
- Keen, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Supplementation With Fatty Acids Influences the Airway Nitric Oxide and Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - JPGN. - 0277-2116 .- 1536-4801. ; 50:5, s. 537-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To obtain a balance in the fatty acid (FA) metabolism is important for the inflammatory response and of special importance in cystic fibrosis (CF), which is characterized by impaired FA metabolism, chronic inflammation, and infection in the airways. Nitric oxide (NO) has antimicrobial properties and low nasal (nNO) and exhaled NO (FENO), commonly reported in CF that may affect bacterial status. The present study investigates the effect of different FA blends on nNO and FENO and immunological markers in patients with CF. Patients and Methods: Forty-three patients with CF and "severe" mutations were consecutively enrolled in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study with 3 FA blends containing mainly n-3 or n-6 FA or saturated FA acting as placebo. FENO, nNO, serum phospholipid concentrations of FA, and biomarkers of inflammation were measured before and after 3 months of supplementation. Results: Thirty-five patients in clinically stable condition completed the study. The serum phospholipid FA pattern changed significantly in all 3 groups. An increase of the n-6FA, arachidonic acid, was associated with a decrease of FENO and nNO. The inflammatory biomarkers, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and interleukin-8 decreased after supplementation with n-3 FA and erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased after supplementation with n-6 FA. Conclusions: This small pilot study indicated that the composition of dietary n-3 and n-6 FA influenced the inflammatory markers in CF. FENO and nNO were influenced by changes in the arachidonic acid concentration, supporting previous studies suggesting that both the lipid abnormality and the colonization with Pseudomonas influenced NO in the airways.
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| 33. |
- Kjellberg, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Serum n-6 and n-9 Fatty Acids Correlate with Serum IGF-1 and Growth Up to Four Months of Age in Healthy Infants.
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. - 1536-4801. ; 66:1, s. 141-146
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study the relationship between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), serum phospholipid fatty acids and growth in healthy full-term newborns during infancy.Prospective observational study of a population-based Swedish cohort comprising 126 healthy, term infants investigating cord blood and serum at two days and four months of age for IGF-1 and phospholipid fatty acid profile and breast milk for fatty acids at two days and four months, compared to anthropometric measurements (SDS).At all time-points arachidonic acid (AA) was negatively associated with IGF-1. IGF-1 had positive associations with Linoleic acid (LA) at two days and four months and Mead acid (MA) showed positive associations in cord blood. Multiple regression analyses adjusted for maternal factors (BMI, weight gain, smoking, education), gender, birth weight and feeding modality confirmed a negative association for the ratio AA/LA to IGF-1. MA in cord blood correlated to birth size. Changes in the ratios of n-6/n-3 and AA/docosahexaenoic acid from day two to four months together with infants' weight and feeding modality determined 55% of the variability of delta-IGF-1. Breastfed infants at four months had lower IGF-1 correlating with lower LA and higher AA concentrations, which in girls correlated with lower weight gain from birth to four months of age.Our data showed interaction of n-6 fatty acids with IGF-1 during the first four months of life, and an association between MA and birth size when adjusted for confounding factors. Further follow-up might indicate if these correlations are associated with later body composition.
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| 34. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio in the perinatal period affects bone parameters in adult female rats.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: The British journal of nutrition. - 0007-1145. ; 92:4, s. 643-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PUFA and their metabolites are important regulators of bone formation and resorption. The effect of PUFA on bone growth may be especially striking during the perinatal period. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of diets with different n-6:n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratios during the perinatal period on bone parameters in the adult offspring. During late gestation and throughout lactation, rat dams were fed an isoenergetic diet containing 70 g linseed oil (n-3 diet), soyabean oil (n-6+n-3 diet) or sunflower-seed oil (n-6 diet) per kg with n-6:n-3 FA ratios of 0.4, 9 and 216, respectively. The offspring were weaned onto an ordinary chow and followed until 30 weeks of age. Bone parameters were analysed using peripheral quantitative computerised tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Femur length and cortical cross-sectional bone area and bone mineral content were significantly higher in the n-6+n-3 group than in the other groups. Cortical bone thickness in the n-6+n-3 group was increased compared with the n-3 group, but most cortical bone parameters did not differ between the n-3 and n-6 groups. The results suggest that regulatory mechanisms were influenced by the n-6:n-3 FA ratio early in life and not compensated for by the introduction of an ordinary diet after weaning.
