| 1. |
- Brosché, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Conceptualizing Civil War Complexity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Security Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-6412 .- 1556-1852. ; 32:1, s. 137-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Civil wars that appear to observers to be the most complex—even using a colloquial understanding of the concept—are also those that seem to register the most intense fighting, the most prolonged spells of war, and the most resistance to durable conflict resolution. But what does it really mean for a civil war to be complex? We currently lack a concept of “civil war complexity” that can help us better understand the most important variations in civil wars across time and space. To address this gap we develop a conceptualization of “civil war complexity” consisting of three dimensions—“actor complexity,” “behavior complexity,” and “issue complexity”—and demonstrate how they manifest empirically. We also highlight this conceptualization’s utility—and the danger of overlooking it—through the case of Darfur. This conceptualization paves the way for a new research agenda that explores how civil wars differ in terms of their complexity, the causes and consequences of civil war complexity, and how to refine conflict resolution techniques and strategies.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Brosché, Johan, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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What They Are Fighting For : Introducing the UCDP Conflict Issues Dataset
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Conflict Resolution. - : Sage Publications. - 0022-0027 .- 1552-8766.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although conflict issues – the stated goals of actors engaged in conflict – hold a privileged position in many theoretical explanations of the occurrence, dynamics, and resolution of civil war, global issue data are scarce beyond datasets that focus on specific thematic areas. This article aims to bring issues into the forefront of civil war scholarship by presenting the UCDP Conflict Issue Dataset (CID). This global yearly dataset contains 14 832 conflict issues – divided, at the most disaggregated level, into 120 sub-categories – raised by armed non-state groups involved in intrastate armed conflict in 1989-2017. By bringing issues back in, the UCDP CID provides opportunities to reevaluate several central questions about the onset, duration, intensity, and resolution of civil war.
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| 5. |
- Calissendorff, Love, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Dehumanization Amidst Massacres : An Examination of Dinka-Nuer Intergroup Attitudes in South Sudan
- 2019
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Ingår i: Peace and Conflict. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1078-1919 .- 1532-7949. ; 25:1, s. 37-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research on dehumanization has been conducted primarily in Western contexts, and outside ofperiods of ongoing and highly violent conflict. The present study, in contrast, examines grassroots-leveldehumanization between South Sudan’s two largest ethnic groups—Dinka and Nuer—during an episodeof extreme interethnic violence. Using a mixed-methods approach we study levels of dehumanization andhow these attitudes are related to and structured around ongoing and/or very recent extreme violence.Whereas the results demonstrated mechanistic dehumanization by the Dinka participants vis-a`-vis theNuer, no similar dehumanization was found among the Nuer: although there were clear signs ofintergroup bias. Our focus groups demonstrated that dehumanization attitudes in South Sudan are to agreat degree structured around recent event of mass violence. In fact, practically all dehumanizingattitudes were related to these recent events and not to events previous, or to historicized stereotypes. Thecore contribution of this article is threefold. First, we deepen understanding of dehumanization byexamining a non-Western case with ongoing, highly violent, conflict. Second, we further knowledgeabout the psychological effects of events of mass violence. Third, we provide new insights to the situationin South Sudan by our analysis of intergroup perceptions.
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| 6. |
- Deglow, Annekatrin, et al.
(författare)
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Local Conflict Intensity and Public Perceptions of the Police : Evidence from Afghanistan
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Politics. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0022-3816 .- 1468-2508. ; 83:4, s. 1337-1352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What are the effects of internal armed conflict on public perceptions of the police? We explore this research question in the context of Afghanistan and argue that local conflict intensity will have a negative impact on how individuals evaluate the police as a key state institution, as it affects both how effective and how just police conduct is at the local level. We evaluate this proposition by employing a multilevel modeling approach that analyzes the effect of local conflict intensity on perceptions of the police among 31,720 Afghans across a sample of 360 districts (2007-12). Results indicate that the higher the local conflict intensity, the less likely individuals are to perceive the police as being effective in fighting crime, procedurally just, and trustworthy. Our study contributes to both the political science literature on the institutional consequences of violent conflicts and the literature on state-building and institutional legitimacy.
