| 1. |
- Andersen, J. L., et al.
(författare)
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Ice surface changes during recent glacial cycles along the Jutulstraumen and Penck Trough ice streams in western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
- 2020
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Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reconstructing past ice-sheet surface changes is key to testing and improving ice-sheet models. Data constraining the past behaviour of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet are sparse, limiting our understanding of its response to past, present and future climate change. Here, we report the first cosmogenic multinuclide (Be-10, Al-26, Cl-36) data from bedrock and erratics on nunataks along the Jutulstraumen and Penck Trough ice streams in western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Spanning elevations between 741 and 2394 m above sea level, the samples have apparent exposure ages between 2 ka and 5 Ma. The highest-elevation bedrock sample indicates (near-) continuous minimum exposure since the Pliocene, with a low apparent erosion rate of 0.15 +/- 0.03 m Ma(-1), which is similar to results from eastern Dronning Maud Land. In contrast to studies in eastern Dronning Maud Land, however, our data show clear indications of a thicker-than-present ice sheet within the last glacial cycle, with a thinning of similar to 35-120 m during the Holocene (similar to 2-11 ka). Difficulties in separating suitable amounts of quartz from the often quartz-poor rock-types in the area, and cosmogenic nuclides inherited from exposure prior to the last deglaciation, prevented robust thinning estimates from elevational profiles. Nevertheless, the results clearly demonstrate ice-surface fluctuations of several hundred meters between the current grounding line and the edge of the polar plateau for the last glacial cycle, a constraint that should be considered in future ice-sheet model simulations.
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| 2. |
- Blomdin, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the timing of former glacier expansions in the Tian Shan : A key step towards robust spatial correlations
- 2016
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Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 153, s. 78-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The timing of past glaciation across the Tian Shan provides a proxy for past climate change in this critical area. Correlating glacial stages across the region is difficult but cosmogenic exposure ages have considerable potential. A drawback is the large observed scatter in Be-10 surface exposure data. To quantify the robustness of the dating, we compile, recalculate, and perform statistical analyses on sets of 10Be surface exposure ages from 25 moraines, consisting of 114 new and previously published ages. We assess boulder age scatter by dividing boulder groups into quality classes and rejecting boulder groups of poor quality. This allows us to distinguish and correlate robustly dated glacier limits, resulting in a more conservative chronology than advanced in previous publications. Our analysis shows that only one regional glacial stage can be reliably correlated across the Tian Shan, with glacier expansions occurring between 15 and 281 a during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2. However, there are examples of older more extensive indicators of glacial stages between MIS 3 and MIS 6. Paleoglacier extent during MIS 2 was mainly restricted to valley glaciation. Local deviations occur: in the central Kyrgyz Tian Shan paleoglaciers were more extensive and we propose that the topographic context explains this pattern. Correlation between glacial stages prior to late MIS 2 is less reliable, because of the low number of samples and/or the poor resolution of the dating. With the current resolution and spatial coverage of robustly-dated glacier limits we advise that paleoclimatic implications for the Tian Shan glacial chronology beyond MIS 2 are speculative and that continued work toward robust glacial chronologies is needed to resolve questions regarding drivers of past glaciation in the Tian Shan and Central Asia.
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| 3. |
- Blomdin, Robin, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Glacial geomorphology of the Altai and Western Sayan Mountains, Central Asia
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Maps. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5647. ; 12:1, s. 123-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we present a map of the glacial geomorphology of the Altai andWestern Sayan Mountains, covering an area of almost 600,000 km2. Although numerous studies provide evidence for restricted Pleistocene glaciations in this area, others have hypothesized the past existence of an extensive ice sheet. To provide a framework for accurate glacial reconstructions of the Altai and Western Sayan Mountains, we present a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 based on a mapping from 30 m resolution ASTER DEM and 15 m/30 mresolution Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery. Four landform classes have been mapped: marginal moraines, glacial lineations, hummocky terrain, and glacial valleys. Our mapping reveals an abundance of glacial erosional and depositional landforms. The distribution of these glacial landforms indicates that the Altai and Western Sayan Mountains have experienced predominantly alpine-style glaciations, with some small ice caps centred on the higher mountain peaks. Large marginal moraine complexes mark glacial advances in intermontane basins. By tracing the outer limits of present-day glaciers, glacial valleys, and moraines, we estimate that the past glacier coverage have totalled to 65,000 km2 (10.9% of the mapped area), whereas present-day glacier coverage totals only 1300 km2 (0.2% of the mapped area). This demonstrates the usefulness of remote sensing techniques for mapping the glacial geomorphology in remote mountain areas and for quantifying the past glacier dimensions. The glacial geomorphological map presented here will be used for further detailed reconstructions of the paleoglaciology and paleoclimate of the region.
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| 4. |
- Blomdin, Robin, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Paleoglaciation on opposite flanks of the Ikh-Turgen Mountains, Central Asia : Importance of style of moraine deposition for 10-Be surface exposure dating
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ages of marginal moraines that record extensive glacier expansions across the Altai Mountains of Central Asia are poorly documented. We present 18 10Be exposure ages from moraines in valleys on opposite flanks of the Ikh-Turgen Mountains. On the eastern side, exposure ages from a latero-frontal moraine indicate deglaciation during MIS 3 (45.3±2.7 ka) and MIS 2 (22.8±3.5 ka). Corresponding exposure ages, from the western side, indicate a more complex story with large scatter (~14-53 ka). Owing to their close proximity, the paleoglaciers should have responded similarly to climate forcing, yet they exhibited a distinctly different behavior. We propose that differences in glacier dynamics caused differences in ice-marginal depositional environments, explaining the scatter in exposure ages on the western side. This study shows the importance of style of deposition in chronological studies of glacial landforms and demonstrates that certain moraine types can be difficult to use as paleoclimate proxies.
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| 5. |
- Blomdin, Robin, 1986-
(författare)
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Paleoglaciology of the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains, Central Asia
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The mountain-systems of Central Asia, act as barriers to atmospheric circulation patterns, which in turn impose striking climate gradients across the region. Glaciers are sensitive indicators of climate change and respond to changes in climate gradients over time by advancing during cold and wet periods and receding during warm and dry periods. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether there are large-scale patterns in how past glaciers in the Tian Shan and the Altai Mountains of Central Asia responded to climate change. Multiple methods have been used, including: remote sensing, terrain analysis, field investigations, and cosmogenic nuclide (CN) dating. The glacial landform records indicate that the region experienced mainly alpine-style glaciations in the past. Large complexes of ice-marginal moraines in high elevation basins are evidence of outlet glaciers sourced from large valley glaciers, ice caps and ice-fields, and these moraine sequences, record the maximum extent of paleoglaciation. In the Ikh-Turgen Mountains, located in the continental, eastern Altai Mountains, deglaciation of these moraines occurred during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 at ~45 ka. This is consistent with a colder and wetter climate during this time, inferred from ice core and lake level proxies. Another deglacial phase occurred during MIS 2 at ~23 ka, synchronous with the global Last Glacial Maximum. In the Russian Altai Mountains, lobate moraines in the Chuya Basin indicate deglaciation at ~19 ka, by a highly dynamic paleoglacier in the Chagan-Uzun catchment, which experienced surge-like behaviour. Furthermore, across the Tian Shan, an evaluation of new and existing CN glacial chronologies (25 dated moraines) indicates that only one regional glacial stage, between 15 and 28 ka (MIS 2), can be defined and spatially correlated across the region. These paleoglaciers were mainly restricted to valleys as a result of arid conditions during this time and variation in their extents is interpreted to reflect topographic modulation on regional climate. The ages of the oldest evidence for robust local glacial stages in the Tian Shan are not yet well constrained, however, moraines in the central Kyrgyz Tian Shan and the eastern Chinese Tian Shan have apparent minimum ages overlapping with MIS 5 and MIS 3 (with missing MIS 4 and 6 stages). However, different geological processes, such as inheritance and post-depositional shielding (e.g. deposition by surging glaciers or hummocky terrain deposition), have influenced the dating resolution, making several moraine ages inappropriate for regional comparison. Finally, to quantify regional patterns of paleoglaciation, the hypsometry (area-elevation distribution) of glacial landforms is used to estimate average paleo equilibrium line altitudes for the region. This analysis shows that while present-day ELAs mirror strong climate gradients, paleoglaciation patterns were characterised by more gentle ELA gradients. The paleo-ELA depressions across Central Asia were most prominent in the continental southern and eastern regions (500–700 m). Finally, the results from this thesis, show that Central Asia was repeatedly glaciated in the past, but underscore the importance of considering 1) catchment characteristics and styles of glaciation and 2) other non-climatic factors controlling glacier dynamics when interpreting CN chronologies to make paleoclimate inference.