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| 35. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Gender-related long-term effects in adult rats by perinatal dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids.
- 2005
-
Ingår i: American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0363-6119 .- 1522-1490. ; 288:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epidemiological studies in humans have shown that perinatal nutrition affects health later in life. We have previously shown that the ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the maternal diet affects serum leptin levels and growth of the suckling pups. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of various ratios of the dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA during the perinatal period on serum leptin, insulin, and triacylglycerol, as well as body growth in the adult offspring. During late gestation and throughout lactation, rats were fed an isocaloric diet containing 7 wt% fat, either as linseed oil (n-3 diet), soybean oil (n-6/n-3 diet), or sunflower oil (n-6 diet). At 3 wk of age, the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in the serum phospholipids of the offspring were 2.5, 8.3, and 17.5, respectively. After weaning, all pups were given a standard chow. At the 28th postnatal wk, mean body weight and fasting insulin levels were significantly increased in the rats fed the n-6/n-3 diet perinatally compared with the other groups. The systolic blood pressure and serum triacylglycerol levels were only increased in adult male rats of the same group. These data suggest that the balance between n-6 and n-3 PUFA during perinatal development affects several metabolic parameters in adulthood, especially in the male animals.
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| 36. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Leptin levels in rat offspring are modified by the ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid in the maternal diet
- 2002
-
Ingår i: J Lipid Res. ; 43:10, s. 1743-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is important for optimal fetal and postnatal development. We have previously shown that leptin levels in suckling rats are reduced by maternal PUFA deficiency. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of maternal dietary intake of (n-3) and (n-6) PUFA on the leptin content in rat milk and serum leptin levels in suckling pups. For the last 10 days of gestation and throughout lactation, the rats were fed an isocaloric diet containing 7% linseed oil (n-3 diet), sunflower oil (n-6 diet), or soybean oil (n-6/n-3 diet). Body weight, body length, inguinal fat pad weight, and adipocyte size of the pups receiving the n-3 diet were significantly lower during the whole suckling period compared with n-6/n-3 fed pups. Body and fat pad weights of the n-6 fed pups were in between the other two groups at week one, but not different from the n-6/n-3 group at week 3. Feeding dams the n-3 diet resulted in decreased serum leptin levels in the suckling pups compared with pups in the n-6/n-3 group. The mean serum leptin levels of the n-6 pups were between the other two groups but not different from either group. There were no differences in the milk leptin content between the groups. These results show that the balance between the n-6 and n-3 PUFA in the maternal diet rather than amount of n-6 or n-3 PUFA per se could be important for adipose tissue growth and for maintaining adequate serum leptin levels in the offspring.
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| 37. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Maternal dietary intake of essential fatty acids affects adipose tissue growth and leptin mRNA expression in suckling rat pups
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 52:1, s. 78-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have previously shown that maternal intake of essential fatty acids during late gestation and lactation affects the level of serum leptin in pups. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary essential fatty acids on leptin content in the milk of rat dams and leptin expression in white adipose tissue of pups during the suckling period. During late gestation and throughout lactation, rats were fed a control or an essential fatty acid-deficient (EFAD) diet. Milk of the EFAD dams contained more saturated and less polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the control dams. Milk leptin levels were higher in the EFAD dams than in the control dams at 3 wk of lactation. The weight of inguinal white adipose tissue depots and the serum leptin levels of the EFAD pups were significantly lower than in the control pups during the whole suckling period. In addition, semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis of leptin mRNA levels in inguinal white adipose tissue showed a reduction in the EFAD pups compared with the control pups at 3 wk of age. We conclude that maternal dietary essential fatty acid intake affects serum leptin levels in pups by regulating both the amount of adipose tissue and the leptin mRNA expression.
