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Sökning: WFRF:(Sul Young Taeg 1960)

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1.
  • Byon, Eungsun, et al. (författare)
  • Electrochemical property and apatite formation of metal ion implanted titanium for medical implants
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972. ; 200:1-4, s. 1018-1021
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This work is concerned with the effects of Ca-ion implantation on the electrochemical behavior and biocompatibility of commercially pure Ti. The electrochemical behavior was tested by open-circuit potential transient and polarization experiments in Hanks' solution, and the biocompatibility was evaluated by soaking in simulated body fluid solution. The Ca-implanted Ti specimen showed more active electrochemical behavior than non-implanted specimen, and easier formation of apatite with good Ca / P ratio in the range of 1.38 and 1.60, revealing its potential as a bioactive material.
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3.
  • Albrektsson, Tomas, 1945, et al. (författare)
  • Les implants oxidés perspectives d’avenir?
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Réalités Cliniques. - 0999-5021. ; 13:4, s. 329-337
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Tous les implants en titane présentent une fine couche adhérente d’oxydes de titane d’environ 5nm. Les techniques d’anodisation
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4.
  • Arvidsson, Anna, 1973, et al. (författare)
  • Formation of calcium phosphates on titanium implants with four different bioactive surface preparations. An in vitro study
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-4530 .- 1573-4838. ; 18:10, s. 1945-1954
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of the present study was to compare the nucleating and growing behaviour on four types of bioactive surfaces by using the simulated body fluid (SBF) model. Titanium discs were blasted and then prepared by alkali and heat treatment, anodic oxidation, fluoridation, or hydroxyapatite coating. The discs were immersed in SBF for 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Calcium phosphates were found on all specimens, as analysed with scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX). After 1 and 2 weeks of SBF immersion more titanium was accessible with SEM/EDX on the blasted surfaces than the four bioactive surface types, indicating a difference in coverage by calcium phosphates. The Ca/P mean ratio of the surfaces was approximately 1.5 after 1 week, in contrast to the fluoridated specimens which displayed a Ca/P mean ratio of approximately 2. Powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD) analyses showed the presence of hydroxyapatite on all types of surfaces after 4 and 6 weeks of immersion. The samples immersed for 6 weeks showed a higher degree of crystallinity than the samples immersed for 4 weeks. In conclusion, differences appeared at the early SBF immersion times of 1 and 2 weeks between controls and bioactive surface types, as well as between different bioactive surface types.
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5.
  • Arvidsson, Anna, 1973, et al. (författare)
  • Nucleation and growth of calcium phosphates in the presence of fibrinogen on titanium implants with four potentially bioactive surface preparations. An in vitro study.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-4530 .- 1573-4838. ; 20:9, s. 1869-1879
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the nucleating and crystal growth behaviour of calcium phosphates on four types of potentially bioactive surfaces, using the simulated body fluid (SBF) model with added fibrinogen. Blasted titanium discs were modified by alkali and heat treatment, anodic oxidation, fluoride treatment, or hydroxyapatite coating. The discs were immersed in SBF with fibrinogen for periods of 3 days and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The topography, morphology, and chemistry of the surfaces were evaluated with optical interferometry, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. All surface modifications showed early calcium phosphate formation after 3 days, and were almost completely covered by calcium phosphates after 2 weeks. After 4 weeks, the Ca/P ratio was approximately 2.0 for all surface groups except the fluoride modified surface, which had a Ca/P ratio of 1.0–1.5. XPS measurements of the nitrogen concentration, which can be interpreted as an indirect measure of the protein content, reached a peak value after 3 days immersion and decreased thereafter. In conclusion, the results in the present study, when compared to earlier SBF studies without proteins, showed that fibrinogen stimulates calcium phosphates formation. Furthermore, no pronounced differences could be detected between blasted controls and the potentially bioactive specimens.
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7.
  • Dohan Ehrenfest, David, et al. (författare)
  • Classification of osseointegrated implant surfaces: materials, chemistry and topography
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Trends in Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-7799. ; 28:4, s. 198-206
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Since the founding of the osseointegration concept, the characteristics of the interface between bone and implant, and possible ways to improve it, have been of particular interest in dental and orthopaedic implant research. Making use of standardized tools of analysis and terminology, we present here a standardized characterization code for osseointegrated implant surfaces. This code describes the chemical composition of the surface, that is, the core material, such as titanium, and its chemical or biochemical modification through impregnation or coating. This code also defines the physical surface features, at the micro- and nanoscale, such as microroughness, microporosity, nanoroughness, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanopatterning and fractal architecture. This standardized classification system will allow to clarify unambiguously the identity of any given osseointegrated surface and help to identify the biological outcomes of each surface characteristic. Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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8.
  • Franke Stenport, Victoria, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • Precipitation of calcium phosphate in the presence of albumin on titanium implants with four different possibly bioactive surface preparations. An in vitro study
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-4530 .- 1573-4838. ; 19:12, s. 3497-3505
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of the present study was to compare the nucleating behaviour on four types of bioactive surfaces by using the simulated body fluid (SBF) model with the presence albumin. Titanium discs were blasted (B) and then prepared by alkali and heat treatment (AH), anodic oxidation (AO), fluoridation (F), or hydroxyapatite coating (HA). The discs were immersed in SBF with 4.5 mg/ml albumin for 3 days, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks and analysed with scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Topographic surface characterisation was performed with a contact stylus profilometer. The results demonstrated that the bioactive surfaces initiated an enhanced calcium phosphate (CaP) formation and a more rapid increase of protein content was present on the bioactive surfaces compared to the blasted control surface. The observation was present on all bioactive surfaces. The fact that there was a difference between the bioactive surfaces and the blasted control surface with respect to precipitation of CaP and protein content on the surfaces support the fact that there may be biochemical advantages in vivo by using a bioactive surface.
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9.
  • Franke Stenport, Victoria, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • Precipitation of Calcium Phosphates in the Presence of Collagen Type I on Four Different Bioactive Titanium Surfaces: an in Vitro Study.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of oral & maxillofacial research. - : Stilus Optimus. - 2029-283X. ; 6:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To compare the properties of calcium phosphate precipitation on four different bioactive surface preparations and one control surface in the simulated body fluid model with added collagen type I.Blasted titanium discs were treated with four different surface modifications, alkali and heat, sodium fluoride, anodic oxidation and hydroxyapatite coating. The discs were divided into five groups where one group, the blasted, served as control. The discs were immersed in simulated body fluid and collagen for 24 h, 3 days, 1 week and 2 weeks and then analysed by optical interferometry, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.All surfaces show small precipitates after 3 days which with longer immersion times increase. After 2 weeks the surfaces were completely covered with precipitates, and Ca/P ratios were approximately 1.3, independently on surface preparation. The fluoridated discs showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher degree of CaP after one week of immersion as compared to the other surface preparations. The collagen type I content increased with time, as reflected by increased nitrogen content.The results from this study indicate that a fluoridated titanium surface may favour precipitation of calcium phosphate in the presence of collagen type I, as compared to the other surface treatments of the present study.
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10.
  • Göransson, Anna, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • An in vitro comparison of possibly bioactive titanium implant surfaces.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. - : Wiley. - 1552-4965 .- 1549-3296. ; 88:4, s. 1037-1047
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of the study was to compare Ca and P formation (CaP) and subsequent bone cell response of a blasted and four different possibly bioactive commercially pure (cp) titanium surfaces; 1. Fluoride etched (Fluoride), 2. Alkali-heat treated (AH), 3. Magnesium ion incorporated anodized (TiMgO), and 4. Nano HA coated and heat treated (nano HA) in vitro. Furthermore, to evaluate the significance of the SBF formed CaP coat on bone cell response. The surfaces were characterized by Optical Interferometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). CaP formation was evaluated after 12, 24 and 72 h in simulated body fluid (SBF). Primary human mandibular osteoblast-like cells were cultured on the various surfaces subjected to SBF for 72 h. Cellular attachment, differentiation (osteocalcin) and protein production (TGF-beta(1)) was evaluated after 3 h and 10 days respectively. Despite different morphological appearances, the roughness of the differently modified surfaces was similar. The possibly bioactive surfaces gave rise to an earlier CaP formation than the blasted surface, however, after 72 h the blasted surface demonstrated increased CaP formation compared to the possibly bioactive surfaces. Subsequent bone cell attachment was correlated to neither surface roughness nor the amount of formed CaP after SBF treatment. In contrast, osteocalcin and TGF-beta(1) production were largely correlated to the amount of CaP formed on the surfaces. However, bone response (cell attachment, osteocalcin and TGF-F production) on the blasted controls were similar or increased compared to the SBF treated fluoridated, AH and TiMgO surface. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008.