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| 6. |
- Blomdin, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Timing and dynamics of glaciation in the Ikh Turgen Mountains, Altai region, High Asia
- 2018
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Ingår i: Quaternary Geochronology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1014 .- 1878-0350. ; 47, s. 54-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spanning the northern sector of High Asia, the Altai region contains a rich landform record of glaciation. We report the extent, chronologies, and dynamics of two paleoglaciers on opposite flanks of the Ikh Turgen mountains (In Russian: Chikhacheva Range), straddling the border between Russia and Mongolia, using a combination of remote sensing-based glacial geomorphological mapping, 10Be surface exposure dating, and geomorphometric analysis. On the eastern side (Mongolia), the Turgen-Asgat paleoglacier, with its potential for developing a large accumulation area (∼257 km2), expanded 40 km down valley, and mean ages from a latero-frontal moraine indicate deglaciation during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 (45.1 ± 1.8 ka, n = 4) and MIS 2 (22.8 ± 3.3 ka, n = 5). These minimum age constraints are consistent with other 10Be glacial chronologies and paleoclimate records from the region, which indicates glacier culmination during cold and wet conditions coinciding with MIS 3 (piedmont-style glaciation; inferred for a few sites across the region) and glacier culmination during cold and dry conditions coinciding with MIS 2 (mainly valley-style glaciation; inferred from several sites across the region). On the western side (Russia), the Boguty paleoglacier had a smaller accumulation area (∼222 km2), and advanced 30 km down valley across a low gradient forefield. Surface exposure ages from two moraine complexes on this side of the mountains exhibit wide scatter (∼14–53 ka, n = 8), making paleoclimate inferences and comparison to other proxies difficult. Ice surface profile reconstructions imply that the two paleoglaciers likely shared an ice divide. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
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| 7. |
- Blomdin, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Topographic and climatic controls on paleoglaciation patterns across the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains, Central Asia
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Reconstructing spatial patterns of the extents and dynamics of paleoglaciers across Central Asia is key in understanding the mechanisms of global environmental change. The Tian Shan and Altai Mountains are located in the continental interior of Eurasia, at the confluence of several major climate systems. In order to test hypothesized patterns in paleoglacier extent, and to test the role of paleoclimate and mountain topography in modulating the evolution of these glacial systems, we perform a domain-wide terrain analysis. We first divide the Tian Shan and the Altai Mountains into six physiographic regions delineated by major drainage divides and outlining generalised climate zones. Thereafter we mine published datasets on the distribution of glaciers and glacial landforms, calculate their area-elevation distributions (hypsometry), and extract present-day regional equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) and long-term average ELAs (paleo-ELAs). We show that the use of glacial landform hypsometry is an effective tool to quantify broad-scale paleoglaciation patterns and find that there is a regional variability in glacier extents across the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains. Reconstructed ELAs show pronounced spatial gradients; increasing ELAs from northern to southern Tian Shan, and increasing ELAs from the northern to both the southeastern and southwestern Altai Mountains. In contrast, maximum paleoglaciation patterns and paleo-ELAs were more uniform across the two mountain systems, with inter-regional topographic variability influencing moraine distributions and thus complicating regional paleo-ELA determinations. Because estimated paleo-ELAs were relatively uniform across the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains, the paleo-ELA lowering were most pronounced in the more continental southern and eastern regions. Our current data is insufficient to explain whether this observation is the result of a different regional paleoclimatic regime than today, or if paleoglaciers responded dynamically different to a paleoclimate forcing of the same magnitude. Our ELA reconstructions also lack temporal constraints, so we furthermore propose that future studies systematically compare hypsometry-derived ELA reconstructions with those stemming from surface energy mass balance models, other proxy records (i.e. lake- and ice core records), and from chronologically constrained ice-marginal moraines.
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| 8. |
- Chandler, Benjamin M. P., et al.
(författare)
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Glacial geomorphological mapping : A review of approaches and frameworks for best practice
- 2018
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Ingår i: Earth-Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-8252 .- 1872-6828. ; 185, s. 806-846
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Geomorphological mapping is a well-established method for examining earth surface processes and landscape evolution in a range of environmental contexts. In glacial research, it provides crucial data for a wide range of process-oriented studies and palaeoglaciological reconstructions; in the latter case providing an essential geomorphological framework for establishing glacial chronologies. In recent decades, there have been significant developments in remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS), with a plethora of high quality remotely-sensed datasets now (often freely) available. Most recently, the emergence of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has allowed sub-decimetre scale aerial images and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to be obtained. Traditional field mapping methods still have an important role in glacial geomorphology, particularly in cirque glacier, valley glacier and icefield/ice-cap outlet settings. Field mapping is also used in ice sheet settings, but often takes the form of necessarily highly-selective ground-truthing of remote mapping. Given the increasing abundance of datasets and methods available for mapping, effective approaches are necessary to enable assimilation of data and ensure robustness. This paper provides a review and assessment of the various glacial geomorphological methods and datasets currently available, with a focus on their applicability in particular glacial settings. We distinguish two overarching 'work streams' that recognise the different approaches typically used in mapping landforms produced by ice masses of different sizes: (i) mapping of ice sheet geomorphological imprints using a combined remote sensing approach, with some field checking (where feasible); and (ii) mapping of alpine and plateau-style ice mass (cirque glacier, valley glacier, icefield and ice-cap) geomorphological imprints using remote sensing and considerable field mapping. Key challenges to accurate and robust geomorphological mapping are highlighted, often necessitating compromises and pragmatic solutions. The importance of combining multiple datasets and/or mapping approaches is emphasised, akin to multi-proxy approaches used in many Earth Science disciplines. Based on our review, we provide idealised frameworks and general recommendations to ensure best practice in future studies and aid in accuracy assessment, comparison, and integration of geomorphological data. These will be of particular value where geomorphological data are incorporated in large compilations and subsequently used for palaeoglaciological reconstructions. Finally, we stress that robust interpretations of glacial landforms and landscapes invariably requires additional chronological and/or sedimentological evidence, and that such data should ideally be collected as part of a holistic assessment of the overall glacier system.
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| 9. |
- Dulfer, Helen E., et al.
(författare)
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Reconstructing the advance and retreat dynamics of the central sector of the last Cordilleran Ice Sheet
- 2022
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Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advance of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) towards its Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) configuration and its subsequent retreat remain poorly understood. We use the glacial landform record to determine ice dynamics for the central sector of the CIS in northern British Columbia, Canada, beneath the LGM ice divide. We classify seventy ice-flow indicator flowsets based on morphology, elevation, orientation and cross-cutting relationships into one of three stages, whereby stage 1 is oldest and stage 3 youngest. Combined with ice-contact geomorphology, our reconstruction highlights complex changes in ice flow over time as a result of ice divide migrations through the LGM and deglacial phases. The orientation and distribution of landforms indicates active post-LGM ice retreat westward through the Cassiar and Omineca mountains. We map the regional distribution of independent mountain glaciers, ice caps, and ice fields that regrew during a cooling event in the Late Glacial and show that some of these readvance glaciers were subsequently overrun by advancing outlet glaciers of the CIS. We use the cross-cutting relationship between readvance glaciers and CIS outlet glaciers and available chronological data to reconstruct the eastern CIS margin during the Late Glacial for the first time.
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| 10. |
- Fabel, D., et al.
(författare)
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Cosmogenic nuclide calibration: The Baltic Ice Lake drainage
- 2007
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Ingår i: Quaternary International.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During retreat of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, a large ice-dammed lake formed along its south-eastern margin. The ice damming this Baltic Ice Lake (BIL) was breached at the northern tip of Mt Billingen, resulting in a catastrophic drainage of ~8000 km3 of meltwater and an associated lowering of the BIL by ~25 m. This event occurred at ~11,500 calibrated 14C yr, determined using bio-, litho, and chrono-stratigraphic data from numerous lake and bog cores in the immediate vicinity of Mt Billingen and the varve chronology from the Baltic Sea tied to the GRIP 18O record.The dramatic fall in the level of the BIL is recorded by raised shorelines, isolation of lake basins, and changes in the characteristics of marine sediments. We collected material for a pilot study from (1) scoured bedrock directly in the path of the meltwater outflow, (2) large (> 2m x 2m x 2m) sandstone boulders derived from the northern tip of Mt Billingen and transported by the flood, (3) bedrock from a meltwater-scoured area further down-current (called Klyftamon), and (4) cobbles from the surface of thick floodwater deposits downstream of the scoured Klyftamon bedrock surface. The results of 10Be analysis of these samplesare internally consistent between the sampling locations, and we compare these to the available 14C data in order to assess the validity of the site as a potential calibration site for cosmogenic nuclide methods
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| 11. |
- Fabel, D., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating a cosmogenic nuclide calibration site at Mt Billingen, Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During retreat of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, a large ice-dammed lake formed along its south-eastern margin. The ice damming this Baltic Ice Lake (BIL) was breached at the northern tip of Mt Billingen, resulting in a catastrophic drainage of _9400 km3 of meltwater and an associated lowering of the BIL by _25 m. This event occurred at _11500 calibrated 14C yr, determined using bio-, litho, and chrono-stratigraphic data from numerous lake and bog cores in the immediate vicinity of Mt Billingen (e.g. Björck, 1995) and the varve chronology from the Baltic Sea tied to the GRIP _18O record (Andrén et al., 2002). The dramatic fall in the level of the BIL is recorded by raised shorelines, isolation of lake basins, and changes in the characteristics of marine sediments (Bodén et al., 1997; Lambeck, 1999). We collected material for a pilot study from (1) scoured bedrock directly in the path of the meltwater outflow, (2) large (> 2m x 2m x 2m) sandstone boulders derived from the northern tip of Mt Billingen and transported by the flood, (3) bedrock from a meltwater-scoured area further down-current (called Klyftamon), and (4) cobbles from the surface of thick floodwater deposits downstream of the scoured Klyftamon bedrock surface. The results of 10Be analysis of these samples are internally consistent between the sampling locations, and we compare these to the available 14C data in order to assess the validity of the site as a potential calibration site for cosmogenic nuclide methods.Andrén, T., Lindeberg, G. and Andrén, E., 2002. Evidence of the final drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake and the brackish phase of the Yoldia Sea in glacial varves from the Baltic Sea. Boreas, 31: 226-238.Björck, S., 1995. A review of the history of the Baltic Sea, 13.0-8.0 ka BP. Quaternary International, 27: 19-40.Bodén, P., Fairbanks, R.G., Wright, J.D. and Burckle, L.H., 1997. High-resolution isotope records from southwest Sweden: The drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake and Younger Dryas ice margin oscillations. Paleoceanography, 12(1): 39-49.Lambeck, K., 1999. Shoreline displacements in southern-central Sweden and the evolution of the Baltic Sea since the last maximum glaciation. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 156: 465-486.
