| 1. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative comparison of the distribution of densities in three Swedish cities
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings ISUF 2017 XXIV international conference: City and territory in the globalization age. - : UNIV POLITECNICA VALENCIA. ; , s. 1327-1336
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typologies play a role in urban studies since a long time, but definitions are often rather abstract, ill-defined and at worst end in fixed stereotypes hiding underlying spatial complexity. Traditional typologies are focussing on separate elements, which allow for understanding crucial differences of one spatial feature in greater detail, but lack the capacity to capture the interrelation between elements. Further, they often focus on one scale level and therefore lack to acknowledge for interscalarity. Recent publications define morphological typologies based on quantitative variables, building on the seminal book ´Urban Space and Structures´ by Martin and March, published in 1972, but using more advanced spatial analysis and statistics. These approaches contribute to the discussion of types in two ways: firstly, they define types in a precise and repeatable manner allowing for city-scale comparisons; secondly, they acknowledge cross-scale dynamics important for e.g. living qualities and economic processes where not only the local conditions are important, but also the qualities in proximity. This paper focuses on the comparison of building types in three Swedish cities, using the multi-variable and multi-scalar density definition. A statistical clustering method is used to classify cases according to their measured similarity across the scales. The results show that working with types is a fruitful way to reveal the individual identity of these types, compare cities and highlight some differences in the way the three cities are structured.
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| 2. |
- Berghauser Pont, Meta, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The spatial distribution and frequency of street, plot and building types across five European cities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning B-Urban Analytics and City Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 46:7, s. 1226-1242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typologies have always played an important role in urban planning and design practice and formal studies have been central to the field of urban morphology. These studies have predominantly been of a historical-qualitative nature and do not support quantitative comparisons between urban areas and between different cities, nor offer the precise and comprehensive descriptions needed by those engaged in urban planning and design practice. To describe contemporary urban forms, which are more diffuse and often elude previous historic typologies, systematic quantitative methods can be useful but, until recently, these have played a limited role in typo-morphological studies. This paper contributes to recent developments in this field by integrating multi-variable geometric descriptions with inter-scalar relational descriptions of urban form. It presents typologies for three key elements of urban form (streets, plots and buildings) in five European cities, produced using statistical clustering methods. In a first instance, the resulting typologies contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of streets, plots and buildings. In particular, the results offer insight into patterns between the types (i.e. which types are found in combination and which not) and provide a new large scale comparative analysis across five European cities. To conclude, a link between quantitative analysis and theory is established, by testing two well-known theoretical propositions in urban morphology: the concept of the burgage cycle and the theory of natural movement.
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| 3. |
- Stavroulaki, Ioanna, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Methodology and results of an international observational study on pedestrian movement tracking anonymised Wi-Fi signals from mobile phones
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents the methodology and results of an international observational study on pedestrian movement, using innovative high-end technology of tracking anonymised Wi-Fi signals from mobile phones. The pedestrian survey was conducted during three weeks in October 2017 in 60 neighbourhoods across three cities in Europe - London, Amsterdam, Stockholm. The survey was led by Chalmers University in cooperation with Bumbee Labs consultancy firm. More than 300 streets of different network centrality profiles were monitored, ranging from small alleys to high streets, in neighbourhoods which differed in density type,from suburban villa areas of low density to central high-density areas with primarily closed building blocks.The aim is to quantify the separate and combined effects of spatial form, particularly built density and street centrality, on pedestrian movement. The collected data record how many people passed each street per hour, but also their average speed and exact paths through the area; revealing both flow patterns and intensities, and the microstructure of individual paths. The paper, first, presents the methodology and technology of collecting and processing anonymised pedestrian data through mobile phone Wi-Fi tracking and the results of the study. Then, results are tested against spatial variables and types to discuss how movement is influenced by street centrality, density and other attractors. Finally, the paper discusses the possible utilisations of pedestrian data in urban analysis and design, not least in a time when big data become increasingly accessible and when the boost of pedestrian mobility in cities is a central planning objective.
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| 4. |
- Sun, Kailun, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Squares for co-presence : The influence of urban form on the intensity and diversity of people co-present in 12 squares in Gothenburg
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, SSS 2017. - : Instituto Superior Tecnico, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Georrecursos. - 9789729899447 ; , s. 115.1-115.20
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing residential segregation in cities gives public spaces a more important role in solidarity processes, bringing people together, supporting movement, co-presence and co-awareness. Local squares thus have the greatest significance providing an arena for social interplay as people become co-present. Earlier studies showed that high spatial integration plays an important role for the mix of locals and non-locals besides aspects relating to population density and land use. The purpose of this paper is to reach a better understanding whether also more local properties that characterize a square influence co-presence. Further, more squares are added to represent a broader spectrum of neighbourhoods which will help us understand whether network integration is important in all types of neighbourhoods. Thirdly, this study will help to inform whether earlier findings by Legeby in Stockholm, Södertälje and Gothenburg can be confirmed which allows us to generalize these findings. The amount of people co-present in squares and the share of non-local visitors are studied as two indicators (or aspects) of co-presence. The empirical data was collected through observation including snapshots and interviews. The number of people present in the public squares was noted and the interviews were used to measure the share of non-locals. The spatial analysis includes besides integration and betweenness, an analysis of density (both population and building density) and land uses accessible from the squares within various radii. Also, geometric characteristics such as size, shape and enclosure of the squares are included in the study. The result shows different patterns of co-presence in the 12 studied squares, especially if we distinguish squares in the most central area of Gothenburg with squares located at a longer distance from the city centre. Some findings confirm earlier findings and allow us to generalize the findings as other findings seem not to be relevant in all cities. Further, pure geometric properties of squares do not show strong correlations with co-presence. We can thus conclude that the local design intervention of squares cannot promote co-presence very well without the support of urban structure.
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