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11.
  • Göransson, Anna, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • Inflammatory response to oxidised surface with Mg 2+ -ions incorporated in vitro
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: 7th World Biomaterials Congress, Sidney, 17 -21 May 2004.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction Oxide films that grow spontaneously on titanium surfaces in contact with air may explain the bio-passivity of the material. Various procedures have been carried out to modify the properties of titanium oxide films to further improve the biocompatibility. Anodic oxidation is one technique to increase the thickness of the oxide layer that demonstrates significant stronger bone response in vivo. The concomitant increase in surface roughness and size and presence of pores of the thicker oxide layer seems to work as a potential contributor to the results (1). Attempts to implant ion in the oxide layers to overcome the drawbacks of calcium phosphate coatings (hydroxylapatite) such as i.e. delaminating and biodegradation during function seem promising (2). However the reasons why a thicker oxide layer with and without incorporated ions is favourable compared to conventionally turned and blasted surfaces are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the early inflammatory response to the turned, blasted and electrochemically oxidised surface with Mg 2+ ions incorporated. Materials and Methods A total of 108 pure titanium discs were prepared with a turned surface. Thirty-six were kept as turned controls while 36 were blasted with 75 μm Al2O3 particles and 36 underwent electrochemically oxidation and Mg 2+ ion incorporation. MicroXam™, (Phase-Shift, Tucson, Arizona, USA) was used to for topographical characterisation. The disks were incubated with human mononuclear cells isolated from buffy coats of healthy blood donors (C-lab, Blood Supply Unit Sahlgrenska University hospital, Sweden) and cultured at a concentration of 106 cells/ml in 24 well cell culture plates. Half of the discs with the different treated surfaces were immediately treated with LPS while half were left without any stimuli. The incubation times were 24 and 72h. After each incubation period the incubation medium was collected and centrifuged. The supernatant was analysed with respect to cell viability and cytokine levels. Cell viability was estimated by analysing the content of lactatdehydrogenas (LDH)(Sahlgrenska University hospital, C-lab) and a commercially available ELISA assay (Biotrak system™, Amersham Bioscience, UK) was used to quantify TNF-α and IL -10 levels. The cells adherent to the material was stained with 2,6- diamidino-2-phenyindole (DAPI) (Sigma, USA) to evaluate the total cell number. In order to characterize differentiation of the adherent cells expression of 27E10 and RM3/1 (Biogenisis, UK) was used. The marker 27E10 and RM3/1 define acute and chronic inflammatory phenotypes respectively. Differentiated cells were evaluated as the percentage of positively stained cells from the total cell numbers. Results Surface evaluation revealed similar roughness for the turned control and the anodised surface with Mg 2+ ions incorporated while the blasted surface demonstrated a rougher surface profile (fig 1, 2). Fig 1 Fig 2 Sa-average height deviation (ym) SURFACE CTR Blasted Anodised+Mg Mean SA 1,2 1,0 ,8 ,6 ,4 ,2 0,0 Sdr-developed surface area (%) SURFACE CTR Blasted Anodised+Mg Mean SDR 40 30 20 10 0 LDH values were generally low for all surfaces (within the range of 0.8-1.6 μkat/l) but were slightly increased after LPS stimulation and after 72h. TNF-α was transient higher day one and after LPS stimulation especially on the turned control surface (fig 3, 4) Fig 3 Fig 4 TNF-a 24h (pg/ml) SURFACE CTR Blasted Anodised+Mg Mean C 3000 2000 1000 0 LPS LPSLPS+ TNF-a 72h (pg/ml) SURFACE CTR Blasted Anodised+Mg Mean C 400 300 200 100 0 LPS LPSLPS+ IL-10 levels were generally low irrespective of time. Increased IL-10 amounts after LPS stimulation and after 24 h were observed for all surfaces. The total cell numbers decreased on all surfaces from 24h to 72h but there were no major difference between stimulated and un-stimulated wells. Acute monocytic phenotype 27E10 marker dominated on all surfaces while the expression of the chronic RM3/1 marker was almost absent on all surfaces both at 24 and 72h. Conclusion The present study indicates a surface topography- and chemistry related difference in the acute inflammatory response with a stronger acute inflammatory response to the turned control compared to the blasted and anodised surface with Mg 2+ ions incorporated. References 1.Göransson, A, Jansson, E, Tengvall, P, Wennerberg, A. Bone formation after 4 weeks …topography : an in vivo study. Biomaterials 2002; 24: 197-205 2.Sul YT. PhD Thesis 2002, Göteborg University, Sweden
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12.
  • Göransson, Anna, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • Inflammatory response to titanium surfaces with with Potential Bioactive Properties: An In Vitro Study
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. ; 8:4, s. 210-217
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The current hard tissue implants research aims to accelerate bone healing by designing surfaces that are bioactive. However, the role of the inflammatory response to these surfaces is so far incompletely described. Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate early inflammatory response in vitro to a potentially bioactive surface—an anodized surface with Mg ions incorporated (anodized/Mg)—and to compare it to a turned, a blasted, and an anodized surface. Materials and Methods: An interferometer was used for topographical characterizations. The disks were incubated with human mononuclear cells. Adherent cells were investigated with respect to number of cells, viability, differentiation, and cytokine production with and without lipopolysaccharide stimulation after 24 and 72 hours. Results: The number of adhered mononuclear cells differed significantly between the different modified surfaces, with the highest number on the anodized surface. However, there were no significant differences in cytokine production and differentiation between the different modified surfaces. The amount of anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 remained over time, while the number of cells and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α decreased. The cells were viable on all surfaces, respectively. Conclusion: The anodized surfaces with and without Mg ions showed an increased cell adherence, however, otherwise an inflammatory response similar to the turned and blasted surfaces. Furthermore, the potentially bioactive anodized/Mg surface showed a similar response to the TiUnite-like anodized surface despite the former having a surface roughness of a smoother character.
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13.
  • Jimbo, Ryo, 1979, et al. (författare)
  • Principal component analysis: A novel analysis to evaluate the characteristics of osseointegration of different implant surfaces
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Implant Dentistry. - 1056-6163. ; 20:5, s. 364-368
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: To apply a new statistical method (principle component analysis; PCA) to evaluate osseointegration. Materials and Methods: Two different commercially available implants were selected for the study. Twenty implants, 10 of each type, were placed in the rabbit tibiae (n = 10). The fluorochromes (FLCs) alizarin complexone and calcein green were administered after 20 days and 4 days before sacrifice for labeling. On the day of implantation and retrieval (6 weeks), implant stability was measured with a resonance frequency analyzer (RFA). The retrieved samples were ground sectioned for histomorphometric and FLC quantification. The collected data were analyzed by a PCA software program (Qlucore Omics Explorer, Lund, Sweden) to explore and determine the correlation between different study variables and to analyze the differences between different implants. Results: The RFA presented no significant differences at either time point. The bone-to-implant contact was significantly higher for the TiUnite (NobelBiocare, Gothenburg, Sweden); however, the bone area and FLC quantification showed higher values for the Osseotite (3i Implant Innovation, FL). Consistent with these results, the PCA indicated a strong correlation between TiUnite and high bone-to-implant contact values and between Osseotite and high bone area and FLC values. No correlation between RFA and the biological responses were found. Conclusion: The application of the PCA analysis may help interpret and correlate results obtained from numerous evaluations.