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| 12. |
- Fabel, D., et al.
(författare)
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Retreat rate of the northern Fennoscandian Ice Sheet margin
- 2007
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The deglaciation chronologies of the northern and north-eastern margins of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet are relatively poorly constrained. This is because the principal methodological tool to trace and date the deglaciation pattern, the occurrence of deglaciation varves, does not apply in the northernmost regions of Fennoscandia. Moreover, a paucity of radiocarbon dates allows for only a most generalised pattern for the post-Younger Dryas shrinkage of the ice sheet to its final deglaciation configuration in the northern Swedish mountains. We are tracing the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet from its Younger Dryas terminal moraines in northern Norway and eastern Finland towards the northern Swedish mountains, using cosmogenic nuclide apparent exposure ages of depositional and erosional features related to the former ice sheet margin. Because the ice sheet had initially warm-based conditions close to its margin, the dominant morphology is one of eskers and aligned lineation systems such as crag-and-tails. Abundant meltwater has locally eroded bedrock to considerable depth and deposited fans or deltas perched above current local base levels. Subglacial conditions during final deglaciation close to the mountain range were cold-based, thus inhibiting the formation of eskers and lineation systems. However, there is a ubiquity of meltwater erosional imprints and occasional plucking scars where, locally, pressure-melting conditions were reached. Surface exposure ages from these different geomorphological settings should yield true deglaciation ages provided the following conditions are met, (i) erosion on crags of crag-and-tails, across transverse erosional scarps, and in meltwater channels has exposed bedrock surfaces without a prior exposure history, and (ii) depositional features contain exposed boulders without a prior exposure history. Results show that transverse erosional scarps and erratics yield reliable deglaciation ages, but that bedrock samples from meltwater channels and crag-and-tails and sediment samples from eskers occasionally yield unreliable deglaciation ages due to cosmogenic nuclide inheritance and potential shielding by snow. Apparent deglaciation ages range from _14 ka at the Younger Dryas moraine to _8 ka approximately 500 km to the south in the northern Swedish Mountains. The spread of ages do not deviate from what would be expected for a regular uninterrupted retreat by the ice margin
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| 13. |
- Fredin, Ola, 1972-
(författare)
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Mountain centered icefields in northern Scandinavia
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mountain centered glaciers have played a major role throughout the last three million years in the Scandinavian mountains. The climatic extremes, like the present warm interglacial or cold glacial maxima, are very short-lived compared to the periods of intermediate climate conditions, characterized by the persistence of mountain based glaciers and ice fields of regional size. These have persisted in the Scandinavian mountains for about 65% of the Quaternary. Mountain based glaciers thus had a profound impact on large-scale geomorphology, which is manifested in large-scale glacial landforms such as fjords, glacial lakes and U-shaped valleys in and close to the mountain range.Through a mapping of glacial landforms in the northern Scandinavian mountain range, in particular a striking set of lateral moraines, this thesis offers new insights into Weichselian stages predating the last glacial maximum. The aerial photograph mapping and field evidence yield evidence that these lateral moraines were overridden by glacier ice subsequent to their formation. The lateral moraines were dated using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide techniques. Although the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide signature of the moraines is inconclusive, an early Weichselian age is tentatively suggested through correlations with other landforms and stratigraphical archives in the region. The abundance and coherent spatial pattern of the lateral moraines also allow a spatial reconstruction of this ice field. The ice field was controlled by topography and had nunataks protruding also where it was thickest close to the elevation axis of the Scandinavian mountain range. Outlet glaciers discharged into the Norwegian fjords and major valleys in Sweden.The process by which mountain based glaciers grow into an ice sheet is a matter of debate. In this thesis, a feedback mechanism between debris on the ice surface and ice sheet growth is presented. In essence, the growth of glaciers and ice sheets may be accelerated by an abundance of debris in their ablation areas. This may occur when the debris cover on the glacier surface inhibits ablation, effectively increasing the glaciers mass balance. It is thus possible that a dirty ablation area may cause the glacier to advance further than a clean glacier under similar conditions. An ice free period of significant length allows soil production through weathering, frost shattering, and slope processes. As glaciers advance through this assemblage of sediments, significant amounts of debris end up on the surface due to both mass wastage and subglacial entrainment. Evidence that this chain of events may occur, is given by large expanses of hummocky moraine (local name Veiki moraine) in the northern Swedish lowlands. Because the Veiki moraine has been correlated with the first Weichselian advance following the Eemian, it implies a heavily debris charged ice sheet emanating from the mountain range and terminating in a stagnant fashion in the lowlands.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Fritzon, Ruben, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating geochemical evidence of earthquake periodicity, Sparta Fault, Southern Greece
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Determining prehistoric earthquake periodicity and magnitudes is important for risk assessments in seismically active areas. We evaluate a geochemical method, which has previously been used to identify prehistoric slips on normal fault scarps through an analysis of variations in the concentration of rare earth elements and Y (REE-Y) along vertical transects. Our study object is the Sparta Fault, a normal fault in southern Greece, developed in limestone and previously documented, and dated using 36Cl, to have been last active 464 BC. From geochemical analyses of 39 fault rock samples, we conclude that REE-Y concentrations correlate strongly with the abundance of quartz and possibly other heterogeneities in the fault scarp. Because the sampled fault rock is a protocataclasite, formed at depth, variations in the abundance of quartz are not associated with prehistoric movements along the fault. We therefore conclude that geochemical evidence does not provide a reliable paleoseismic proxy for fault movement. We also present data indicating a co-variation between quartz and 36Cl concentrations, which we suggest requires a re-examination of this widely used application of the cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating method.
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| 16. |
- Fu, Ping, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Complex erosion patterns produced by the Haizishan paleo-ice cap
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Determining patterns and rates of glacial erosion is important in understanding landscape evolution, topographic relief production, geochemical cycles, climate change, and glacial thermal regimes of paleo glaciers and ice sheets. Combining in situ $^{10}$Be and $^{26}$Al apparent exposure age dating, geomorphological mapping, and field investigations, we examine glacial erosion patterns of the almost 4 000 km$^2$ Haizishan paleo-ice cap on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that ice caps developed several times on the low relief Haizishan Plateau and produced a zonal pattern of landscape modification. In locations where apparent exposure ages on bedrock are consistent with last deglaciation, complete resetting of the cosmogenic exposure age clock indicates that more than 2 m of glacial erosion occurred during the last major glaciation (which in this area correlates with the global Last Glacial Maximum (gLGM)). However, older apparent exposure ages on bedrock and in saprolites profiles in areas known to have been covered by the paleo ice cap during gLGM indicate inheritance and thus limited or no erosion by the last ice cap in several areas, including the central zone of the paleo ice cap and at the head of an outlet glacier. Similarly, cosmogenic radionuclide depth profiles in saprolites show erosion of $>$2 m in an outlet valley bottom and in the mountains that make up the northern border of the paleo ice cap, while samples from saprolites in areas of otherwise scoured terrain have a large nuclide inheritance indicating limited erosion. As patterns of glacial erosion intensity are largely driven by basal thermal regime, our results are consistent with a hypothesis of complex thermal regimes for the paleo Haizishan ice cap during gLGM that was proposed previously on the basis of landform patterns. Future work, including glaciological modeling, is required to fully understand the implications and mechanisms of the complex thermal regime of this paleo ice cap.
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| 17. |
- Fu, Ping, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Glacial geomorphology and paleoglaciation patterns in Shaluli Shan, the southeastern Tibetan Plateau — Evidence for polythermal ice cap glaciation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Geomorphology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-555X .- 1872-695X. ; 182, s. 66-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glacial geomorphological mapping from satellite imagery and field investigations provide the basis for a reconstructionof the extent and style of glaciation of the Shaluli Shan, a mountainous area on the southeastern TibetanPlateau. Our studies provide evidence for multiple glaciations, including the formation of regional ice caps andvalley glaciers. The low-relief topographywithin the Shaluli Shan, the Haizishan Plateau, and Xinlong Plateau displayzonal distributions of glacial landforms that is similar to those imprinted by Northern Hemisphere ice sheetsduring the last glacial cycle, indicating the presence of regional, polythermal ice caps. Abundant alpine glaciallandforms occur on high mountain ranges. The pattern of glaciated valleys centered on high mountain rangesand ice-scoured low relief granite plateaus with distinctive patterns of glacial lineations indicate a strong topographiccontrol on erosional and depositional patterns by glaciers and ice caps. In contrast to the Shaluli Shan,areas farther north and west on the Tibetan Plateau have not yielded similar landform evidence for regionalice capswith complex thermal basal conditions. Such spatial differences across the Tibetan Plateau are the resultof variations in climate and topography that control the extent and style of glaciations and that reinforce the importanceof detailed geomorphological mapping for understanding paleoclimate variations and characteristics offormer glaciations.