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| 7. |
- Deglow, Annekatrin, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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To Blame or to Support? : Large-scale Insurgent Attacks on Civilians and Public Trust in State Institutions
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Studies Quarterly. - : Oxford University Press. - 0020-8833 .- 1468-2478. ; 65:2, s. 435-447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While there is a substantial body of literature on the consequences of terror attacks on public attitudes toward state institutions in Western democracies, little is known about the impact that such events have in the context of armed conflict. We address this gap by exploring the attitudinal effects of a 2012 Taliban attack on civilians in Kabul City, Afghanistan. We test two competing hypotheses: the “rally-effect” hypothesis according to which individuals increase their trust in incumbent institutions in the aftermath of violent attacks and the “accountability” hypothesis according to which individuals punish state institutions for their inability to provide security by withdrawing trust. Leveraging a quasi-experiment that compares individuals interviewed before the attack to individuals interviewed thereafter, we find that the attack—in line with the rally-effect hypothesis—increased trust in several state institutions among residents of Kabul City.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Gustavsson, Gina, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Intolerance in the Name of Liberalism : Opposition to Muslim Headscarves in Sweden and the Netherlands
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, August 30, 2014 Washington DC, USA.. - Rochester, NY : Social Science Research Network.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Opposition to Muslim headscarves remains high in otherwise typically tolerant countries, like Sweden and the Netherlands. One suggested explanation is a mounting concern among liberal Europeans that Muslims threaten liberal values. Yet, the nature of these threatened values remains obscure. Empirical research on anti-Muslim attitudes in general, and their relation to liberal values in particular is limited.What understanding of liberalism characterizes those who oppose Muslim veiling? By studying attitudes towards the veil in a Swedish and a Dutch sample, we test a number of hypotheses informed by political theory, and the burgeoning field of immigration studies, which have rarely been used in political psychology. We include measures of different conceptions of liberalism and value orientations and resistance to Muslim veils.Our analyses suggest that post-materialism values are too crude measures for parsing out intolerance against the Muslim veil in a liberal sample. Positive attitudes to veiling are best predicted by a Reformation Liberalism, a commitment to a diversity-oriented understanding of liberalism. Both Enlightenment Liberalism (emphasizing autonomy) and Romantic Liberalism (stressing authenticity and individuality), on the other hand, seem to induce more negative attitudes towards the headscarf, yet providing mixed results in the two studies. Possible explanations for these mixed results are discussed.
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| 12. |
- Gustavsson, Gina, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Opposing the Veil in the Name of Liberalism : Popular Attitudes to Liberalism and Muslim Veiling in the Netherlands
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ethnic and Racial Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0141-9870 .- 1466-4356. ; 39:10, s. 1719-1737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Is popular antagonism towards Muslim veils in Europe rooted in an exclusionary ‘enlightenment liberalism’? By examining different conceptions of liberalism and readings of veiling in a Dutch survey from 2014, we present the first study that investigates this question empirically. We thus bring together two hitherto largely unconnected literatures. The first is the work on immigration and ethnicity, which has shown the centrality of enlightenment liberalism in anti-Muslim media and policy discourses. The second is the literature on anti-Muslim attitudes in public opinion, which explains support for veil bans as the result of perceiving veils as threatening the respondent's own, supposedly liberal, values – but has failed to distinguish between different conceptions of liberalism and thus reached inconclusive results. This, we show, can be remedied by distinguishing between ‘enlightenment liberals’, who hold negative attitudes, and ‘reformation liberals’, who hold positive attitudes towards Muslim veils.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Hedenström, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of lignin and polysaccharide modifications in Populus wood by chemometric analysis of 2D NMR spectra from dissolved cell walls
- 2009
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Ingår i: Molecular Plant. - : Elsevier BV. - 1674-2052 .- 1752-9867. ; 2:5, s. 933-942
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 2D (13)C-(1)H HSQC NMR spectroscopy of acetylated cell walls in solution gives a detailed fingerprint that can be used to assess the chemical composition of the complete wall without extensive degradation. We demonstrate how multivariate analysis of such spectra can be used to visualize cell wall changes between sample types as high-resolution 2D NMR loading spectra. Changes in composition and structure for both lignin and polysaccharides can subsequently be interpreted on a molecular level. The multivariate approach alleviates problems associated with peak picking of overlapping peaks, and it allows the deduction of the relative importance of each peak for sample discrimination. As a first proof of concept, we compare Populus tension wood to normal wood. All well established differences in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compositions between these wood types were readily detected, confirming the reliability of the multivariate approach. In a second example, wood from transgenic Populus modified in their degree of pectin methylesterification was compared to that of wild-type trees. We show that differences in both lignin and polysaccharide composition that are difficult to detect with traditional spectral analysis and that could not be a priori predicted were revealed by the multivariate approach. 2D NMR of dissolved cell wall samples combined with multivariate analysis constitutes a novel approach in cell wall analysis and provides a new tool that will benefit cell wall research.