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| 38. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Maternal essential fatty acid deficiency depresses serum leptin levels in suckling rat pups.
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 42:3, s. 359-365
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dietary lipid quantity and quality have recently been shown to affect serum leptin levels in adult rats. Moreover, suckling pups from dams fed a high fat diet had increased serum leptin levels. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on serum leptin levels in dams and their pups during the suckling period. For the last 10 days of gestation and throughout lactation, pregnant rats were fed a control or an EFA-deficient (EFAD) diet. The levels of leptin and EFA in the serum of the dams and pups were analyzed 1, 2, and 3 weeks after delivery. In parallel, serum levels of glucose and corticosterone were analyzed in the pups. Low serum leptin levels were found in the control lactating dams during the entire lactation period compared with the age-matched nonlactating animals. The leptin concentrations in the lactating dams fed the EFAD diet were lower compared with those fed the control diet. The serum leptin levels of suckling pups from dams on the EFAD diet were markedly decreased compared with controls (P < 0.05). The reduced serum leptin levels could not be explained by nutritional restriction as evaluated by serum levels of glucose and corticosterone. These results indicate the importance of the EFA composition of the maternal diet for serum leptin levels in both dams and pups. EFA deficiency in lactating dams may cause long-term effects on the pups through dysregulation of leptin and leptin-dependent functions. -- Korotkova, M., B. Gabrielsson, L. A. Hanson, and B. Strandvik. Maternal essential fatty acid deficiency depresses serum leptin levels in suckling rat pups. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 359--365.
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| 39. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Modulation of neonatal immunological tolerance to ovalbumin by maternal essential fatty acid intake
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. - 0905-6157. ; 15:2, s. 112-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examines whether dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) intake influences the induction of oral tolerance to ovalbumin (OA) in neonatal and adult rats. During late gestation and throughout lactation Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet supplemented (S) with EFA (7% soybean oil), or a diet deficient (D) in EFA (7% hydrogenated lard). The rat offspring were subsequently exposed to OA either via the milk at 10-16 days (neonatal rats), or as adults via the drinking water at 7-9 wk of age. Oral administration of OA to the adult rats lead to suppression of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactivity and IgG antibody response against OA, which was not influenced by their diets. In the offspring of the dams fed the D diet antigen exposure via the milk resulted in suppression of the serum antibody levels and DTH reaction against OA indicating induction of oral tolerance. Higher transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA levels in the draining lymph nodes suggested this to be mediated by regulatory T cells. In contrast, OA exposure of the dams fed the S diet did not result in a suppressed OA response of their offspring. Thus, the quality of FA ingested by the mother may have effects on the development of immunological tolerance to dietary antigens in the offspring. Our results might have importance for the understanding of the increase in allergy related to the Western type of diet.
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| 40. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Perinatal essential fatty acid deficiency influences body weight and bone parameters in adult male rats.
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Biochimica et biophysica acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3002. ; 1686:3, s. 248-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fetal and postnatal nutrition have long-term effects on the risk for development of diseases late in life in humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFA) in the perinatal period on later body weight and bone mass. During late gestation and throughout lactation, rats were fed a control or an EFA-deficient (EFAD) diet. At 3 weeks of age the offspring were weaned onto an ordinary chow and followed until adult age. The mean body weight of adult rats receiving the EFAD diet during the perinatal period was significantly increased from 12 weeks of age compared to the controls (P<0.05). Analysis by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT) at 44 weeks of age showed that the trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur was significantly decreased (P<0.05) but the cortical bone mineral content, cortical area, and cortical thickness were increased (P<0.05) in the EFAD group of rats. The length of the femur was not affected. In conclusion, neonatal EFA deficiency was in adult rats associated with increased body weight and significant changes in both cortical and trabecular bone. The results indicate that regulatory mechanisms related to bone mass seemed to be programmed by EFA in the perinatal period. The nature of this modulation needs to be identified.