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| 18. |
- Fu, Ping, et al.
(författare)
-
Glacial geomorphology of the Haizi Shan area, SE Tibetan Plateau
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Haizi Shan area on the SE Tibetan Plateau is characterized by an elliptical relatively low relief plateau surrounded by steeper fluvial valleys. Glacial deposits and erosive imprints are widely distributed indicating former glacier expansions of varying extents in a presently ice-free area. We have initiated a project on the glacial history of the Haizi Shan area and we here present some initial mapping results. Glacial landforms have been mapped based on remote sensing (SRTM digital elevation model, Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery, and Google Earth) and one short reconnaissance field season. Well-preserved moraines from different stages and distinctive U-shaped glacial valleys are abundant (Fig. 1). In the Daocheng Valley southwest of the Haizi Shan Plateau we have mapped glacial deposits in the form of discontinued moraine ridges at Sangdui village. This line, which might be the maximum Quaternary glacial extent, can be traced for several kilometers along the western side of the valley as dispersed erratic boulders. This implies that during the maximum glaciation, ice from the Haizi Shan Plateau crossed the valley and reached up to the piedmont of the opposite mountain. Smaller in extent than the former, numerous large moraine ridges reach down towards valley floors along the edges of the Haizi Shan Plateau. In several locations these valleys lack cirque heads indicating former outlet glaciers emanating from a Haizi Shan ice cap. We will use TCN and OSL dates of samples collected from numerous ice marginal moraines of the Haizi Shan Plateau to determine a glacial chronology. Hence, using remote sensing, field investigations and numerical dating techniques for the Haizi Shan we aim to advance our knowledge on Quaternary glaciations of the SE Tibetan Plateau.
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| 19. |
- Fu, Ping, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Glacial geomorphology of the Shaluli Shan area, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Maps. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5647. ; 8:1, s. 48-55
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a glacial geomorphological map covering 1.04 x 10(5) km(2) of the Shaluli Shan (Shan Mountain), southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Using a 90 m digital elevation model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and 15/30 m Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus satellite imagery, we have mapped glacial valleys, marginal moraines, hummocky terrain, glacial lineations and ice-scoured terrain. Lineations and scoured areas largely overlap on the low relief granite plateau of the Shaluli Shan and relate to former ice cap glaciation. These landscape features indicate that past ice cap glaciation included basal sliding conditions, and thus warm-based ice. Glacial valleys and marginal moraines are dominant landforms in the high mountain ranges of Shaluli Shan and occur on and fringing the plateau. This glacial geomorphological map forms the basis for paleoglaciological reconstructions of this southeastern Tibetan Plateau region and indicates the former presence of multiple glaciations involving valley glaciers and ice caps. The map is presented at a scale of 1:630,000.
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| 20. |
- Fu, Ping, et al.
(författare)
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Ice cap erosion patterns from bedrock Be-10 and Al-26, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
- 2019
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Ingår i: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. - : Wiley. - 0197-9337 .- 1096-9837. ; 44:4, s. 918-932
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantifying glacial erosion contributes to our understanding of landscape evolution and topographic relief production in high altitude and high latitude areas. Combining in situ Be-10 and Al-26 analysis of bedrock, boulder, and river sand samples, geomorphological mapping, and field investigations, we examine glacial erosion patterns of former ice caps in the Shaluli Shan of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The general landform pattern shows a zonal pattern of landscape modification produced by ice caps of up to 4000 km(2) during pre-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) glaciations, while the dating results and landforms on the plateau surface imply that the LGM ice cap further modified the scoured terrain into different zones. Modeled glacial erosion depth of 0-0.38 m per 100 ka bedrock sample located close to the western margin of the LGM ice cap, indicates limited erosion prior to LGM and Late Glacial moraine deposition. A strong erosion zone exists proximal to the LGM ice cap marginal zone, indicated by modeled glacial erosion depth >2.23 m per 100 ka from bedrock samples. Modeled glacial erosion depths of 0-1.77 m per 100 ka from samples collected along the edge of a central upland, confirm the presence of a zone of intermediate erosion in-between the central upland and the strong erosion zone. Significant nuclide inheritance in river sand samples from basins on the scoured plateau surface also indicate restricted glacial erosion during the last glaciation. Our study, for the first time, shows clear evidence for preservation of glacial landforms formed during previous glaciations under non-erosive ice on the Tibetan Plateau. As patterns of glacial erosion intensity are largely driven by the basal thermal regime, our results confirm earlier inferences from geomorphology for a concentric basal thermal pattern for the Haizishan ice cap during the LGM.
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| 21. |
- Fu, Ping, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Paleoglaciation of Shaluli Shan, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 64, s. 121-135
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reconstructing the paleoglaciation of the Tibetan Plateau is critical to understanding linkages between regional climate changes and global climate changes, and here we focus on the glacial history of the Shaluli Shan, an area of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau that receives much of its precipitation from monsoon flow. Based on field investigation, geomorphological mapping, and Be-10 exposure dating of moraines, we identify glacial deposits from the Late Glacial, with minimum ages at 13.0 +/- 1.2 -17.1 +/- 1.6 ka, global Last Glacial Maximum (gLGM) at 21.6 +/- 2.0 ka, and pre-gLGM at 102.3 +/- 10.0-183.6 +/- 17.0 ka. These ages are consistent with and significantly extend the known range from most prior chronological work using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides in this area, and include a set of dates for the Kuzhaori moraine that raise questions about prior chronologies based on the electron spin resonance technique. Ice caps about 4000 km(2) in size covered the Haizishan Plateau and the Xinlong Plateau during the global LGM, with large glaciers extending far down outlet valleys. The presence of ice cap glaciation, here, contrasts strongly to glaciation elsewhere in the Shaluli Shan and more central regions of the Tibetan Plateau where ice expansion remained constricted to valleys. This work provides important insights into the paleoclimate pattern and monsoon evolution of the Tibetan Plateau over past glacial cycles and indicates that the Shaluli Shan has a glacial chronology more consistent with the Northern Hemisphere paleo-ice sheets than other areas of the Tibetan Plateau.
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| 22. |
- Fu, Ping, 1982-
(författare)
-
Paleoglaciology of Shaluli Shan, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
- 2013
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Reconstructing the paleoglaciation of the Tibetan Plateau is critical to understanding linkages between regional climate changes and global climate changes. This work focuses on the paleoglaciology of the Shaluli Shan Mountain area in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Multiple approaches, including geomorphological mapping, field assessment, cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating, and numerical glacier modeling are employed to reconstruct the extent, timing, erosion patterns, basal thermal regime, and ice dynamic of past glaciation of the Shaluli Shan. Detailed geomorphological mapping and analysis provide evidence for multiple past glaciations involving valley glaciers and small ice fields in the high mountains and ice caps on low-relief plateaus at intermediate elevations. Ice cap glaciation on the low-relief Haizishan Plateau produced glacial landforms in a zonal pattern, suggesting that the Haizishan paleo-ice cap had a complex basal thermal regime. 10Be exposure ages for glacial erratics and till depth profiles constrain three major glaciations in the Shaluli Shan: pre global Last Glacial Maximum (gLGM) (with minimum ages at 102.3 ± 10.0 – 183.6 ± 17.0 ka), gLGM (21.6 ± 2.0 ka), and Late Glacial (13.0 ± 1.2 – 17.1 ± 1.6 ka) . Extensive glacier expansion in the Shaluli Shan during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 and gLGM, and the lack of evidence of glaciation during MIS 4 and 3, suggests that the extent and timing of glaciations in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau are synchronized with northern Hemisphere climate changes. The glacial erosion depth constraints based on 10Be and 26Al concentrations in bedrock, glacial erratics, and till depth profiles indicate a complex glacial erosion pattern during the gLGM and Late Glacial, consistent with the hypothesis of complex basal thermal regime of Haizishan paleo-ice cap. Numerical model simulations of a Haizishan ice cap also predict a complex basal thermal regime and indicate high sensitivity of the ice cap to past temperature.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley, et al.
(författare)
-
Deciphering a non-glacial/glacial landscape mosaic in the northern Swedish mountains
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Geomorphology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-555X. ; 93:3-4, s. 213-232
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relict surfaces contain information on past surface processes and long-term landscape evolution. A detailed investigation of relict non-glacial surfaces in a formerly glaciated mountain landscape of northern Sweden was completed, based on interpretation of colour infrared aerial photographs, analysis in a GIS, and fieldwork. Working backwards from landscape to process, surfaces were classified according to large- and small-scale morphologies that result from the operation of non-glacial processes, the degree of weathering, regolith characteristics, and the style of glacial modification. Surfaces were also compared in the GIS according to elevation, slope angle, and bedrock lithology. The study revealed five types of relict non-glacial surfaces but also two types of extensively weathered glacial surfaces that were transitional to relict non-glacial surfaces, illustrating spatially variable processes and rates of non-glacial and glacial landscape evolution. Rather than being static preglacial remnants, relict non-glacial surfaces are dynamic features that have continued to evolve during the Quaternary. The classification provides hypotheses for landscape evolution that can be field tested through, for example, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide studies and geochemical analyses of fine matrix materials. The classification may be applicable to relict non-glacial surfaces in other formerly glaciated landscapes
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| 26. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley, et al.
(författare)
-
Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes: dynamic landform systems?