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| 15. |
- Hicks, Madelyn Hsiao-Rei, et al.
(författare)
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Global Comparison of Warring Groups in 2002-2007 : Fatalities from Targeting Civilians vs. Fighting Battles
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:9, s. e23976-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Warring groups that compete to dominate a civilian population confront contending behavioral options: target civilians or battle the enemy. We aimed to describe degrees to which combatant groups concentrated lethal behavior into intentionally targeting civilians as opposed to engaging in battle with opponents in contemporary armed conflict. Methodology/Principal Findings: We identified all 226 formally organized state and non-state groups (i.e. actors) that engaged in lethal armed conflict during 2002-2007: 43 state and 183 non-state. We summed civilians killed by an actor's intentional targeting with civilians and combatants killed in battles in which the actor was involved for total fatalities associated with each actor, indicating overall scale of armed conflict. We used a Civilian Targeting Index (CTI), defined as the proportion of total fatalities caused by intentional targeting of civilians, to measure the concentration of lethal behavior into civilian targeting. We report actor-specific findings and four significant trends: 1.) 61% of all 226 actors (95% CI 55% to 67%) refrained from targeting civilians. 2.) Logistic regression showed actors were more likely to have targeted civilians if conflict duration was three or more years rather than one year. 3.) In the 88 actors that targeted civilians, multiple regressions showed an inverse correlation between CTI values and the total number of fatalities. Conflict duration of three or more years was associated with lower CTI values than conflict duration of one year. 4.) When conflict scale and duration were accounted for, state and non-state actors did not differ. We describe civilian targeting by actors in prolonged conflict. We discuss comparable patterns found in nature and interdisciplinary research. Conclusions/Significance: Most warring groups in 2002-2007 did not target civilians. Warring groups that targeted civilians in small-scale, brief conflict concentrated more lethal behavior into targeting civilians, and less into battles, than groups in larger-scale, longer conflict.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Höglund, Kristine, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Reconciliation through sports? The case of South Africa
- 2008
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Ingår i: Third World Quarterly. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0143-6597 .- 1360-2241. ; 29:4, s. 805-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Can sports - and if so how - serve as a vehicle for reconciliation and increased social cohesion in countries wrecked by civil conflict? This article analyses the case of South Africa and its experiences in the sports sector since the fall of apartheid, in an effort to explore the processes necessary to understand the potential sports may hold for peace building. By identifying initiatives in South Africa employed at the national, community and individual level of analysis, the article outlines the possible effects of sports on reconciliation in divided states. Through linking experiences from state policies, ngo activities and donor projects with social identity and reconciliation theory, the article outlines the possible positive and negative aspects of sports. Finally, important avenues for further research to uncover how to turn sports into effective political tools for post-conflict peace building are suggested.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Jarstad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Peace by Pact : The Theory and Data of Peace Agreement Implementation
- 2006
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Ingår i: Paper prepared for the 2006 Conference on Globalization and Peacebuilding, arranged by the Swedish Network of Peace, Conflict and Development Research, Uppsala, 6–8 November 2006.