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14.
  • Jimbo, Ryo, 1979, et al. (författare)
  • Protein adsorption to surface chemistry and crystal structure modification of titanium surfaces
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research. - : Stilus Optimus. - 2029-283X. ; 1:3, s. e3-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives: To observe the early adsorption of extracellular matrix and blood plasma proteins to magnesium-incorporated titanium oxide surfaces, which has shown superior bone response in animal models.Material and Methods: Commercially pure titanium discs were blasted with titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles (control), and for the test group, TiO2 blasted discs were further processed with a micro-arc oxidation method (test). Surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, surface topography by optic interferometry, characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The adsorption of 3 different proteins (fibronectin, albumin, and collagen type I) was investigated by an immunoblotting technique.Results: The test surface showed a porous structure, whereas the control surface showed a typical TiO2 blasted structure. XPS data revealed magnesium-incorporation to the anodic oxide film of the surface. There was no difference in surface roughness between the control and test surfaces. For the protein adsorption test, the amount of albumin was significantly higher on the control surface whereas the amount of fibronectin was significantly higher on the test surface. Although there was no significant difference, the test surface had a tendency to adsorb more collagen type I.Conclusions: The magnesium-incorporated anodized surface showed significantly higher fibronectin adsorption and lower albumin adsorption than the blasted surface. These results may be one of the reasons for the excellent bone response previously observed in animal studies.
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15.
  • Kang, Byung-Soo, et al. (författare)
  • Metal plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (MePIIID) on screw-shaped titanium implant: The effects of ion source, ion dose and acceleration voltage on surface chemistry and morphology.
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Medical Engineering & Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0951-8320 .- 1350-4533. ; 33:6, s. 730-738
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present study investigated the effect of metal plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (MePIIID) process parameters, i.e., plasma sources of magnesium and calcium, ion dose, and acceleration voltage on the surface chemistry and morphology of screw-type titanium implants that have been most widely used for osseointegrated implants. It is found that irrespective of plasma ion source, surface topography and roughness showed no differences at the nanometer level; that atom concentrations increased with ion dose but decreased with acceleration voltage. Data obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and auger electron spectroscopy suggested that MePIIID process produces ‘intermixed’ layer of cathodic arc deposition and plasma immersion ion implantation. The MePIIID process may create desired bioactive surface chemistry of dental and orthopaedic implants by tailoring ion and plasma sources and thus enable investigations of the effect of the surface chemistry on bone response.
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16.
  • Kang, Byung-Soo, et al. (författare)
  • The effect of calcium ion concentration on the bone response to oxidized titanium implants
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Clinical Oral Implants Research. - Malden, USA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0905-7161 .- 1600-0501. ; 23:6, s. 690-697
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: To investigate the effect of calcium concentration on the bone tissue response to Ca-incorporated titanium implants.Materials and methods: Two titanium surfaces containing 4.2% and 6.6% calcium were prepared using the micro-arc oxidation process. The implants were inserted in the tibia of nine New Zealand White rabbits. After 6 weeks of healing, the bone response to the implants was quantitatively compared by biomechanical and histomorphometrical measurements.Results: Ca 4.2% and Ca 6.6% containing implants revealed no distinctive differences in their qualitative surface chemistry; chemical bonding state of Ca in titanium oxide was mainly calcium titanates. No significant differences were observed between two implants in peak removal torque and shear strength comparisons (P>0.05). Histomorphometrical analyses presented no significant differences in bonemetal contact, bone area and newly formed bone measurements between two implants (P>0.05).Conclusions: From biomechanical and histomorphometrical measurements, the two calcium concentrations in this study did not differ significantly with respect to their influence on the bone tissue response. This similar bone response in rabbit tibiae may be explained by the similarity of the qualitative Ca chemistry in titanium surfaces.
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17.
  • Kang, Byung-Soo, et al. (författare)
  • XPS, AES and SEM analysis of recent dental implants
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Acta Biomaterialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1742-7061. ; 5:6, s. 2222-2229
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Today surface chemistry modifications of titanium implants have become a development strategy of dental implants. The present study investigated the chemistry and morphology of commercially available dental implants (Nobel biocare TiUnite, Astra AB OsseoSpeed, 3i Osseotite, ITI-SLA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were employed for the analysis of surface chemistry. The morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The present study demonstrated the major differences of surface properties, mainly dependent on the surface treatment used. The blasting and acid etching technique for the OsseoSpeed, Osseotite and SLA surfaces generally showed mainly TiO2, but a varying surface morphology. In contrast, the electrochemical oxidation process for TiUnite implants not only produces microporous surface (pore size: 0.53.0μm), but also changes surface chemistry due to incorporation of anions of the used electrolyte. As a result, TiUnite implants contain more than 7 at% of P in oxide layer and higher amounts of hydroxides compared to the other implants in XPS analysis. F in OsseoSpeed implants was detected at 0.3% before as well as after sputter cleaning.
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18.
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19.
  • Kwon, David H., et al. (författare)
  • Bone tissue response following local drug delivery of bisphosphonate through titanium oxide nanotube implants in a rabbit model
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. - : Wiley. - 0303-6979. ; 44:9, s. 941-949
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether surface chemistry-controlled TiO2 nanotube structures may serve as a local drug delivery system for zoledronic acid improving implant-bone support. Methods: Twenty-four screw-shaped Ti implants with surface chemistry-controlled TiO2 nanotube structures were prepared and divided into a zoledronic acid-formatted test and a native control group. The implants were inserted into contra-lateral femoral condyles in 12 New Zealand White rabbits. Bone support was evaluated using resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and removal torque (RTQ), as well as histometric analysis following a 3-weeks healing interval. Results: Zoledronic acid-formatted TiO2 nanotube test implants showed significantly improved implant stability and osseointegration measured using RFA and RTQ compared with control (p<0.05), and showed significantly enhanced new bone formation within the root of the threads compared with control (p<0.05). Conclusions: TiO2 nanotube implants may prove to be a significant delivery system for drugs or biologic agents aimed at supporting local bone formation. Additional study of candidate drugs/agents, optimized dosage and release kinetics is needed prior to evaluation in clinical settings. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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20.
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21.
  • Ostberg, Anna Karin, et al. (författare)
  • Inflammatory cytokine release is affected by surface morphology and chemistry of titanium implants.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-4838 .- 0957-4530. ; 26:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To investigate in vitro cellular cytokine expression in relation to commercially pure titanium discs, comparing a native surface to a fluorinated oxide nanotube surface. Control samples pure titanium discs with a homogenous wave of the margins and grooves and an often smeared-out surface structure. Test samples pure titanium discs with a fluorinated titanium oxide chemistry and surface morphology with nanopore/tube geometry characterized by ordered structures of nanotubes with a diameter of ≈120nm, a spacing of ≈30nm, and a wall thickness of ≈10nm. Cross-section view showed vertically aligned nanotubes with similar lengths of ≈700nm. Peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes were cultured for 1, 3, and 6days according to standard procedures. BioPlex Pro™ assays were used for analysis and detection of cytokines. Selected inflammatory cytokines are reported. A pronounced difference in production of the inflammatogenic cytokines was observed. Leucocytes exposed to control coins produced significantly more TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 than the test nanotube coins. The effect on the TH2 cytokine IL-4 was less pronounced at day 6 compared to days 1 and 3, and slightly higher expressed on the control coins. The morphology and surface chemistry of the titanium surface have a profound impact on basic cytokine production in vitro. Within the limitations of the present study, it seems that the fluorinated oxide nanotube surface results in a lower inflammatory response compared to a rather flat surface that seems to favour inflammation.