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relict non-glacial surfaces occur within many formerly glaciated landscapes and containimportant information on past surface processes and long-term landscape evolution(Goodfellow, 2007). While cosmogenic dating has confirmed the antiquity ofrelict non-glacial surfaces, the processes that contribute to their evolution and, consequently,the time scales over which they develop remain poorly understood. Of particularimportance is the possibility that relict non-glacial surfaces may provide geomorphicmarkers for the reconstruction of preglacial landscapes, which would allowsubsequent glacial erosion to be quantified. Furthermore, relict non-glacial surfacesmay also hold information on preglacial and interglacial environmental conditions.An investigation of relict non-glacial surfaces was undertaken through remote sensing,mapping and analysis of surfaces in a GIS, and regolith studies involving cosmogenicdating-, grain size-, X-ray diffraction-, and X-ray fluorescence analyses. Onthe basis of these on-going studies, we show that depending on spatial variables suchas bedrock lithology, slope, regolith thickness, and the abundance of fine matrix andwater some surfaces are denuding very slowly, while others display more rapid denudation.High spatial variability in denudation rates results in changing surface morphologiesover time. Rather than being static preglacial remnants, relict non-glacialsurfaces are dynamic features that have evolved during the Quaternary. While reconstructionsof preglacial landscapes and subsequent quantifications of glacial erosionfrom relict non-glacial surfaces remain valid, the Quaternary evolution of these surfacesshould also be considered.Goodfellow B.W., 2007. Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes.Earth-Science Reviews, 80(1-2): 47-73.
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| 27. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley, et al.
(författare)
-
Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes: dynamic landform systems?
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Quaternary International.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relict non-glacial surfaces occur within many formerly glaciated landscapesand contain important information on past surface processes and long-term landscape evolution. While cosmogenic dating has confirmedthe antiquity of relict non-glacial surfaces, the processes that contribute to their evolution and, consequently, the time scales over which they develop remain poorly understood. Of particular importanceis the possibility that relict non-glacial surfaces may provide geomorphic markers for the reconstruction of preglacial landscapes, which would allow subsequent glacial erosion to be quantified. Furthermore,relict non-glacial surfaces may also hold information on preglacialand interglacial environmental conditions. An investigation of relict non-glacial surfaces was undertaken through remote sensing, mapping and analysis of surfaces in a GIS, and regolith studies involvingcosmogenic dating-, grain size-, X-ray diffraction-, and X-ray fluorescenceanalyses. On the basis of these on-going studies, we show that depending on spatial variables such as bedrock lithology, slope, regolith thickness, and the abundance of fine matrix and water some surfaces are denuding very slowly, while others display more rapid denudation. High spatial variability in denudation rates results in changing surface morphologies over time. Rather than being static preglacialremnants, relict non-glacial surfaces are dynamic features that have evolved during the Quaternary. While reconstructions of preglaciallandscapes and subsequent quantifications of glacial erosion from relict non-glacial surfaces remain valid, the Quaternary evolution of these surfaces should also be considered.
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| 28. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley, et al.
(författare)
-
Vertically mixed and unmixed: Do surface features tell the whole story? An investigation of glacial regolith profiles using in-situ produced cosmogenic radionuclides
- 2007
-
Ingår i: EOS.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether a regolith is unmixed or mixed is critical to determining its erosion rate or age from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides. We use in situ-produced 10Be and 26Al in quartzite clasts extracted from depth profiles to investigate mixing of a periglacially-sorted till blanketing a plateau in the northern Swedish mountains. Our data indicate significant intra-site variations from a completely unmixed to a fully mixed regolith. We conclude that caution must be exercised in assuming that an entire regolith is either unmixed or mixed from interspersed depth profiles and that the degree of mixing may differ significantly from that indicated by observation of surface features. From the difference between the surface isotope concentration of an unmixed profile and the average isotope concentration of a fully mixed profile, we confirm that the regolith is a glacial till and that it could have been emplaced in a single event. Incorporating isotope concentrations, 26Al/10Be ratios, and an isostasy and ice sheet burial model we date the till emplacement to the Saalian glaciation (~ 200 to 130 ka).
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| 29. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley W., et al.
(författare)
-
Arctic-alpine blockfields in the northern Swedish Scandes : late Quaternary - not Neogene
- 2014
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Ingår i: Earth Surface Dynamics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 2196-6311 .- 2196-632X. ; 2:2, s. 383-401
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autochthonous blockfield mantles may indicate alpine surfaces that have not been glacially eroded. These surfaces may therefore serve as markers against which to determine Quaternary erosion volumes in adjacent glacially eroded sectors. To explore these potential utilities, chemical weathering features, erosion rates, and regolith residence durations of mountain blockfields are investigated in the northern Swedish Scandes. This is done, firstly, by assessing the intensity of regolith chemical weathering along altitudinal transects descending from three blockfield-mantled summits. Clay / silt ratios, secondary mineral assemblages, and imaging of chemical etching of primary mineral grains in fine matrix are each used for this purpose. Secondly, erosion rates and regolith residence durations of two of the summits are inferred from concentrations of in situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 in quartz at the blockfield surfaces. An interpretative model is adopted that includes temporal variations in nuclide production rates through surface burial by glacial ice and glacial isostasy-induced elevation changes of the blockfield surfaces. Together, our data indicate that these blockfields are not derived from remnants of intensely weathered Neogene weathering profiles, as is commonly considered. Evidence for this interpretation includes minor chemical weathering in each of the three examined blockfields, despite consistent variability according to slope position. In addition, average erosion rates of similar to 16.2 and similar to 6.7 mm ka(-1), calculated for the two blockfield-mantled summits, are low but of sufficient magnitude to remove present blockfield mantles, of up to a few metres in thickness, within a late Quaternary time frame. Hence, blockfield mantles appear to be replenished by regolith formation through, primarily physical, weathering processes that have operated during the Quaternary. The persistence of autochthonous blockfields over multiple glacial-interglacial cycles confirms their importance as key markers of surfaces that were not glacially eroded through, at least, the late Quaternary. However, presently blockfield-mantled surfaces may potentially be subjected to large spatial variations in erosion rates, and their Neogene regolith mantles may have been comprehensively eroded during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Their role as markers by which to estimate glacial erosion volumes in surrounding landscape elements therefore remains uncertain.
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| 30. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley W., et al.
(författare)
-
Controls of tor formation, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal Of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. - 2169-9003. ; 119:2, s. 225-246
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tors occur in many granitic landscapes and provide opportunities to better understand differential weathering. We assess tor formation in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, by examining correlation of tor location and size with grain size and the spacing of steeply dipping joints. We infer a control on these relationships and explore its potential broader significance for differential weathering and tor formation. We also assess the relationship between the formation of subhorizontal joints in many tors and local topographic shape by evaluating principle surface curvatures from a digital elevation model of the Cairngorms. We then explore the implications of these joints for tor formation. We conclude that the Cairngorm tors have formed in kernels of relatively coarse grained granite. Tor volumes increase with grain size and the spacing of steeply dipping joints. We infer that the steeply dipping joints largely formed during pluton cooling and are more widely spaced in tor kernels because of slower cooling rates. Preferential tor formation in coarser granite with a wider joint spacing that is more easily grusified indicates that joint spacing is a dominant control on differential weathering. Sheet jointing is well developed in tors located on relatively high convex surfaces. This jointing formed after the gross topography of the Cairngorms was established and before tor emergence. The presence of closely spaced (tens of centimeters), subhorizontal sheeting joints in tors indicates that these tors, and similarly sheeted tors elsewhere, formed either after subaerial exposure of bedrock or have progressively emerged from a regolith only a few meters thick. Key Points Tors form in kernels of coarse-grained granite among finer-grained granite Wide joint spacing in tors attributable to a slow cooling rate of the granite Sheet jointing discounts tor formation within a thick regolith
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| 31. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley W., et al.
(författare)
-
Last ice sheet recession and landscape emergence above sea level in east-central Sweden, evaluated using in situ cosmogenic 14C from quartz
- 2024
-
Ingår i: GEOCHRONOLOGY. - 2628-3719. ; 6:2, s. 291-302
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ cosmogenic C-14 (in situ C-14) in quartz provides a recently developed tool to date exposure of bedrock surfaces of up to similar to 25 000 years. From outcrops located in east-central Sweden, we tested the accuracy of in situ C-14 dating against (i) a relative sea level (RSL) curve constructed from radiocarbon dating of organic material in isolation basins and (ii) the timing of local deglaciation constructed from a clay varve chronology complemented with traditional radiocarbon dating. Five samples of granitoid bedrock were taken along an elevation transect extending southwestwards from the coast of the Baltic Sea near Forsmark. Because these samples derive from bedrock outcrops positioned below the highest postglacial shoreline, they target the timing of progressive landscape emergence above sea level. In contrast, in situ C-14 concentrations in an additional five samples taken from granitoid outcrops above the highest postglacial shoreline, located 100 km west of Forsmark, should reflect local deglaciation ages. The 10 in situ C-14 measurements provide robust age constraints that, within uncertainties, compare favourably with the RSL curve and the local deglaciation chronology. These data demonstrate the utility of in situ C-14 to accurately date ice sheet deglaciation, and durations of postglacial exposure, in regions where cosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 routinely return complex exposure results.