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Is the implementation of peace agreement a severe obstacle for peace? Conventional wisdom holds that the failure to implement peace agreement is an important explanation to the recurrence of war. Much scholarly work has been devoted to how the design of peace agreements can pave the way for peace, stability and democracy. In this regard, power sharing is seen as a viable solution to end civil war. However, the implementation of such power sharing pacts has only to a limited extent been the focus of systematic analysis. This paper presents new data, namely the IMPACT dataset, to remedy this empirical deficit within the literature on post-civil conflict settlements. The IMPACT dataset contains data on internal armed conflict settlement provisions in 83 peace agreements struck in the period of 1989-2004. It includes the most important components of a peace agreement, with regard to the contested incompatibilities, namely political, military and territorial pacts. Furthermore, it includes measurements of to what degree such pacts were implemented following the signing of a peace agreement. This paper will outline the definitions and data collection for the new dataset. It also begins to formulate the causal mechanisms involved in the relationship between implementation of peace agreements and peace. Some theoretical claims on the implementation of settlement provisions are tested.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Nilsson, Marcus, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Bakom Somalias kulisser
- 2012
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Islamistgerillan al-Shabaab lämnade i dagarna sitt sista starka fäste, hamnstaden Kismayo. Innebär detta en seger för regeringen, och hur ser förutsättningarna ut för fred i Somalia? Marcus Nilsson och Ralph Sundberg analyserar det politiska dagsläget på Afrikas horn.
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| 23. |
- Norén, G. Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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A statistical methodology for drug–drug interaction surveillance
- 2008
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 27:16, s. 3057-3070
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interaction between drug substances may yield excessive risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) when two drugs are taken in combination. Collections of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) related to suspected ADR incidents in clinical practice have proven to be very useful in post-marketing surveillance for pairwise drug–ADR associations, but have yet to reach their full potential for drug–drug interaction surveillance. In this paper, we implement and evaluate a shrinkage observed-to-expected ratio for exploratory analysis of suspected drug–drug interaction in ICSR data, based on comparison with an additive risk model. We argue that the limited success of previously proposed methods for drug–drug interaction detection based on ICSR data may be due to an underlying assumption that the absence of interaction is equivalent to having multiplicative risk factors. We provide empirical examples of established drug–drug interaction highlighted with our proposed approach that go undetected with logistic regression. A database wide screen for suspected drug–drug interaction in the entire WHO database is carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. As always in the analysis of ICSRs, the clinical validity of hypotheses raised with the proposed method must be further reviewed and evaluated by subject matter experts.
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| 24. |
- Norén, G. Niklas, 1977-
(författare)
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Statistical methods for knowledge discovery in adverse drug reaction surveillance
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Collections of individual case safety reports are the main resource for early discovery of unknown adverse reactions to drugs once they have been introduced to the general public. The data sets involved are complex and based on voluntary submission of reports, but contain pieces of very important information. The aim of this thesis is to propose computationally feasible statistical methods for large-scale knowledge discovery in these data sets. The main contributions are a duplicate detection method that can reliably identify pairs of unexpectedly similar reports and a new measure for highlighting suspected drug-drug interaction. Specifically, we extend the hit-miss model for database record matching with a hit-miss mixture model for scoring numerical record fields and a new method to compensate for strong record field correlations. The extended hit-miss model is implemented for the WHO database and demonstrated to be useful in real world duplicate detection, despite the noisy and incomplete information on individual case safety reports. The Information Component measure of disproportionality has been in routine use since 1998 to screen the WHO database for excessive adverse drug reaction reporting rates. Here, it is further refined. We introduce improved credibility intervals for rare events, post-stratification adjustment for suspected confounders and an extension to higher order associations that allows for simple but robust screening for potential risk factors. A new approach to identifying reporting patterns indicative of drug-drug interaction is also proposed. Finally, we describe how imprecision estimates specific to each prediction of a Bayes classifier may be obtained with the Bayesian bootstrap. Such case-based imprecision estimates allow for better prediction when different types of errors have different associated loss, with a possible application in combining quantitative and clinical filters to highlight drug-ADR pairs for clinical review.