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22.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • A novel in vivo method for quantifying the interfacial biochemical bond strength of bone implants
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Journal of the Royal Society Interface. - London, United Kingdom : Royal Society. - 1742-5689 .- 1742-5662. ; 7:42, s. 81-90
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Quantifying the in vivo interfacial biochemical bond strength of bone implants is a biological challenge. We have developed a new and novel in vivo method to identify an interfacial biochemical bond in bone implants and to measure its bonding strength. This method, named biochemical bond measurement (BBM), involves a combination of the implant devices to measure true interfacial bond strength and surface property controls, and thus enables the contributions of mechanical interlocking and biochemical bonding to be distinguished from the measured strength values. We applied the BBM method to a rabbit model, and observed great differences in bone integration between the oxygen (control group) and magnesium (test group) plasma immersion ion-implanted titanium implants (0.046 versus 0.086 MPa, n=10, p=0.005). The biochemical bond in the test implants resulted in superior interfacial behaviour of the implants to bone: (i) close contact to approximately 2 μm thin amorphous interfacial tissue, (ii) pronounced mineralization of the interfacial tissue, (iii) rapid bone healing in contact, and (iv) strong integration to bone. The BBM method can be applied to in vivo experimental models not only to validate the presence of a biochemical bond at the bone–implant interface but also to measure the relative quantity of biochemical bond strength. The present study may provide new avenues for better understanding the role of a biochemical bond involved in the integration of bone implants.
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23.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Biomechanical Measurements of Calcium-Incorporated Oxidized Implants in Rabbit Bone: Effect of Calcium Surface Chemistry of a Novel Implant
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. - 1523-0899. ; 6:2, s. 101-10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: In oral implantology there has been a general trend away from machine-turned minimally rough and acid-etched and blasted implants toward intermediary roughened surfaces. Mechanical interlocking at micron resolution is claimed to be the dominant reason for the fixation of such implants in bone. However, clinical demands for stronger and faster bone bonding to the implant (eg, in immediately loaded and compromised bone cases) have motivated the development of novel surfaces capable of chemical bonding. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study is to investigate bone tissue reactions to a newly developed calciumincorporated oxidized implant. The specific aim is to assess the effect of calcium surface chemistry on the bone response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Calcium (Ca) ion-incorporated implants were prepared by micro arc oxidation methods. Surface oxide properties were characterized by using various surface analytic techniques involving scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and optical interferometry. Twenty screw-shaped commercially pure (CP) titanium implants (10 turned implants [controls] and 10 Ca-incorporated implants [tests]) were inserted in the femoral condyles of 10 New Zealand White rabbits. RESULTS: After a healing period of 6 weeks, resonance frequency analyses and removal torque measurements of the Ca-incorporated oxidized implants demonstrated statistically significant improvements of implant integration with bone in comparison to machine-turned control implants (p = 0.013 and p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The Ca-reinforced surface chemistry of the oxidized implants significantly improved bone responses in a rabbit model. The present study suggests that biochemical bonding at the bone-implant interface, in combination with mechanical interlocking, may play a dominant role in the fixation of Ca-incorporated oxidized implants in bone. The observed rapid and strong integration of test Ca implants may have clinical implications for immediate or early loading and improved performance in compromised bone.
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24.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Bone reactions to oxidized titanium implants with electrochemical anion sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid incorporation.
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. - 0905-7161. ; 4:2, s. 78-87
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The importance of the surface properties of implants for a successful osseointegration has been emphasized. It is generally known that bone response to implant surfaces is considerably related to the various surface properties. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate bone tissue reactions to multifactorial biocompatibility of the surface oxide of electrochemically oxidized titanium implants. The ultimate objective was to improve surface quality, resulting in enhancement of clinical outcomes of osseointegrated implants. Materials and METHODS: Three different surface types of commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) implants were prepared. Turned implants were used for controls and test implants were prepared by the micro arc oxidation (MAO) method, either in sulphuric acid (S implants) or in phosphoric acid (P implants). Implants were inserted in the femur and tibia of 10 mature New Zealand White rabbits. The bone response was evaluated by biomechanical tests, histology, and histomorphometry. The follow-up time was 6 weeks. RESULTS: The mean peak values of the removal torque showed significant differences between control and test S implants (p =.022) but showed no significant differences between control and test P implants (p =.195) or between test S and test P implants (p =.457). In addition, the histomorphometric comparisons of the bone-to-metal contact around entire implants demonstrated 186% increase in S implants (p =.028) and 232% increase in P implants (p =.028) compared with the paired control groups. Quantification of the bone area in the threads did not show any significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that the primary mode of action in strong bone response to S implants is mechanical interlocking, and to P implants, it is biochemical interaction. It is possible that the phosphate groups in the titanium oxide of P implants provide potential chemical bonding sites for calcium ions and hydroxyapatite of the bone matrix during biologic mineralization. key words: bone responses, histomorphometry, oxidized implants, removal torque test, surface oxide properties
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25.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Bone tissue responses to Mg-incorporated oxidized implants and machine-turned implants in the rabbit femur
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Biomechanics 2005. - 1724-6024. ; 3:1, s. 18-28
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Previous studies have demonstrated a significant improvement in the bone response to oxidized titanium implants. Little is known about the effects of specific oxide properties on the bone tissue responses to titanium implants. This study in-vestigated the bone tissue responses to magnesium (Mg)-incorporated oxidized titanium implants and machine-turned titani-um implants in the rabbit femur. The oxidized implants were prepared using micro arc oxidation (MAO) methods. Surface oxide properties were characterized by using various surface analytic techniques, involving scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and optical interferometry. Screw shaped titanium implants, 10 machine-turned implants (controls) and 10 Mg-incorporated im-plants (tests) were inserted in the femoral condyles of 10 New Zealand white rabbits. After a 6-week healing period, resonance frequency analyses and removal torque measurements of the Mg-incorporated oxidized implants demonstrated significant im-provements in implant integration with bone in comparison to machine-turned implants, p=0.007 and p=0.017, respectively. Bone growth in the pores of the oxidized implants was probably incomplete at a follow-up of 6 weeks, as indicated by SEM and EDS measurements. Mg-incorporated titanium implants significantly improved bone responses as compared with machine-turned control implants. Considering the differences and similarities of the surface oxide properties of controls and test im-plants, the enhanced bone responses to Mg-incorporated implants could be explained by the Mg surface chemistry of the test im-plants. (Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Biomechanics 2005; 3: 18-28)
  •  
26.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Characteristics of the surface oxides on turned and electrochemically oxidized pure titanium implants up to dielectric breakdown: the oxide thickness, micropore configurations, surface roughness, crystal structure and chemical composition.