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| 32. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley W., 1971-
(författare)
-
Relict non-glacial surfaces and autochthonous blockfields in the northern Swedish mountains
- 2008
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Relict non-glacial surfaces occur in many formerly glaciated landscapes, where they represent areas that have escaped significant glacial modification. Frequently distinguished by blockfield mantles, relict non-glacial surfaces are important archives of long-term weathering and landscape evolution processes. The aim of this thesis is to examine the distribution, weathering, ages, and formation of relict non-glacial surfaces in the northern Swedish mountains. Mapping of surfaces from aerial photographs and analysis in a GIS revealed five types of relict non-glacial surfaces that reflect differences in surface process types or rates according to elevation, gradient, and bedrock lithology. Clast characteristics and fine matrix granulometry, chemistry, and mineralogy reveal minimal chemical weathering of the blockfields. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides were measured in quartz samples from two blockfield-mantled summits and a numerical ice sheet model was applied to account for periods of surface burial beneath ice sheets and nuclide production rate changes attributable to glacial isostasy. Total surface histories for each summit are almost certainly, but not unequivocally, confined to the Quaternary. Maximum modelled erosion rates are as low as 4.0 mm/kyr, which is likely to be near the low extreme for relict non-glacial surfaces in this landscape. The blockfields of the northern Swedish mountains are Quaternary features formed through subsurface physical weathering processes. While there is no need to appeal to Neogene chemical weathering to explain blockfield origins, these surfaces have remained continuously regolith-mantled and non-glacial since their inception. Polygenetic surface histories are therefore indicated, where the large-scale surface morphologies are potentially older than their regolith mantles.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Goodfellow, Bradley, et al.
(författare)
-
Weathering processes and Quaternary origin of an alpine blockfield in Arctic Sweden
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Boreas. - : Wiley Interscience. - 0300-9483 .- 1502-3885. ; 38:2, s. 379-398
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The weathering and origin of an autochthonous blockfield in the northern Swedish mountains were investigatedthrough an examination of fine matrix and clasts from two pits excavated across ridge-top sorted circles; one on asummit, the other in a saddle. At the summit, fine matrix chemical weathering is limited to the production of poorlycrystallized Al- and Fe-oxyhydroxides, whereas some additional vermiculitization and gibbsite crystallization occursin the saddle. In both locations, volumes of clay-sized matrix are low, mass balance calculations indicate onlyminor elemental losses and no chemically etched grains are visible under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Inaddition, soil horizons are absent and chemical weathering intensity is uniformly low across both excavated sortedcircles. Minor clast chemical weathering consists of Fe oxidation, which dominates in the matrix-rich circle centres,and some rind development, which increases in frequency in the clast-rich rings. The dominance of physicalweathering processes and the presence of only minor chemical weathering, in both fine matrix and clasts, indicatethat the blockfield is not a Neogene weathering remnant. Rather, the blockfield has a Quaternary origin, developingduring interglacials, interstadials and the Holocene, primarily through subsurface weathering processes.
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| 35. |
- Gribenski, Natacha, 1986-
(författare)
-
Comparison of dating methods for paleoglacial reconstruction in Central Asia
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Reconstruction of former Central Asian glaciers extents can provide valuable information about past atmospheric circulation variations. These extents, often marked by terminal moraines, need to be chronologically constrained. Cosmogenic nuclide exposure (CNE) dating is widely used to directly date moraines. In addition, there is increasing interest on using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques for dating glacial landforms. This thesis focuses on the methodological aspects of directly dating glacial landforms to perform paleoglacial reconstructions in Central Asia, with an emphasis on OSL dating.For OSL dating of sediments from glacial settings, it is important to measure the luminescence signal at the single grain scale, because the sediments are likely affected by partial bleaching due to short light exposure during glacial or glaciofluvial transport. The use of an Electron Multiplying Charges Coupled Device (EMCCD)-based imaging system for single grain OSL measurements would offer larger flexibility in light stimulation and sediment type, compared to the current Single Grain Risø reader. An automated image processing procedure has been developed to compensate for sample carrier displacement over repeated measurements and for attributing pixels to each grain for signal integration when using this imaging system. However, significant cross talk contamination, demonstrated by laboratory and simulation experiments, prohibits accurate single grain luminescence measurements. Preliminary experiments using a basic image processing algorithm show good potential for software correction solutions.Paleoglacial reconstructions conducted in the Altai Mountains, Central Asia, using both CNE and OSL dating demonstrate that luminescence measurements of glaciofluvial sediments performed at the multi-grain scale result in large age overestimates, and that single grain measurements allow for more accurate dating of glacial landforms. However, uncertainties remain that are related to the model used for extracting equivalent doses for well-bleached grains and to fading corrections when using feldspar minerals. The timing of glaciation can be inferred from scattered CNE moraine boulder ages if most of the ages are concentrated within a few thousand years, with only few ages clearly older or younger. Overall, combining CNE and OSL techniques for dating a glacial landform is a powerful approach for producing robust glacial chronologies, despite uncertainties inherent to each technique.Paleoglacial reconstructions from the Altai Mountains indicate Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and MIS 4/late MIS 5 local Last Glacial Maximums. In Central Asia, in addition to a regional MIS 2 glaciation, previous studies indicate a period of major glacial advances during MIS 3 that is out of phase with global ice volume records. However, most MIS 3 glacial chronologies from Central Asia are based on too few or too heavily scattered CNE data sets, or on OSL or Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) ages for which partial bleaching has not been properly investigated. Hence, at this stage, chronological evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a regional MIS 3 glaciation in Central Asia.Surge-related glacial features identified in the Russian Altai also highlight the importance of conducting detailed geomorphology and sedimentology studies to understand former ice dynamics, which is essential for inferring appropriate paleoclimate information from paleoglacial reconstructions.
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| 36. |
- Gribenski, Natacha, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Complex patterns of glacier advances during the late glacial in the Chagan Uzun Valley, Russian Altai
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 149, s. 288-305
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Southern part of the Russian Altai Mountains is recognized for its evidence for catastrophic glacial lake outbursts. However, little is known about the late Pleistocene paleoglacial history, despite the interest in such reconstructions for constraining paleoclimate. In this study, we present a detailed paleoglaciological reconstruction of the Chagan Uzun Valley, in the Russian Altai Mountains, combining for the first time detailed geomorphological mapping, sedimentological logging, and in situ cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al surface exposure dating of glacially-transported boulders. The Chagan Uzun Valley exhibits the most impressive glacial landforms of this sector of the Altai, with extensive lobate moraine belts deposited in the intramontane Chuja Basin, reflecting a series of pronounced former glacial advances. Observations of “hillside-scale” folding and extensive faulting of pre-existing soft sediments within the outer moraine belts, together with the geomorphology, strongly indicate that these moraine belts were formed during surge-like events. Identification of surge-related features is essential for paleoclimate inference because these features correspond to a glacier system that is not in equilibrium with the contemporary climate, but instead largely influenced by various internal and external factors. Therefore, no strict relationship can be established between climatic variables and the pronounced distal glacial extent observed in the Chagan Uzun Valley/Chuja basin. In contrast, the inner (up-valley) glacial landforms of the Chagan Uzun valley were likely deposited during retreat of temperate valley glaciers, close to equilibrium with climate, and so most probably triggered by a general warming. Cosmogenic ages associated with the outermost, innermost, and intermediate stages all indicate deposition times clustered around 19 ka. However, the actual deposition time of the outermost moraine may slightly predate the 10Be ages due to shielding caused by subsequent lake water coverage. This chronology indicates a Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 last maximum extent of the Chagan Uzun Glacier, and an onset of the deglaciation around 19 ka. This is consistent with other regional paleoclimate proxy records and with the Northern Hemisphere glaciation chronology. Finally, this study also highlights the highly dynamic environment in this area, with complex interactions between glacial events and the formation and drainage of lakes.
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| 37. |
- Gribenski, Natacha, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Major glaciation in Central Asia during MIS 3: reality or dating artefact?
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous investigations have concluded that a period of major glacial advances occurred during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (57-29 ka) in Central Asia, out of phase with global ice volume records. We have re-examined the Kanas moraine complex in the Altai Mountains, where an MIS 3 glaciation has been previously inferred. New cosmogenic exposure and single grain luminescence ages indicate that the Kanas complex was formed during MIS 2 (29-12 ka); we regard the initial MIS 3 interpretation as a result of dating artefacts. Building on this example, we reanalyze chronological data associated with proposed major MIS 3 glacial advances in Central Asia (24 sites). We find that chronological data do not allow glaciation timing inferences for most of the sites, and that chronological evidence for major MIS 3 glacial advance only exists at one site.
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| 38. |
- Gribenski, Natacha, et al.
(författare)
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Re-evaluation of MIS 3 glaciation using cosmogenic radionuclide and single grain luminescence ages, Kanas Valley, Chinese Altai
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Quaternary Science. - : Wiley. - 0267-8179 .- 1099-1417. ; 33:1, s. 55-67
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous investigations observed a period of major glacial advances in Central Asia during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 (57–29 ka), out of phase with global ice volume records. We have re-examined the Kanas moraine complex in the Altai Mountains of Central Asia, where an MIS 3 glaciation had been previously inferred. New and consistent cosmogenic exposure and single-grain luminescence ages indicate that the Kanas complex was formed during MIS 2 (29–12 ka), which brings its timing in line with the global ice volume record. We also identified a lateral moraine from a more extensive ice extent that dates to late MIS 5/MIS 4. To place our results in a wider contextual framework, we review the chronologies of another 26 proposed major MIS 3 glacial advances in Central Asia. For most of these sites, we find that the chronological data do not provide an unequivocal case for MIS 3 glaciation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Hall, Adrian M., et al.