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| 25. |
- Ruffa, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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Breaking the Frame : Frame Disputes of War and Peace
- 2018
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Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869. ; 61:3, s. 317-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frames guide the way in which organizations and individuals interpret their surrounding contexts and shape avenues for thought, action, and behavior. This paper tests the individual-level effects of experiencing frame disputes': the state of holding individual-level frames that are at odds with dominant organizational frames. We hypothesize that on the individual level a frame dispute will be associated with negative effects on outcomes important for an organization's functioning. The hypothesis is tested using a survey of a battalion of Italian soldiers. Our results demonstrate that, on average, soldiers who experienced frame disputes in that they perceived their mission differently from the dominant organizational frame displayed significantly lower levels of perceived cohesion, performance, and legitimacy. Frame disputes are likely to be widespread phenomena among organizations and social movements, and understanding their effects has theoretical, empirical, and policy relevance beyond the military case under study.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Sundberg, Ralph
(författare)
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A Veteran At Last
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Swedish Presence in Afghanistan: Security and Defence Transformation. - : Routledge.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 28. |
- Sundberg, Ralph, 1981-
(författare)
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Change and stability in attitudes toward violence during ISAF service
- 2017
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 29:5, s. 370-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Swedish contingent to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF; N = approx. 320) was studied before and after deployment to Afghanistan to assess if the mission and experiences on it affected attitudes toward violence. Attitudes toward war violence and penal violence were assessed across t = 1 and t = 2, as were the effects of combat exposure on change and stability in attitudes. It was hypothesized that the attitudes would remain stable across the deployment due to their importance to the soldierly identity, but that experiences of combat exposure would cause an increase in the propensity toward change. Results demonstrate that attitudes did not change between the pre- and postdeployment stages. Unexpectedly, increasing levels of combat exposure did not predict higher rates of change, but rather increased stability in attitudes toward violence. The results demonstrate that in terms of the willingness to use force, peacekeeping deployments do not have detrimental effects on soldiers. The study tracked the attitudes toward violence of approximately 300 Swedish soldiers deployed to northern Afghanistan as part of ISAF, conducting surveys before and after deployment. Results demonstrated that, overall, very few soldiers changed their attitudes toward war or violence in the penal system as a result of the deployment: irrespective of the levels of combat they were exposed to. The results show that, contrary to what is often believed, military deployments do not necessarily harden the attitudes of soldiers.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Sundberg, Ralph, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - London : Sage Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 50:4, s. 523-532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset (UCDP GED). The UCDP GED is an event dataset that disaggregates three types of organized violence (state-based conflict, non-state conflict, and one-sided violence) both spatially and temporally. Each event – defined as an instance of organized violence with at least one fatality – comes with date, geographical location, and identifiers that allow the dataset to be linked to and merged with other UCDP datasets. The first version of the dataset covers events of fatal violence on the African continent between 1989 and 2010. This article, firstly, introduces the rationale for the new dataset, and explains the basic coding procedures as well as the quality controls. Secondly, we discuss some of the data’s potential weaknesses in representing the universe of organized violence, as well as some potential biases induced by the operationalizations. Thirdly, we provide an example of how the data can be used, by illustrating the association between cities and organized violence, taking population density into account. The UCDP GED is a useful resource for conflict analyses below the state and country-year levels, and can provide us with new insights into the geographical determinants and temporal sequencing of warfare and violence.
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| 31. |
- Sundberg, Ralph, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing the UCDP Non-State Conflict Dataset
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 49:2, s. 351-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article extends the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) by presenting new global data on non-state conflict, or armed conflict between two groups, neither of which is the state. The dataset includes conflicts between rebel groups and other organized militias, and thus serves as a complement to existing datasets on armed conflict which have either ignored this kind of violence or aggregated it into civil war. The dataset also includes cases of fighting between supporters of different political parties as well as cases of communal conflict, that is, conflict between two social groups, usually identified along ethnic or religious lines. This thus extends UCDP’s conflict data collection to facilitate the study of topics like rebel fractionalization, paramilitary involvement in conflict violence, and communal or ethnic conflict. In the article, we present a background to the data collection and provide descriptive statistics for the period 1989–2008 and then illustrate how the data can be used with the case of Somalia. These data move beyond state-centric conceptions of collective violence to facilitate research into the causes and consequences of group violence which occurs without state participation.