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Biomaterials. - 0142-9612 .- 1878-5905. ; 23:2, s. 491-501
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Titanium implants have been used widely and successfully for various types of bone-anchored reconstructions. It is believed that properties of oxide films covering titanium implant surfaces are of crucial importance for a successful osseointegration, in particular at compromized bone sites. The aim of the present study is to investigate the surface properties of anodic oxides formed on commercially pure (c.p.) titanium screw implants as well as to study 'native' oxides on turned c.p. titanium implants. Anodic oxides were prepared by galvanostatic mode in CH3COOH up to the high forming voltage of dielectric breakdown and spark formation. The oxide thicknesses, measured with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), were in the range of about 200-1000 nm. Barrier and porous structures dominated the surface morphology of the anodic film. Quantitative morphometric analyses of the micropore structures were performed using an image analysis system on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) negatives. The pore sizes were
  •  
27.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960 (författare)
  • Electrochemical growth behavior, surface properties, and enhanced in vivo bone response of TiO2 nanotubes on microstructured surfaces of blasted, screw-shaped titanium implants
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Nanomedicine. - 1176-9114. ; 5, s. 87-100
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract: TiO2 nanotubes are fabricated on TiO2 grit-blasted, screw-shaped rough titanium (ASTM grade 4) implants (3.75 × 7 mm) using potentiostatic anodization at 20 V in 1 M H3PO4 + 0.4 wt.% HF. The growth behavior and surface properties of the nanotubes are investigated as a function of the reaction time. The results show that vertically aligned nanotubes of ≈700 nm in length, with highly ordered structures of ≈40 nm spacing and ≈15 nm wall thickness may be grown independent of reaction time. The geometrical properties of nanotubes increase with reaction time (mean pore size, pore size distribution [PSD], and porosity ≈90 nm, ≈40–127 nm and 45%, respectively for 30 minutes; ≈107 nm, ≈63–140 nm and 56% for one hour; ≈108 nm, ≈58–150 nm and 60% for three hours). It is found that the fluorinated chemistry of the nanotubes of F-TiO2, TiOF2, and F-Ti-O with F ion incorporation of ≈5 at.%, and their amorphous structure is the same regardless of the reaction time, while the average roughness (Sa) gradually decreases and the developed surface area (Sdr) slightly increases with reaction time. The results of studies on animals show that, despite their low roughness values, after six weeks the fluorinated TiO2 nanotube implants in rabbit femurs demonstrate significantly increased osseointegration strengths (41 vs 29 Ncm; P = 0.008) and new bone formation (57.5% vs 65.5%; P = 0.008) (n = 8), and reveal more frequently direct bone/cell contact at the bone–implant interface by high-resolution scanning electron microscope observations as compared with the blasted, moderately rough implants that have hitherto been widely used for clinically favorable performance. The results of the animal studies constitute significant evidence that the presence of the nanotubes and the resulting fluorinated surface chemistry determine the nature of the bone responses to the implants. The present in vivo results point to potential applications of the TiO2 nanotubes in the field of bone implants and bone tissue engineering.
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28.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental evidence for interfacial biochemical bonding in osseointegrated titanium implants
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Clinical oral implants research. - : Wiley. - 1600-0501 .- 0905-7161. ; 24:Supplement A100, s. 8-19
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVES: (i) To identify and quantify an interfacial biochemical bond and the bonding strength of osseointegrated implants with bioactive titanium oxide chemistry, ATiOxB (A, metal cations; TiO(x) , titanium oxides/hydroxides; B, non-metal anions) and (ii) to provide quantitative evidence for the biochemical bond theory of osseointegration proposed by Sul etal. for description and explanation of why and how the implants with ATiO(x) B surface oxide chemistry may exhibit a significantly stronger bone response, in spite of the fact that the roughness values approached zero, or were equivalent to or significantly lower than those of the control implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We applied a newly developed biochemical bond measurement (BBM) method to model implant surfaces that were "perfectly" smooth nanotopography near-zero roughness as the constant parameter, and used the bioactive surface chemistry of titanium oxide, ATiO(x) B chemistry as a variable parameter in rabbit tibiae for 10weeks. In this manner, we determined an interfacial biochemical bond and quantified its bonding strength. RESULTS: The increase in biochemical bond strengths of the test implant relative to the control implant was determined to be 0.018 (±0.008) MPa (0.031 vs 0.021 MPa, n=10) for tensile strength and 8.9 (±6.1) Ncm (33.0 vs 24.1 Ncm, n=10) for removal torque. Tensile and removal torque show strong correlation in the Pearson test (r=0.901, P≤0.001). In addition, histomorphometric measurements including bone-to-metal-contact (BMC, P=0.007), bone area and newly formed bone showed significant increases in the mean values for ATiO(x) B chemistry (P=0.007, n=10). Biochemical bond theory states that the surface oxide chemistry, ATiO(x) B must have more electrical and chemical molecular polarity that fractionally charges the surfaces denoted as δ(+) and δ(-) and leads to electrostatic and electrodynamic interactions with the bone healing cascade, eventually leading to the formation of biochemical bonding at the bone/implant interface. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has provided quantitative evidence for biochemical bond theory of osseointegration of implants with bioactive surface oxide chemistry, ATiO(x) B. The theory of biochemical bonds may provide a scientific rationale pertinent to recent emerging trends and technologies for surface chemistry modifications of implants.
  •  
29.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960 (författare)
  • On the bone response to oxidized titanium implants. The role of microporous structure and chemical composition of the surface oxide in enhanced osseointegration
  • 2002
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Background: Titanium implants have been widely used clinically for various types of bone-anchored reconstructions. A thin native oxide film, naturally formed on titanium implants contacts with bone tissue and has been considered to be of great importance for successful osseointegration. However, the precise role of surface oxide properties in the osseointegration process is not known in detail. Aims and Hypothesis: The overall aims of this thesis were (i) to develop anodic oxidation methods of titanium implants (paper 1), (ii) to characterize the surface properties of native and anodic oxides (paper 2) and (iii) to investigate if and which surface oxide properties will influence the bone tissue response. In vivo animal studies (papers 3-6) in the present thesis hypothesized that osseointegration would be reinforced by mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding between bone and implant surface. Mechanical interlocking is assumed to be associated with the surface roughness/ pore configurations, while chemical bonding is dependent on surface chemistry. Materials and Methods: Machined-turned commercially pure (c.p) titanium implants were used for controls. Test implants were prepared by electrochemical anodic oxidation at the galvanostatic mode in various electrolytes. We tested implants with enhanced oxide films achieved by micro arc oxidation (MAO) process in acetic acid as electrolyte. Other investigated electrolytes were sulphuric acid (S implants), phosphoric acid (P implants) and a calcium containing mixed electrolyte system (Ca implants). The surface oxide properties were analyzed in terms of the oxide thickness, chemical composition, pore configurations (pore size, pore size distribution, porosity), crystal structure and surface roughness by using different analytical techniques including X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thin-film X-ray diffractometry (TF-XRD), Raman spectroscopy and TopScan 3D®. Implants (n = 176) were inserted in the femur and tibia of mature New Zealand white rabbits (n = 22). The follow up time was 6 weeks. Bone tissue responses were evaluated with resonance frequency analysis (RFA), removal torque test (RTQ), qualitative histology, histomorphometrical quantifications and enzyme histochemistry of alkaline (ALP) and acidic phosphatase (ACP). Results: The electrochemical oxide growth behaviour was greatly dependent on the nature of the electrolytes employed, the current density, the electrolyte concentration, the electrolyte temperature, the agitation speed and the chemical composition of the titanium electrode. The MAO method at galvanostatic mode demonstrated systemic changes of surface oxide properties of titanium implants by controlling the mentioned electrochemical parameters. This provides an opportunity to investigate the effects of such oxide properties on the bone tissue response.Oxidized, microporous implants having oxide thicknesses of about 600, 800 and 1000 nm demonstrated significantly stronger bone responses as compared to nonporous implants with oxide thicknesses of 17 and 200 nm. Chemically modified S and P implants demonstrated significantly improved bone responses compared to controls. Calcium deposited, oxidized titanium implants showed the strongest bone responses of all tested implantsConclusions: Our findings indicated that osseointegration occurred from a combination of mechanical interlocking and biochemical bonding at least with respect to two tested implants, namely S and P implants. The faster and stronger osseointegration, particularly found with Ca implants may have clinical applications too.