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| 41. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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The ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in maternal diet influences the induction of neonatal immunological tolerance to ovalbumin
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Clinical and experimental immunology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0009-9104 .- 1365-2249. ; 137:2, s. 237-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prevalence of allergy is increasing in many countries and might be related to changed environmental factors, such as dietary fatty acids (FA). The present study investigates whether dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA influences the induction of immunological tolerance to ovalbumin (OA) in neonatal rats. During late gestation and throughout lactation Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 7% linseed oil (n-3 diet), sunflower oil (n-6 diet) or soybean oil (n-6/n-3 diet). At 10-16 days of age the rat offspring were subsequently exposed, or not, to OA via the milk. The offspring were weaned onto the same diets as the mothers and immunized with OA and the bystander antigen human serum albumin (HSA). In the offspring on the n-3 diet exposure to OA via the milk resulted in lower delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) and antibody responses against both OA and HSA, compared to those in the offspring not exposed to OA, indicating the induction of oral tolerance. In the offspring on the n-6 diet, the exposure to OA led to depressed specific immune responses against only OA, not HSA. In the offspring on the n-6/n-3 diet oral exposure to OA did not influence immune responses against OA, or HSA. The results indicate that the dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 FA is important for the induction of neonatal oral tolerance. Thus nonoptimal feeding may have effects on the development of immunological tolerance to dietary antigen ingested by the mother. The ratio of n-6/n-3 FA in the diet may be considered in the context of increased prevalence of allergy.
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| 42. |
- Kristjánsson, Sigurdur, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Leukotriene B4 and C4 generation by human leukocytes after ex vivo stimulation with Ca-ionophore and opsonized zymosan in children with atopic asthma.
- 1995
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Ingår i: Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - 0905-6157. ; 6:3, s. 155-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ex vivo release of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) from leukocytes was evaluated after stimulation with both Ca-ionophore (Ca-I) and opsonized zymosan (OZ) in children with atopic asthma. Twenty-seven patients with asthma of varying severity were evaluated and divided into three groups: 1) moderate to severe asthma using inhaled steroids and symptom-free for the last 3 weeks (n = 8), 2) mild asthma with sporadic symptoms, only using inhaled beta 2-agonists < 3 times/week (n = 8), and 3) acute asthmatic attacks admitted to hospital (n = 11). A group of children without atopic disease or any other known disease served as controls (n = 15). Total serum IgE levels were significantly increased in the children with asthma compared with the control group. LTC4 production was only significantly increased in the group of children with moderate to severe asthma after stimulation with Ca-I, when compared with controls. In the same group, a trend towards increased LTC4 production after stimulation with OZ was found. LTB4 was not significantly increased in any patient group compared with the control group. A significant correlation between LTC4 production after stimulation with Ca-I, but not OZ, and the relative blood eosinophil count was found in all subjects. LTC4 generation per eosinophilic cell after stimulation with Ca-I or OZ was not statistically different in any patient group compared with the controls. We conclude that the increased leukotriene (LT) levels found after the stimulation of peripheral white blood cells sampled from atopic children with asthma are mainly the result of increased numbers of LT-producing cells, rather than due to increased releasability from these cells.
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| 43. |
- Lundqvist, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Early behaviour and development in breast-fed premature infants are influenced by omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid status.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Early human development. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-6232 .- 0378-3782. ; 86:7, s. 407-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The requirement of essential fatty acids (EFA) for the development of the brain is well documented. Objective: To investigate the early neurological development at term and 44 weeks gestational age in preterm infants in relation to EFA concentrations in breast milk and in infants' and mothers' plasma phospholipids. Method: Fifty-one premature infants and their mothers were consecutively included in the study. The median gestational age was 34 weeks (range 24–36). The motor quality, motor and behavioural development were assessed by General Movements (GMs), the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) and a Self Regulation Scale. Results: Mother's education and gestational age correlated to several outcome variables. Multiple regression with correction for background factors showed negative associations between early breast milk concentrations of Mead acid and GMs and between AA and the BNBAS clusters Orientation and Range of States, respectively. Between 40 and 44 weeks gestational age, no expected increased scores were observed for Regulation of States, Range of States and Self Regulation. During the corresponding time, increased concentration of linoleic acid in mothers' plasma was negatively associated with improvement in Orientation and increased concentration of EPA in the infants' plasma was positively associated with improvement in Autonomic Stability. Conclusions: The major omega-6 fatty acids and Mead acid were negatively associated with early development and omega-3 fatty acids positively associated. Mother's education and the gestational age influenced the outcome more strongly than mother's and infant's morbidities. Further follow-up will elucidate the significance of these early findings.