(författare)
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Glacial ripping: geomorphological evidence from Sweden for a new process of glacial erosion
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler Series a-Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 2:4, s. 333-53
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In low relief Precambrian gneiss terrain in eastern Sweden, abraded bedrock surfaces were ripped apart by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. The resultantboulder spreadsare covers of large, angular boulders, many with glacial transport distances of 1-100 m. Boulder spreads occur alongside partly disintegrated roches moutonnees and associated fracture caves, and are associated withdisrupted bedrock, which shows extensive fracture dilation in the near surface. These features are distributed in ice-flow parallel belts up to 10 km wide and extend over distances of >500 km. Our hypothesis is that the assemblage results from (1) hydraulic jacking and bedrock disruption, (2) subglacial ripping and (3) displacement, transport and final deposition of boulders. Soft sediment fills indicate jacking and dilation of pre-existing bedrock fractures by groundwater overpressure below the ice sheet. Overpressure reduces frictional resistance along fractures. Where ice traction overcomes this resistance, the rock mass strength is exceeded, resulting in disintegration of rock surfaces and ripping apart into separate blocks. Further movement and deposition create boulder spreads and moraines. Short boulder transport distances and high angularity indicate that glacial ripping operated late in the last deglaciation. The depths of rock mobilized in boulder spreads are estimated as 1-4 m. This compares with 0.6-1.6 m depths of erosion during the last glaciation derived from cosmogenic nuclide inventories of samples from bedrock surfaces without evidence of disruption. Glacially disrupted and ripped bedrock is also made ready for removal by future ice sheets. Henceglacial rippingis a highly effective process of glacial erosion.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Harbor, Jon, et al.
(författare)
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Glacial Geomorphology of the Haizi Shan area, SE Tibetan Plateau
- 2010
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Haizi Shan area on the SE Tibetan Plateau is characterized by a relatively low relief plateau surrounded by steeper fluvial valleys. Glacial deposits and erosive imprints are widely distributed indicating former glacier expansions of varying extents in a presently ice-free area. Glacial landforms have been mapped using remote sensing (SRTM digital elevation model, Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery, and Google Earth) and field reconnaissance. Well-preserved moraines from different stages and distinctive U-shaped glacial valleys are abundant. In the Daocheng Valley southwest of the Haizi Shan Plateau we have mapped glacial deposits which likely reflect the maximum Quaternary glacial extent for several kilometers along the western side of the valley. During the maximum glaciation, we infer that ice from the Haizi Shan Plateau crossed the valley and extended in to tributary valleys. Numerous large moraine ridges also reach down towards valley floors along the edges of the Haizi Shan Plateau. In several locations these valleys lack cirque heads indicating former outlet glaciers emanating from a Haizi Shan ice cap. In ongoing work we are using TCN and OSL to determine a glacial chronology for this area and advance our knowledge of Quaternary glaciations of the SE Tibetan Plateau.
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| 43. |
- Heyman, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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A glacial geomorphological map of the northeastern Tibetan plateau
- 2007
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extent and chronology of Quaternary glaciations on the Tibetan plateau are still elusive, and reconstructions range from an ice sheet covering the entire plateau to local valley glaciers restricted to the highest mountain areas. Glacial landforms and deposits constitute the primary data set used for reconstructing the extent of former glaciers. However, this data has rarely been systematically mapped over large areas, making it problematic to evaluate proposed palaeoglaciological reconstructions. Today, detailed maps of the glacial geomorphology, such as those which form the basis for reconstructions of the North American and European ice sheets, only exist for restricted areas on the Tibetan plateau. Hence, in order to evaluate existing palaeoglaciological reconstructions, and to be able to propose alternative reconstructions, regional-scale or plateau-wide scale mapping efforts are required. We here present the first detailed map of the glacial geomorphology covering a large area of the northeastern Tibetan plateau, encompassing the location of a previously suggested regional-scale ice sheet – the Huang He ice sheet. The map covers an area of ~135.000 km2, is centered around the Bayan Har Mountains, and is constrained in the southwest by Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). The map is based on an interpretation of satellite images (Landsat ETM+, Landsat TM, ASTER), a digital elevation model (SRTM 90 m resolution) and Google Earth imagery. Field checks of mapped landforms have been performed during two field seasons, 2005 and 2006. Identified glacial landforms are marginal moraines, marginal moraine remnants, glacial hummocky terrain, glacial lineations and glacial meltwater channels. There is a clear pattern of numerous glacial landforms distributed in and around higher mountain areas, whereas glacial landforms are absent on surfaces in-between the higher mountain blocks. Upland areas such as the Bayan Har Mountains display a consistent pattern of glacial lineations in the higher central parts of the mountains, series of end moraines across glacially eroded valleys, and glacial hummocky terrain and meltwater channels mainly in the lower slopes of the mountains. The mapped glacial landforms reveal evidence of glacial advances of varying extent in and around several separate mountain areas. The presented map will be used for reconstructing the outline of former glaciation, which, together with chronological constraints from cosmogenic nuclide- and optically stimulated luminescence samples, will eventually form a new paleoglaciological reconstruction for the northeastern Tibetan plateau.
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| 44. |
- Heyman, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
A glacial geomorphological map of the northeastern Tibetan plateau
- 2007
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Ingår i: Quaternary International.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extent and chronology of Quaternary glaciations on the Tibetan plateau remains elusive, despite intensified research over the past 20 years. While reconstructions of the North American and European ice sheets are fairly well established, the extent of Tibetan palaeo-glaciers range from an ice sheet covering the entire plateau to local valley glaciers restricted to the highest mountain areas. The primary data for reconstructing the outline of former glaciers are glacial landforms and glacial deposits. However, for the Tibetan plateau this data has rarely been systematically mapped over large areas, making it problematic to evaluate proposed palaeoglaciological reconstructions. In order to make well motivated reconstructions of the extent of palaeo-glaciers based on sound evidence, regional-scale or plateau-wide scale mapping efforts are required. We here present the first detailed glacial geomorphological map of the northeastern Tibetan plateau, covering an area of c. 135.000 km2 centered on the Bayan Har Mountains and encompassing a previously suggested ice sheet – the Huang He ice sheet. The landscape is characterized by a plateau surface at c. 4300 m asl, higher mountain groups reaching up to 1500 m above the plateau surface and marginal areas of fluvial incision by rivers draining the Tibetan plateau creating a steep, fluvial landscape. The map is based on interpretation of satellite images (Landsat ETM+, Landsat TM, ASTER), a digital elevation model (SRTM 90 m resolution) and Google Earth imagery. Field investigations of the mapped landforms have been performed during two field seasons, 2005 and 2006. We have identified and mapped glacial valleys and cirques, marginal moraines, marginal moraine remnants, glacial hummocky terrain, glacial lineations and glacial meltwater channels. Glacial landforms are abundant mainly in and around higher mountain blocks, whereas there is a lack of glacial landforms identifiable by remote sensing in the intervening, lower areas. Upland areas such as the Bayan Har Mountains display a consistent pattern of glacial lineations in the higher central parts of the mountains, marginal moraines across glacially eroded valleys and glacial hummocky terrain and meltwater channels mainly on the lower slopes of the mountains. The mapped landforms indicate glacial advances of varying extent in and around several mountain areas. The presented map, together with chronological constraints from cosmogenic isotope and optically stimulated luminescence dating, will eventually form the basis for a new palaeoglaciological reconstruction for the northeastern Tibetan plateau.
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| 45. |
- Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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A paleoglaciological reconstruction for Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau
- 2009
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paleoglaciology of the Tibetan Plateau has remained elusive because extensive areas still lack detailed scrutiny. We here present a paleoglaciological reconstruction for the Bayan Har Shan region, NE Tibetan Plateau, which could serve as a working model to investigate other poorly investigated regions. The reconstruction is primarily based on three methods for revealing the glacial history; 1) remote sensing (geomorphology), 2) field studies (stratigraphy), and 3) numerical dating techniques. Remote sensing (SRTM elevation data, Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery and Google Earth) of a 136 500 km2 area reveals an abundance of glacial landforms in the highest mountain areas and an absence of glacial landforms on intervening plateau surfaces. Stratigraphical data collected during three field seasons supplement the picture emerging from remote sensing. Glacial deposits (including erratic boulders and till) occur in the elevated mountain areas but are absent on the intervening plateau areas. Marginal moraines in central Bayan Har can be grouped to represent at least three separate glacial extents and scattered observations of glacial deposits indicate the presence of a fourth (and maximum) glacial extent. To tie the glacial geological record to a chronology we have employed terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Beryllium apparent exposure ages of 65 glacial boulders, surface cobbles/pebbles and depth profile samples yield minimum ages for the three youngest glacial extents of 40-65 ka, 60-100 ka, and 95-165 ka (with the wide age ranges due to TCN dating uncertainties). A preliminary OSL age of c. 160 ka from glacial sediments of the oldest of these glacial extents supports our interpretation based on TCN dating. The glacial extent presented here is more restricted than most previous reconstructions, most notably with very restricted glaciers over at least the last 40-65 ka. These results indicate that while continental-scale ice sheets evolved and disappeared in North America and Eurasia over the last half of the last glacial cycle, the NE corner of the Tibetan Plateau experienced relatively minor glacial fluctuations.