  •  
30.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Optimum surface properties of oxidized implants for reinforcement of osseointegration: surface chemistry, oxide thickness, porosity, roughness, and crystal structure
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. - Chicago, Ill. : Quintessence Pub. Co.. - 0882-2786 .- 1942-4434. ; 20:3, s. 349-59
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: To investigate detailed surface characterization of oxidized implants in a newly invented electrolyte system and to determine optimal surface oxide properties to enhance the bone response in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 screw-type titanium implants were prepared and divided into 1 control group (machine-turned implants) and 4 test groups (magnesium ion-incorporated oxidized implants). Forty implants were used for surface analyses. A total of 60 implants, 12 implants from each group, were placed in the tibiae of 10 New Zealand white rabbits and measured with a removal torque test after a healing period of 6 weeks. RESULTS: For the test groups, the oxide thicknesses ranged from about 1,000 to 5,800 nm; for the control group, mean oxide thickness was about 17 nm. The surface morphology showed porous structures for test groups and nonporous barrier film for the control group. Pore diameter ranged from < or = 0.5 microm to < or = 3.0 microm. In regard to surface roughness, arithmetic average height deviation (Sa) values varied from 0.68 to 0.98 microm for test implants and 0.55 microm for control implants; developed surface ratio (Sdr) values ranged from 10.6% to 46% for the test groups and were about 10.6% for the control group. A mixture of anatase and rutile-type crystals were observed in the test groups; amorphous-type crystals were observed in the control group. After a healing period of 6 weeks, removal torque measurements in all 4 test groups demonstrated significantly greater implant integration as compared to machine-turned control implants (P < or = .033). DISCUSSION: Determinant oxide properties of oxidized implants are discussed in association with bone responses. Of all surface properties, RTVs were linearly increased as relative atomic concentrations of magnesium ion increase. CONCLUSIONS: Surface properties of the oxidized implants in the present study, especially surface chemistry, influenced bone responses. The surface chemistry of the optimal oxidized implant should be composed of approximately 9% magnesium at relative atomic concentration in titanium oxide matrix and have an oxide thickness of approximately 1,000 to 5,000 nm, a porosity of about 24%, and a surface roughness of about 0.8 microm in Sa and 27% to 46% in Sdr; its oxide crystal structure should be a mixture of anatase- and rutile-phase crystals.
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31.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Oxidized, bioactive implants are rapidly and strongly integrated in bone. Part 1--experimental implants.
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Clinical Oral Implants Research. - : Wiley. - 0905-7161 .- 1600-0501. ; 17:5, s. 521-6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVES: The study presented was designed to investigate the speed and the strength of osseointegration of oxidized implants at early healing times in comparison which machined, turned implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Screw-shaped titanium implants were prepared and divided into two groups: magnesium ion incorporated, oxidized implants (Mg implants, n=10) and machined, turned implants (controls, n=10). Mg implants were prepared using micro-arc oxidation methods. Surface oxide properties of implants such as surface chemistry, oxide thickness, morphology/pore characteristics, crystal structures and roughness were characterized with various surface analytic techniques. Implants were inserted into the tibiae of ten New Zealand white rabbits. After a follow-up period of 3 and 6 weeks, removal torque (RTQ), osseointegration speed (DeltaRTQ/Deltahealing time) and integration strength of implants were measured. Bonding failure analysis of the bone-to-implant interface was performed. RESULTS: The speed the and strength of osseointegration of Mg implants were significantly more rapid and stronger than for turned implants at follow-up periods of 3 and 6 weeks. Bonding failure for Mg implants dominantly occurred within the bone tissue, whereas bonding failure for turned implants mainly occurred at the interface between implant and bone. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidized, bioactive implants are rapidly and strongly integrated in bone. The present results indicate that the rapid and strong integration of oxidized, bioactive Mg implants to bone may encompass immediate/early loading of clinical implants.
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32.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Oxidized implants and their influence on the bone response.
  • 2001
  • Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. - 0957-4530. ; 12:10-12, s. 1025-31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Surface oxide properties are regarded to be of great importance in establishing successful osseointegration of titanium implants. Despite a large number of theoretical questions on the precise role of oxide properties of titanium implants, current knowledge obtained from in vivo studies is lacking. The present study is designed to address two aspects. The first is to verify whether oxide properties of titanium implants indeed influence the in vivo bone tissue responses. The second, is to investigate what oxide properties underline such bone tissue responses. For these purposes, screw-shaped/turned implants have been prepared by electrochemical oxidation methods, resulting in a wide range of oxide properties in terms of: (i) oxide thickness ranging from 200 to 1000 nm, (ii) the surface morphology of barrier and porous oxide film structures, (iii) micro pore configuration - pore sizes<8 microm by length, about 1.27 microm2 to 2.1 microm2 by area and porosity of about 12.7-24.4%, (iv) the crystal structures of amorphous, anatase and mixtures of anatase and rutile type, (v) the chemical compositions of TiO2 and finally, (vi) surface roughness of 0.96-1.03 microm (Sa). These implant oxide properties were divided into test implant samples of Group II, III, IV and V. Control samples (Group I) were turned commercially pure titanium implants. Quantitative bone tissue responses were evaluated biomechanically by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and removal torque (RT) test. Quantitative histomorphometric analyses and qualitative enzyme histochemical detection of alkaline (ALP) and acidic phosphatase (ACP) activities were investigated on cut and ground sections after six weeks of implant insertion in rabbit tibia. In essence, from the biomechanical and quantitative histomorphometric measurements we concluded that oxide properties of titanium implants, i.e. the oxide thickness, the microporous structure, and the crystallinity significantly influence the bone tissue response. At this stage, however, it is not clear whether oxide properties influence the bone tissue response separately or synergistically. Copyright 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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33.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Oxidized titanium screws coated with calcium ions and their performance in rabbit bone.
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. - 0882-2786. ; 17:5, s. 625-34
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: The aim was to answer a fundamental question: Do the chemical properties of titanium implants influence osseointegration? MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screw-type implants produced of turned commercially pure (grade 1) titanium (controls) and electrochemically calcium-deposited titanium implants (Ca test implants) were placed in the tibiae and femora of a total of 10 mature New Zealand white rabbits. The macro arc oxidation method was applied for Ca implants. Surface oxides were characterized with different analytic techniques, including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, auger electron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thin-film x-ray diffractometry, and TopScan 3D. The bone response was evaluated by biomechanical tests, histology, and histomorphometry. RESULTS: After a follow-up period of 6 weeks, test Ca implants showed a significant increase in mean peak removal torque (P = .0001) and in the histomorphometric measurement of bone-to-metal contact around the implants (P = .028) in comparison to controls. In addition, more mature mineralized bone was observed adjacent to test Ca implants compared to controls, as evaluated on 10-microm undecalcified, toluidine blue-stained, cut, and ground sections. DISCUSSION: The potential role of surface Ca chemistry to a superior bone response is discussed with specific reference to interaction with Ca(+)-binding proteins and function as binding sites of calcium phosphate mineral. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that the surface chemical composition of titanium implants is of great importance for the bone response. Ca ion-deposited titanium implants showed fast and strong osseointegration in the rabbit bone model.
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34.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Qualitative and quantitative observations of bone tissue reactions to anodised implants.
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Biomaterials. - 0142-9612. ; 23:8, s. 1809-17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Research projects focusing on biomaterials related factors; the bulk implant material, the macro-design of the implant and the microsurface roughness are routinely being conducted at our laboratories. In this study, we have investigated the bone tissue reactions to turned commercially pure (c.p.) titanium implants with various thicknesses of the oxide films after 6 weeks of insertion in rabbit bone. The control c.p. titanium implants had an oxide thickness of 17-200 nm while the test implants revealed an oxide thickness between 600 and 1000 nm. Routine histological investigations of the tissue reactions around the implants and enzyme histochemical detections of alkaline and acid phosphatase activities demonstrated similar findings around both the control and test implants. In general, the histomorphometrical parameters (bone to implant contact and newly formed bone) revealed significant quantitative differences between the control and test implants. The test implants demonstrated a greater bone response histomorphometrically than control implants and the osteoconductivity was more pronounced around the test implant surfaces. The parameters that differed between the implant surfaces, i.e. the oxide thickness, the pore size distribution, the porosity and the crystallinity of the surface oxides may represent factors that have an influence on the histomorphometrical results indicated by a stronger bone tissue response to the test implant surfaces, with an oxide thickness of more than 600 nm.
  •  
35.
  •  
36.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Resonance frequency and removal torque analysis of implants with turned and anodized surface oxides.