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| 44. |
- Maqbool, Asim, et al.
(författare)
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Serum Linoleic Acid Status as a Clinical Indicator of Essential Fatty Acid Status in Children With Cystic Fibrosis
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. - 0277-2116. ; 47:5, s. 635-644
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) are at increased risk for essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. Objectives: To investigate serum markers of EFA status in children with CF and PI and their association with growth, body composition, and lung function. Patients and Methods: Serum phospholipid fatty acid, growth, and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1, percentage predicted) status were assessed at baseline and 12 months in 77 children with CF and PI, 7 to 10 years old. Longitudinal mixed-effects models were used to compare associations of the triene:tetraene ratio (ratio of eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid) and serum linoleic acid (as a molar percentage of total serum phospholipid fatty acids, or mol%) with the clinical outcomes. Controls for serum fatty acid were 23 healthy white age- and sex-matched children. Results: Children with CF and PI had higher median triene:tetraene ratio and lower linoleic acid than healthy controls. Depending on the triene:tetraene ratio cutoff point used (0.04 or 0.02), either 17% or 52% of the children with CF had EFA deficiency, respectively. Only linoleic acid was significantly and positively associated with z scores for weight, height, body mass index, upper arm muscle area, and FEV1 at baseline. Children with linoleic acid at 21 mol% or higher had significantly better growth and pulmonary status than those with lower concentrations. Conclusions: Serum phospholipid linoleic acid at 21 mol% or higher was associated with better growth, body composition, and FEV1. No clinical outcome associations were found with the triene:tetraene ratio. These findings suggest that linoleic acid concentration was a more clinically relevant biomarker of EFA status than the triene:tetraene ratio in children with CF and PI. Further research is warranted to validate this specific percentage of linoleic acid cutoff point as a new recommendation for clinical use.
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| 45. |
- Maqbool, Asim, et al.
(författare)
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The skinny of tuna fat: health implication
- 2011
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Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. - 1368-9800 .- 1475-2727. ; 14:11, s. 2049-2054
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dietary n-3 (omega-3) and n-6 (omega-6) PUFA have significant implications in health and disease prevention. Marine life is rich in long-chain n-3 PUFA. Children and adults in North America are reluctant fish eaters; canned tuna is a common fish in children's diets. Although a multitude of tuna products are available, their respective PUFA contents have not been well described. The aim of the present study was to compare the fatty acid (FA) profiles of different commercially available US tuna products. Fat and FA composition of eight products randomly selected from two US suppliers were analysed with capillary GC after lipid extraction. Large north-eastern US grocery store chain. Canned tuna. Energy from fat varied from 3 to 33 % and the essential FA (EFA) linoleic acid (18 : 2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18 : 3n-3) varied tenfold. DHA varied between 90 and 770 mg/serving. The n-6:n-3 ratio was 3:1–4:1 in oil-packaged products, 2:1–7:1 in packaged tuna salads and 1:3–1:7 in water-packaged products. A similar magnitude of differences was seen in the ratio between arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) and DHA. Light tuna canned in water may be a better choice of providing n-3 PUFA to individuals in a healthy population, whereas oil-packaged products may be preferable for those individuals with a need for increased EFA, such as for patients with cystic fibrosis. Awareness regarding PUFA content may aid in consumer product choices and health-care provider advice.
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| 46. |
- McKenzie, S. G., et al.