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| 32. |
- Sundberg, Ralph, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Measurements for the institutional cohesion dimension of the standard model of military group cohesion
- 2021
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Ingår i: Military Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876. ; 33:2, s. 92-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Notwithstanding the prominence of the so-called Standard Model of Military Group Cohesion (SMMGC), important parts of the model are understudied: both conceptually and empirically. In this article we, first, synthesize previous research to conceptualize and measure the overlooked institutional cohesion dimension. Second, we test the validity of the proposed full four-dimensional SMMGC model using a survey of an Italian Alpini battalion, and more rigorous methods than in previous research. Results are supportive of our proposed measurements and the validity of the four-dimensional model. We thus make a methodological and an empirical contribution to further the ongoing debate on military cohesion.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Sundberg, Ralph, 1981-
(författare)
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UN Peacekeeping and Forced Displacement in South Sudan
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Peacekeeping. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1353-3312 .- 1743-906X. ; 27:2, s. 210-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does UN peacekeeping reduce the number of people forcibly displaced by violence? While previous research has found that the presence and size of peacekeeping deployments can reduce violence, little is known about how peacekeepers affect other aspects of civilian protection. Using original data on sub-national events of forced displacement and the location and size of UN troop deployments this study systematically evaluates the criticized efforts of UNMISS in South Sudan, while simultaneously testing hypotheses on peacekeepers and forced displacement. It is hypothesized that increasing numbers of troops affect the flight equation among civilians through the promise of and actual deterrence of violence. These deterrence-based hypotheses are also discussed in relation to the South Sudan context, creating scope conditions for their possible application in this case. The statistical analysis provides, however, no robust evidence for peacekeepers reducing the occurrence or levels of forced displacement, and only weak evidence of displaced congregating in larger numbers around peacekeeping locations. The paper ends by arguing that the theoretical argument provided may still be valid, but that an effect was not feasible to identify in South Sudan where the peacekeeping mission ? despite its comparatively large numbers ? lacks credible deterrent capacity.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Sundberg, Ralph
(författare)
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Value Stability and Change in an ISAF Contingent
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of personality. - : Wiley. - 0022-3506 .- 1467-6494. ; 84:1, s. 91-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studying an International Security Assistance Force contingent on tour in Afghanistan, the aim of the present study was to test assertions of the relative stability of personal values in a challenging environment. Three hundred twenty Swedish soldiers answered questionnaires on their values before and after a 6-month tour of Afghanistan. Value change and stability were studied via mean-level change, rank-order stability, and individual-level change methods. Regression analysis was used to study the impact of combat exposure and personality traits on change. The analysis concluded that even when experiencing such a different social context as a military mission to Afghanistan, the soldiers' values remained stable. Some minor changes occurred, in a pattern similar to a regression toward the mean. It was also shown that combat exposureto a minor extentpredicted changes in values, whereas Big Five scores yielded stronger effects. The present findings suggest that the assertion of the stability of values is a well-founded proposition, even after radical changes in environment. However, the findings on the effects of combat exposure point to the possibility of severe life events having the power to exert change in values. Personality traits were, however, more important factors in the present context.
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| 45. |
- Sundberg, Ralph, 1981-
(författare)
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Values and Attitudes across Peace Operations : Change and Stability in the Political Psychology of Swedish ISAF Soldiers
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Participation in Peace Support Operations (PSOs) is one of the most common military duties assigned to present-day Western soldiers. Previous research concerned with the psychological effects of these missions on the individual soldier has focused on issues of mental health and how to ensure military effectiveness. This study takes a different perspective, and examines how PSOs affect the political psychology of the peace soldier, asking: how and to what extent do the sociopolitical psychological orientations of the individual soldier change as a consequence of peace support operations?The study combines theory from clinical, social, and personality psychology to construct a framework for understanding how and why the values and the attitudes toward violence of the soldier may be affected by PSO deployments. It is argued that although combat exposure may cause changes in attitudes and values, these variables will overall remain stable across the deployment. Stability is predicted to be the norm due to the importance of certain attitudes and values to the soldierly identity, and owing to the good person-environment fit that the deployment provides for the soldiers. It is also argued that the individual’s personality traits will predict levels of change and stability. Empirically, two Swedish contingents deployed to northern Afghanistan under the auspices of NATO’s ISAF mission are analyzed. Change and stability are examined by combining statistical analyses of surveys with in-depth interviews carried out at both the pre- and post-deployment stages.As hypothesized, the study finds that both values and attitudes exhibit high levels of stability across the mission. Contrary to expectations the soldiers’ experiences of combat exposure had little to no effect on attitudes and values. Combat exposure was, however, limited during the deployments studied. Finally, the individual’s personality traits are identified as being relatively potent factors for inducing change and stability. By demonstrating that low-exposure PSOs have only minor effects on the sociopolitical psychological orientations of soldiers, the study advances knowledge of the political psychology of the peace soldier and provides additional contributions to the fields of value and personality psychology. Among other things, the study demonstrates the stability of values in a very challenging environment, and how personality traits affect change and stability in values.
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| 46. |
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