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Clin Oral Implants Res. - 0905-7161. ; 13:3, s. 252-9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present experimental study was designed to address two issues. The first was to investigate whether oxide properties of titanium implants influenced bone tissue responses after an in vivo implantation time of six weeks. If such a result was found, the second aim was to investigate which oxide properties are involved in such bone tissue responses. Screw-shaped implants with a wide range of oxide properties were prepared by electrochemical oxidation methods, where the oxide thickness varied in the range of 200 nm to 1000 nm. The surface morphology was prepared in two substantially different ways, i.e. barrier and porous oxide film structures. The micropore structure revealed pore sizes of 8 microm in diameter, with a range in opening area from 1.27 microm 2 to 2.1 microm 2. Porosity ranged from 12.7% to 24.4%. The crystal structures of the titanium oxide were amorphous, anatase and a mixture of anatase and rutile type. The chemical compositions consisted mainly of TiO2. Surface roughness ranged from 0.96 microm to 1.03 microm (Sa). Each group of test samples showed its own, defined status with respect to these various parameters. The oxide properties of turned commercially pure titanium implants were used in the control group, which was characterized by an oxide thickness of 17.4 +/- 6.2 nm, amorphous type in crystallinity, TiO2 in chemical composition, and a surface roughness of 0.83 microm (Sa). Bone tissue responses were evaluated by resonance frequency measurements and removal torque tests that were undertaken six weeks after implant insertion in rabbit tibia. Implants that had an oxide thickness of approximately 600, 800 and 1000 nm demonstrated significantly stronger bone responses in the evaluation of removal torque values than did implants that had an oxide thickness of approximately 17 and 200 nm (P < 0.05). However, there were no difference between implants with oxide thicknesses of 17 and 200 nm (P = 0.99). It was concluded that oxide properties of titanium implants, which include oxide thickness, micropore configurations and crystal structures, greatly influence the bone tissue response in the evaluation of removal torque values. However, it is not fully understood whether these oxide properties influence the bone tissue response separately or synergistically.
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37.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Resonance frequency measurements in vivo and related surface properties of magnesium-incorporated, micropatterned and magnesium-incorporated TiUnite, Osseotite, SLA and TiOblast implants.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Clinical Oral implants Research. - 1600-0501. ; 20:10, s. 1146-55
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: To investigate implant stability using resonance frequency measurements of topographically changed and/or surface chemistry-modified implants in rabbit bone. Material and methods: Six groups of microstructured, screw-shaped titanium implants: two oxidized, cation-incorporated experimental implants [Mg implants and MgMp implants with micropatterned thread flanges (80–150 μm wide and 60–70 μm deep)] and four commercially available clinical implants (TiUnite®, Osseotite®, SLA®, and TiOblast®) were installed in 10 rabbit tibia for 6 weeks. The surface properties of the implants were characterized in detail using several analytical techniques. Implant stability was measured using a resonance frequency analyzer (Osstell™). Results: Surface characterization of the implants revealed microstructured, moderately rough implant surfaces varying 0.7–1.4 μm in Sa (mean height deviation), but with clear differences in surface chemistry. After 6 weeks, all implants showed statistically significantly higher increases in implant stability. When compared with one another, MgMp implants showed the most significant mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) value relative to the others (P≤0.016). In terms of increment (ΔISQ) in implant stability, MgMp implants showed a significantly greater value as compared with Osseotite® (P≤0.005), TiOblast® (P≤0.005), TiUnite® (P≤0.005), SLA® (P≤0.007), and Mg implants (P≤0.012). In addition, transducer direction dependence of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measurements was observed such that the differences in the mean ISQ values between longitudinal and perpendicular measurements were significant at implant placement (P≤0.004) and after 6 weeks (P≤0). Conclusion: The present study found that implant surface properties influence RFA measurements of implant stability. Surface chemistry-modified titanium implants showed higher mean ISQ values than did topographically changed implants. In particular, cation (magnesium)-incorporated micropatterns in MgMp implants may play a primary role in ΔISQ.
  •  
38.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Surface characteristics of electrochemically oxidized implants and acid-etched implants: surface chemistry, morphology, pore configurations, oxide thickness, crystal structure, and roughness.
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. - 0882-2786 .- 1942-4434. ; 23:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to investigate surface properties of surface-modified titanium implants in terms of surface chemistry, morphology, pore characteristics, oxide thickness, crystal structure, and roughness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An oxidized, custom-made Mg implant, an oxidized commercially available implant (TiUnite), and a dual acid-etched surface (Osseotite) were investigated. Surface characteristics were evaluated with various surface analytic techniques. RESULTS: Surface chemistry showed similar fingerprints of titanium oxide and carbon contaminant in common for all implants but also revealed essential differences of the elements such as about 9 at% Mg for the Mg implant, about 11 at% P for the TiUnite implant and about 12 at% Na for the Osseotite implant. Surface morphology of the Mg and TiUnite implants demonstrated a duplex oxide structure, ie, an inner barrier layer without pores and an outer porous layer with numerous pores, whereas the Osseotite implant revealed a crystallographically etched appearance with pits. The diameter and depth of pores/pits was < or = 2 microm and < or = 1.5 microm in the Mg implant, < or = 4 microm and < or = 10 microm in the TiUnite implant, and < or = 2 microm and < or = 1 microm in the Osseotite implant, respectively. Oxide layer revealed homogeneous thickness, about 3.4 microm of all threads in the Mg implants. On the contrary, TiUnite showed heterogeneous oxide thickness, about 1 to 11 microm, which gradually increased with thread numbers. Crystal structure showed a mixture of anatase and rutile phase for the Mg implants. With respect to roughness, Sa showed 0.69 microm in the Mg implant, 1.35 microm in the TiUnite implant, and 0.72 microm in the Osseotite implant. CONCLUSIONS: Well-defined surface characterization may provide a scientific basis for a better understanding of the effects of the implant surface on the biological response. The surface-engineered implants resulted in various surface characteristics, as a result of different manufacturing techniques.
  •  
39.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • The bone response of oxidized bioactive and non-bioactive titanium implants.
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Biomaterials. - Guildford, Surrey : Elsevier BV. - 0142-9612 .- 1878-5905. ; 26:33, s. 6720-30
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A number of experimental and clinical data on so-called oxidized implants have reported promising outcomes. However, little is investigated on the role of the surface oxide properties and osseointegration mechanism of the oxidized implant. Sul [On the Bone Response to Oxidized Titanium Implants: The role of microporous structure and chemical composition of the surface oxide in enhanced osseointegration (thesis). Göteborg: Department of Biomaterials/Handicap Research, University of Göteborg, Sweden; 2002; Biomaterials 2003; 24: 3893-3907] recently proposed two action mechanisms of osseointegration of oxidized implants, i.e. mechanical interlocking through bone growth in pores/other surface irregularities (1) and biochemical bonding (2). The aim of the present study is two-fold: (i) investigating the role of the implant surface chemistry on bone responses; (ii) investigating the validity of the biochemical bonding theory of the oxidized, bioactive bone implants with specific implant surface chemistry. Two groups of oxidized implants were prepared using micro arc oxidation process and were then inserted in rabbit bone. One group consisted of magnesium ion incorporated implants (MgTiO implant), the other consisted of TiO2 stoichiometry implants (TiO implant). Surface oxide properties of the implants were characterized with various surface analytic techniques. After 6 weeks of follow up, the mean peak values of removal torque of Mg implants dominated significantly over TiO implants (p < or = 0.0001). Bonding failure generally occurred in the bone away from the bone to implant interface for the MgTiO implant and mainly occurred at the bone to implant interface for the TiO implant that consisted mainly of TiO2 chemistry and significantly rougher surface as compared to the MgTiO implant. Between bone and the Mg- incorporated implant surface, ionic movements and ion concentrations gradient were detected. The current in vivo experimental data may provide positive evidence for the surface chemistry-mediated biochemical bonding theory of oxidized bioactive implants. However, the present study does not rule out potential synergy effects of the oxide thickness, micro-porous structure, crystal structure and surface roughness on improvements of bone responses to oxidized bioactive implants.