(författare)
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Dornase alfa is well tolerated: Data from the Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Pediatr Pulmonol. - : Wiley. - 8755-6863. ; 42:10, s. 928-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After closure of the Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis (ERCF), a comprehensive safety analysis of dornase alfa was performed. A planned subanalysis focused on children under 5 years old. Reported serious adverse events (SAEs) were assigned a preferred term and ascribed to a specific organ system. Possible serious adverse reactions to dornase alfa (SADRs) were identified by reporting clinics. Twenty-eight of 15,865 SAEs (0.18%), occurring in 26 of 6,829 patients ever treated with dornase alfa (0.38%), and no deaths were reported as possible SADRs: most were typical complications of cystic fibrosis (CF). There was no evidence of any unrecognized risk of treatment. During 24,586 patient-years of follow-up (FU) of ever-treated patients, SAEs (mostly typical respiratory complications of CF) were more frequent on-treatment (0.4999/patient-year; 95% CI 0.4921-0.5076) than off-treatment (0.3889; 0.3787-0.3992). This was likely caused by within-patient prescription bias. During 655 patient-years of FU in 328 ever-treated patients under 5 years old, SAEs (mostly pulmonary exacerbations of CF) were slightly less frequent during treatment: 0.2911 (0.2367-0.3455) versus 0.3563 (0.3086-0.4040; ns). Results confirm the safety of dornase alfa in CF patients of all ages. Children under 5 years old tolerate dornase alfa at least as well as older patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:928-937. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 47. |
- Nilsson, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive regulation of lipoprotein lipase and salt-resistant lipase activities in essential fatty acid deficiency. An experimental study in the rat.
- 1990
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Ingår i: Metabolism. ; 39:12, s. 1305-1308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities of postheparin plasma, heart, lungs, and adipose tissue, and salt-resistant lipase (hepatic lipase, SRL) activities of postheparin plasma, liver, and adrenals were examined in essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) rats and in age-matched controls. The LPL activity of heart was higher in the deficient than in the control rats, but did not differ in the other tissues. The SRL activity of postheparin plasma was twofold higher, and that of liver and adrenals approximately 50% higher in the group with EFA deficiency. It is suggested that SRL exhibits an adaptive up-regulation in EFA deficiency. This up-regulation may be linked to a role for the enzyme in the transport of polyenoic fatty acids.
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| 48. |
- Nilsson, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Incorporation of dietary 14Carachidonic and 3Heicosapentaenoic acid into tissue lipids during absorption of a fisk oil emulsion
- 1992
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Ingår i: Journal of Lipid Research. - 1539-7262. ; 33:9, s. 1295-1305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A preferential incorporation of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) into chyle lipoprotein phospholipids, a relative resistance of 20:4 esters of chyle triacylglycerol (TG) to hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase, a preferential utilization of 20:4 for phospholipid acylation, and a low rate of oxidation of 20:4 are factors that may contribute to the differences seen in the incorporation into tissue lipids between absorbed 20:4 and the predominant dietary 16-18 carbon fatty acids. In this study we fed [14C]20:4 and [3H]eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3) as free fatty acids in a fish oil emulsion to rats and analyzed the radioactivity in different tissue lipids after 1, 2, and 4 h. The purpose was to examine the degree of similarity in the fate of the two major eicosanoid precursors during the absorption of a fish oil meal. The recovery after 2 and 4 h of 14C exceeded that of 3H in lipids of small intestine, serum, liver, heart, kidneys, and spleen. The differences increased with time, e.g., the liver contained 9.7 (+/- 0.7)% 3H and 17.9 (+/- 1.4)% of the 14C (P less than 0.001), and the upper half of the small intestine 10.0 (+/- 0.8)% of the 3H and 22.8 (+/- 1.1)% of the 14C (P less than 0.001) after 4 h. The 14C and 3H radioactivity per g tissue after 4 h ranked as follows: liver and brown adipose tissue greater than kidneys greater than heart, lungs, spleen, and serum greater than colon greater than white adipose tissue and testes, the differences between tissues being up to 50-fold. There were up to fourfold variations in the 14C/3H ratios between tissues after 4 h, the highest value being observed in the heart and the lowest in white adipose tissue. Of the radioactivity retained in liver and intestine, more 14C and 3H was in phospholipids and less in triacylglycerol (TG), the differences being largest in the liver, e.g., after 4 h 57.6 (+/- 0.8)% of the 14C and 29.9 (+/- 0.9)% of the 3H (P less than 0.001) in the liver was in phosphatidylcholine (PC). In both intestine and liver the highest 14C/3H ratios were found in phosphatidylinositiol (PI). Also phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) contained more 14C than 3H but the quantitative differences were relatively small after 4 h. In heart the proportions of 3H and 14C found in PE and PI did not differ, whereas more of the 14C was in PC and more of the 3H was in cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
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| 49. |
- Olang, Beheshteh, et al.