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| 46. |
- Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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An evaluation of multiple working hypotheses to explain cosmogenic exposure age data from glacial deposits in the Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many questions remain unanswered regarding the Quaternary glaciations of the Tibetan Plateau. We have used terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure age dating of glacial deposits to examine the style, extent, and timing of past glaciations of the Bayan Har Shan, a mountain region on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. This area lies within a transition zone between the dry interior of the Tibetan Plateau and the wetter eastern margin affected by the Asian monsoon. Bayan Har Shan has many glacial landforms and deposits that provide evidence for former glaciation ranging from cirque and valley glaciers to ice-fields and ice caps.In an attempt to constrain the timing of glaciations in Bayan Har Shan, we have performed TCN exposure dating on 65 samples in central Bayan Har Shan from glacial deposits. boulders (39 samples), on surface pebbles/cobbles (12 samples), and on pebbles in sediment depth profiles (14 samples from four profiles) allow us to examine the timing and extent of glaciations in this area. As is often the case, there are some challenges in interpreting the range of TCN apparent exposure ages that is found in data from several samples and sample types on a single deposit and from samples taken at various sites. Thus we evaluate multiple working hypotheses to explain apparent exposure ages on glacial deposits, which in this case range from 3 ka to 129 ka. We consider three different hypotheses; 1) some samples have erroneously old exposure ages due to inheritance, 2) samples have been preserved under cold-based, non-erosive ice, and 3) samples have experienced only post-glacial shielding. Only when we adopt a hypothesis that assumes no prior exposure, and thus that maximum apparent exposure ages constrain the minimum age of formation of a feature (working hypotheses 3), do we find broad consistency between apparent exposure ages from different sample types (erratic boulders, surface pebbles/cobbles and pebbles from depth profiles). This leads to the conclusion that all of the sites of former glaciations we examined are at least 50ka in age, and that there has been no large-scale expansion of glaciers in the central Bayan Har Shan over the last 50ka.
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| 47. |
- Heyman, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Boulder cosmogenic exposure ages as constraints for glacial chronologies
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cosmogenic exposure dating greatly enhances our ability to define glacial chronologies spanning several global cold periods, and glacial boulder exposure ages are now routinely used to constrain deglaciation ages. However, calculating an exposure age from a measured cosmogenic nuclide concentration involves assumptions about the geological history of the sample that are difficult to test and yet have a profound effect on the inferred age.Two principal geological factors yield erroneous inferred ages: pre-depositional exposure (yielding exposure ages that are too old) and post-depositional shielding (yielding exposure ages that are too young). To evaluate the importance of these two problems we have compiled datasets of glacial boulder 10Be exposure ages from theTibetan Plateau (1099 boulders), the Northern Hemisphere palaeo-ice sheets (613 boulders), and present-day glaciers (141 boulders). All exposure ages have been recalculated with the CRONUS online calculator version 2.2 (http://hess.ess.washington.edu/) using the new 10Be half-life of 1.36 Ma. All boulders from present-day glaciers have exposure ages <3.5 ka indicating that none of these boulders experienced significant pre-depositional exposure.The palaeo-ice sheet boulders in the dataset were deposited during the last deglaciation c. 25-8 ka. By subtracting independently-derived, primarily radiocarbon-based, deglaciation ages we have quantified the inheritance of cosmogenic nuclides from pre-depositional exposure. Only 4% of the boulders from glacially modified landscapes (n = 385; dated to constrain the glacial chronology) have exposure ages >10 ka older than the deglacial age of the surface. Boulders from the Tibetan Plateau have mainly been collected from moraine ridges. We haveorganized them into boulder groups, each of which has one deglacial age. The age spread of the Tibetan Plateau boulder group dataset is significantly higher than the inheritance observed in the palaeo-ice sheet boulders. If this spread is attributed to inheritance we would conclude that on the Tibetan Plateau inheritance plays a much more prominent role than is seen in the palaeo-ice sheet areas. Alternatively, a simple exponential post-glacial landform degradation model produces exposure age distributions remarkably similar to the measured data, indicating that post-depositional shielding is likely the dominant process producing spread among boulder age distributions. Our analysis lends strong support to the argument that post-depositional shielding is the most important geological process leading to potential errors in cosmogenic exposure ages for glacial boulders older than a few thousand years. The strong recommendation emerging from this analysis of global 10Be exposure ages is to interpret sets of dates from glacial settings in terms of post-depositional shielding: i.e., that exposure ages represent minimum ages of deglaciation.
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| 48. |
- Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Boulder cosmogenic exposure ages as constraints for glacial chronologies
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cosmogenic exposure dating has greatly enhanced our ability to define glacial chronologies spanning several global cold periods, and glacial boulder exposure ages are now routinely used to constrain deglaciation ages. However, exposure dating involves assumptions about the geological history of the sample that are difficult to test and yet may have a profound effect on the inferred age. Two principal geological factors yield erroneous inferred ages: exposure prior to glaciation (yielding exposure ages that are too old) and post-glacial shielding (yielding exposure ages that are too young). Here we show that post-glacial shielding is more important than prior exposure, using datasets of glacial boulder 10Be exposure ages from the Tibetan Plateau (1123 boulders), Northern Hemisphere palaeo-ice sheets (615 boulders), and present-day glaciers (186 boulders). No boulders from present-day glaciers and very few boulders from the palaeo-ice sheets have exposure ages significantly older than independently known deglaciation ages, indicating that prior exposure is of limited significance. Further, the exposure age distribution of boulders from the Tibetan Plateau agrees with the distribution produced by a simple post-glacial landform degradation model, indicating that post-glacial shielding is important. The large global dataset demonstrates that, in the absence of other evidence, glacial boulder exposure ages should be viewed as minimum limiting deglaciation ages.
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| 49. |
- Heyman, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
-
Boulder height - exposure age relationships from a global glacial Be-10 compilation
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Quaternary Geochronology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1014 .- 1878-0350. ; 34, s. 1-11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cosmogenic exposure dating of glacial boulders is commonly used to estimate the timing of past glaciations because the method enables direct dating of the duration a boulder has been exposed to cosmic rays. For successful dating, the boulders must have been fully shielded from cosmic rays prior to deposition and continuously exposed to cosmic rays ever since. A common assumption is that boulder height (the distance between the top of the boulder and the surrounding surface) is important, and that tall boulders are more likely to have been continuously exposed to cosmic rays than short boulders and therefore yield more accurate exposure ages. Here we test this assumption 'based on exposure age clustering for groups of glacial boulders (and single cobbles) Be-10 exposure ages that have recorded boulder heights (3741 boulders; 579 boulder groups with >= 3 boulders). Of the full set of boulder groups with >= 3 boulders, 21% fulfill a reduced chi square criterion (chi(2)(R) < 2) for well-clustered exposure ages. For boulder groups containing only tall boulders, the fraction of well-clustered exposure age groups is consistently larger. Moreover, this fraction of well-clustered exposure age groups increases with the minimum boulder height in each group. This result confirms the common assumption that tall boulders are generally better targets for cosmogenic exposure dating compared to short boulders. Whereas the tall boulder groups have a significantly larger fraction of well-clustered exposure age groups, there is nonetheless a dominant fraction (>50%) of the boulder groups with scattered exposure ages, highlighting the problem with prior and incomplete exposure for cosmogenic dating of glacial boulders. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 50. |
- Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Constraining the glacial chronology of Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau – Cosmogenic exposure dating of boulders, surface pebbles/cobbles and sediment depth profiles
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paleoglaciology of the Tibetan Plateau remains elusive, with important hiata regarding the style, extent, and timing of glaciations. Bayan Har Shan is a mountain region on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, in a transition zone from the dry interior of the plateau in the west to the wetter eastern margin affected by the Asian monsoon. Bayan Har Shan hosts an ample record of glacial landforms and deposits indicating paleo-glaciers ranging from cirque and valley glaciers to ice-fields and ice caps. These glaciers, it has been suggested, also nourished a regional ice sheet. In an attempt to constrain the timing of glaciations in Bayan Har Shan, we have performed terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure dating on surface boulders and pebbles/cobbles from glacial deposits, and on pebbles in sediment depth profiles. The aim has been two-fold: to constrain the glacial chronology and to compare and evaluate the TCN ages of the three different TCN sample types. We present the result of 67 Be-10 measurements from 15 sites in central Bayan Har Shan (40 boulder samples, 12 surface pebbles/cobbles samples and 15 depth profile samples from four depth profiles). The obtained TCN apparent exposure ages of boulders and surface pebbles/cobbles range from 3 ka to 145 ka with wide age spreads within groups of samples collected from one glacial deposit. Our TCN results of three different sample types (boulders, surface pebbles/cobbles and depth profile pebbles) from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau form an intriguing data set that may yield different age estimates with different interpretation strategies. However, they permit the following conclusions to be advanced: • Pebbles/cobbles ages are broadly in agreement with boulder ages. • Three depth profiles yield exponential curves for Be-10 concentrations with depth, in agreement with theoretical TCN depth profiles; ages are in broad agreement with boulder and surface pebbles/cobbles samples. • Maximum ages (adopting an approach where the maximum ages constrain the minimum age of formation) of multiple sample sites are all c. 50 ka or older. This is underlined by the maximum ages around 50 ka from three moraines formed by glaciers just a few kilometres long, indicating that there has been no significant glaciation of central Bayan Har Shan over the last 50 ka.
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