  •  
40.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • The electrochemical oxide growth behaviour on titanium in acid and alkaline electrolytes.
  • 2001
  • Ingår i: Medical Engineering & Physics. - 1350-4533. ; 23:5, s. 329-46
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Titanium implants have a thin oxide surface layer. The properties of this oxide layer may explain the good biocompatibility of titanium implants. Anodic oxidation results in a thickening of the oxide film, with possible improved biocompatability of anodized implants. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) firstly, to characterize the growth behaviour of galvanostatically prepared anodic oxide films on commercially pure (c.p.) titanium and (2) secondly, to establish a better understanding of the electroche0mical growth behaviour of anodic oxide on commercially pure titanium (ASTM grade 1) after changes of the electrochemical parameters in acetic acid, phosphoric acid, calcium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide under galvanostatic anodizing mode. The oxide thickness was measured by Ar sputter etching in Auger Electron spectroscopy (AES) and the colours were estimated by an L*a*b* system (lightness, hue and saturation) using a spectrophotometer. In the first part of our study, it was demonstrated that the interference colours were useful to identify the thickness of titanium oxide. It was also found that the anodic forming voltages with slope (dV/dt) in acid electrolytes were higher than in alkaline electrolytes. Each of the used electrolytes demonstrates an intrinsically specific growth constant (nm/V) in the range of 1.4--2.78 nm/V. In the second part of our study we found, as a general trend, that an increase of electrolyte concentration and electrolyte temperature respectively decreases the anodic forming voltage, the anodic forming rate (nm/s) and the current efficiency (nm.cm(2)/C), while an increase of the current density and the surface area ratio of the anode to cathode increase the anodic forming voltage, the anodic forming rate and the current efficiency. The effects of electrolyte concentration, electrolyte temperature, and agitation speed were explained on the basis of the model of the electrical double layer.
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41.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • The osseointegration properties of titanium implants with hydroxyapatite submicron-scale features in the rabbit tibia.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry. - : Quintessence Publishing. - 1945-3388 .- 0198-7569. ; 34:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objective of this study was to biomechanically and histologically assess the stability and integration of titanium implants that include hydroxyapatite based submicron-scale features. Thirty-four 3.4 mm × 6.5 mm implants, equally split between test (grit blasted, etched, and submicron scale deposition) and control (grit blasted and etched) groups, were placed in the tibiae of New Zealand White rabbits. At 3-weeks follow-up, the group with the submicron deposition showed significantly improved bone response compared with the control group. The test group required higher removal torque values, with its post-torque histology demonstrating both enhanced bone formation and an intact interface indicative of a robust bone-to-implant bond.
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42.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • The role of surface chemistry and surface topography of osseointegrated titanium implant: strength and rate of osseointegration.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. - : Wiley. - 1549-3296 .- 1552-4965. ; 89A:4, s. 942-950
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present study investigated the effects of surface chemistry and topography on the strength and rate of osseointegration of titanium implants in bone. Three groups of implants were compared: (1) machine-turned implants (turned implants), (2) machine-turned and aluminum oxide-blasted implants (blasted implants), and (3) implants that were machine-turned, aluminum oxide-blasted, and processed with the micro-arc oxidation method (Mg implants). Three and six weeks after implant insertion in rabbit tibiae, the implant osseointegration strength and rate were evaluated. Surface chemistry revealed characteristic differences of nine at.% Mg for Mg implants and 11 at.% Al for blasted implants. In terms of surface roughness, there was no difference between Mg implants and blasted implants in developed surface ratio (Sdr; p = 0.69) or summit density (Sds; p = 0.96), but Mg implants had a significantly lower arithmetic average height deviation (Sa) value than blasted implants (p = 0.007). At both 3 and 6 weeks, Mg implants demonstrated significantly higher osseointegration strength compared with turned (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001) and blasted (p = 0.0001, p = 0.035) implants, whereas blasted implants showed significantly higher osseointegration than turned implants at 6 weeks (p = 0.02) but not at 3 weeks (p = 0.199). The present results not only support the hypothesis that biochemical bonding facilitates rapid and strong integration of implants in bone, but also provide evidence for biochemical bonding theory previously proposed by Sul. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
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43.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960 (författare)
  • The significance of the surface properties of oxidized titanium to the bone response: special emphasis on potential biochemical bonding of oxidized titanium implant.
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Biomaterials. - 0142-9612. ; 24:22, s. 3893-907
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of the present study is to investigate bone tissue reactions to various surface oxide properties, in particular to different surface oxide chemistry of oxidized titanium implants (grade 1). One control and three test screw-shaped implant groups were prepared. Controls were turned implants. Test implants, i.e. S implants, P implants and Ca implants were by the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) method. The surface characterizations were performed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and TopScan 3D. Eighty implants were inserted in the femora and tibiae of ten mature New Zealand white rabbits for 6 weeks. The removal torque values (RTQ) showed significant differences between S implants and controls (p=0.022), Ca implants and controls (p=0.0001), Ca implants and P implants (p=0.005) but did not show significant differences between the others (p>0.05). In addition, the bone to metal contact (BMC) around the entire implants demonstrated 186% increase in S implants, 232% increase in P implants and 272% increase in Ca implants when compared to the paired control groups. Based on the comparative analysis of the surface characteristics resulting different bone responses between all groups, it was concluded that surface chemistry and topography separately or together play important roles in the bone response to the oxidized implants.
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44.
  •  
45.
  • Sul, Young-Taeg, 1960, et al. (författare)
  • Which surface properties enhance bone response to implants? Comparison of oxidized magnesium, TiUnite, and Osseotite implant surfaces.
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: The International journal of prosthodontics. - Lombard, Ill. : Quintessence Pub. Co.. - 0893-2174 .- 1139-9791. ; 19:4, s. 319-28
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: This study compared the speed and strength of osseointegration and osteoconductivity between an oxidized experimental magnesium (Mg) implant, an oxidized commercially available TiUnite implant, and a dual acid-etched surface Osseotite implant. The aim was to investigate which surface properties enhance bone response to implants, and thereby to test a biochemical bonding theory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 screw implants (20 of each design) were inserted through 1 cortex into the tibiae of 10 rabbits. Surface chemistry, oxide thickness, morphology, crystal structure, and surface roughness were evaluated. After healing times of 3 and 6 weeks, all bone implants were unscrewed with removal torque (RTQ) devices, and the bone specimens were subjected to histomorphometry. RESULTS: RTQ values for Mg, TiUnite, and Osseotite implants were 27.1, 21.3, and 15.4 Ncm, with new bone formation values of 29%, 18%, and 15%, respectively, at 3 weeks. At 6 weeks the RTQ values were 37.5, 36.4, and 21.5 Ncm, with new bone formation values of 39%, 31%, and 26%, respectively. Discussion: Mg implants demonstrated significantly greater RTQ values (P = .008 and P = .0001) and more new bone formation (P = .031 and P = .030) than Osseotite at 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. Mg implants also showed higher RTQ values at 3 weeks and new bone formation at 6 weeks than TiUnite, but neither were significant (P > .05). TiUnite showed significantly higher RTQ values than Osseotite at 6 weeks (P = .001), but was not significant at 3 weeks (P > .05). Osseointegration rate (deltaRTQ/deltaweeks) was significantly faster for Mg (P = .011) and TiUnite (P = .001) implants between 3 and 6 weeks of healing time, but was not significant for Osseotite. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that surface chemistry facilitated more rapid and stronger osseointegration of the Mg implants despite their minimal roughness compared to the moderately roughened TiUnite. This suggests potential advantages of Mg implants for reducing high implant failure rates in the early postimplantation stage and in compromised bone, making it possible to shorten bone healing time from surgery to functional loading, and enhancing the possibility of immediate/early loading.
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46.
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