(författare)
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Breastfeeding in Iran: prevalence, duration and current recommendations.
- 2009
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Ingår i: International breastfeeding journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1746-4358. ; 4:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The need to promote breastfeeding is unquestionable for the health and development of infants. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence, duration and promotion of breastfeeding status in Iran with respect to the Baby Friendly Hospital, government actions and activities by the Breastfeeding Promotion Society including comparison with European countries. METHODS: This retrospective study is based on data from 63,071 infants less than 24 months of age in all the 30 urban and rural provinces of Iran. The data of breastfeeding rates were collected in 20052006 by trained health workers in the Integrated Monitoring Evaluation System in the Family Health Office of the Ministry of Health to evaluate its subordinate offices. A translated version of a questionnaire, used to assess the current breastfeeding situation in Europe, was used. RESULTS: At a national level, 90% and 57% of infants were breastfed at one and two-years of age, respectively. Exclusive breastfeeding rates at 4 and 6 months of age at national level averaged 56.8% and 27.7%. Exclusive breastfeeding rates at 4 and 6 months of age in rural areas were 58% and 29%, and in urban areas 56% and 27%, respectively. The policy questionnaire showed that out of the 566 hospitals across the country 466 hospitals were accredited as Baby Friendly Hospitals, covering more than 80% of the births in 2006. A national board set standards and certified pre-service education at the Ministry of Health. Iran officially adopted the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes in 1991. The legislation for working mothers met the International Labour Organization standards that cover women with formal employment. The Ministry of Health and Breastfeeding Promotion Society were responsible for producing booklets, pamphlets, breastfeeding journal, CD, workshops and websites. Monitoring of breastfeeding rates was performed every four years and funded by the Ministry of Health within the budgets assigned to the health care system. CONCLUSION: In comparison to many European Union countries, Iran showed a favorable situation in terms of breastfeeding rates and promotion of breastfeeding. Iran still needs to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months.
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| 50. |
- Olang, Beheshteh, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal vitamin A and suboptimal vitamin D status are common in Iranian infants
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 100:3, s. 439-444
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Investigation of serum concentrations of vitamins A and D in Iranian infants. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study, investigating 7112 infants (1523 months of age) from all regions of Iran, who attended health care centres from May 25 to June 2, 2001. Unequal clusters with unequal household sizes were sampled. Vitamin A and D levels were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The mean (SD) concentration of vitamin A was 2.09 (0.83) mu mol/L. At a national level, 0.7% of the infants had a level indicating deficiency, and 0.5% of the infants had insufficient concentrations of vitamin A, defined as serum concentrations < 0.35 and < 0.7 mu mol/L retinol, respectively. A total of 88% of infants had optimal concentrations (> 1.4 mu mol /L). The mean (SD) concentration of vitamin D was 61.3 (31.4) nmol/L. Deficiency was found in 2.8% of infants (< 25 nmol/L), and insufficiency in 32.9% (< 50 nmol/L). Suboptimal and optimal concentrations were found in 44% and 20%, representing 50-75 and > 75 nmol/L, respectively. Girls had lower vitamin D concentrations than boys (p = 0.006). Conclusion: As in developed countries, vitamin A deficiency was rare in Iranian infants. Vitamin D deficiency was also rare, but 33% of infants had insufficient levels; this was more common in girls than boys.
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