| 1. |
- Clark, M. S., et al.
(författare)
-
Deciphering mollusc shell production: the roles of genetic mechanisms through to ecology, aquaculture and biomimetics
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Biological Reviews. - : Wiley. - 1464-7931 .- 1469-185X. ; 95:6, s. 1812-37
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most molluscs possess shells, constructed from a vast array of microstructures and architectures. The fully formed shell is composed of calcite or aragonite. These CaCO(3)crystals form complex biocomposites with proteins, which although typically less than 5% of total shell mass, play significant roles in determining shell microstructure. Despite much research effort, large knowledge gaps remain in how molluscs construct and maintain their shells, and how they produce such a great diversity of forms. Here we synthesize results on how shell shape, microstructure, composition and organic content vary among, and within, species in response to numerous biotic and abiotic factors. At the local level, temperature, food supply and predation cues significantly affect shell morphology, whilst salinity has a much stronger influence across latitudes. Moreover, we emphasize how advances in genomic technologies [e.g. restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) and epigenetics] allow detailed examinations of whether morphological changes result from phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation, or a combination of these. RAD-Seq has already identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with temperature and aquaculture practices, whilst epigenetic processes have been shown significantly to modify shell construction to local conditions in, for example, Antarctica and New Zealand. We also synthesize results on the costs of shell construction and explore how these affect energetic trade-offs in animal metabolism. The cellular costs are still debated, with CaCO(3)precipitation estimates ranging from 1-2 J/mg to 17-55 J/mg depending on experimental and environmental conditions. However, organic components are more expensive (similar to 29 J/mg) and recent data indicate transmembrane calcium ion transporters can involve considerable costs. This review emphasizes the role that molecular analyses have played in demonstrating multiple evolutionary origins of biomineralization genes. Although these are characterized by lineage-specific proteins and unique combinations of co-opted genes, a small set of protein domains have been identified as a conserved biomineralization tool box. We further highlight the use of sequence data sets in providing candidate genes forin situlocalization and protein function studies. The former has elucidated gene expression modularity in mantle tissue, improving understanding of the diversity of shell morphology synthesis. RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats - CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) experiments have provided proof of concept for use in the functional investigation of mollusc gene sequences, showing for example that Pif (aragonite-binding) protein plays a significant role in structured nacre crystal growth and that theLsdia1gene sets shell chirality inLymnaea stagnalis. Much research has focused on the impacts of ocean acidification on molluscs. Initial studies were predominantly pessimistic for future molluscan biodiversity. However, more sophisticated experiments incorporating selective breeding and multiple generations are identifying subtle effects and that variability within mollusc genomes has potential for adaption to future conditions. Furthermore, we highlight recent historical studies based on museum collections that demonstrate a greater resilience of molluscs to climate change compared with experimental data. The future of mollusc research lies not solely with ecological investigations into biodiversity, and this review synthesizes knowledge across disciplines to understand biomineralization. It spans research ranging from evolution and development, through predictions of biodiversity prospects and future-proofing of aquaculture to identifying new biomimetic opportunities and societal benefits from recycling shell products.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Hakkarainen, K M, et al.
(författare)
-
Prevalence, nature and potential preventability of adverse drug events - A population-based medical record study of 4970 adults
- 2014
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0306-5251 .- 1365-2125. ; 78:1, s. 170-183
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To estimate the 3-month prevalence of adverse drug events (ADEs), categories of ADEs, and preventable ADEs, and the preventability of ADEs among adults in Sweden. Further, to identify drug classes and organ systems associated with ADEs and estimate their seriousness.METHODS: A random sample of 5025 adults in Swedish county council in 2008 was drawn from the Total Population Register. All their medical records in 29 inpatient care departments in three hospitals, 110 specialised outpatient clinics, and 51 primary care units were reviewed retrospectively in a stepwise manner, and complemented with register data on dispensed drugs. ADEs, including adverse drug reactions (ADRs), sub-therapeutic effects of drug therapy (STEs), drug dependence and abuse, drug intoxications from overdose, and morbidities due to drug-related untreated indication, were detected during a 3-month study period, and assessed for preventability.RESULTS: Among included 4970 individuals, the prevalence of ADEs was 12.0% (95% confidence interval 11.1-12.9%), and preventable ADEs 5.6% (5.0-6.2%). ADRs (6.9%; 6.2-7.6%) and STEs (6.4%; 5.8-7.1%) were more prevalent than the other ADEs. Of the ADEs, 38.8% (35.8-41.9%) was preventable, varying by ADE category and seriousness. ADEs were frequently associated with nervous system and cardiovascular drugs, but the associated drugs and affected organs varied by ADE category.CONCLUSIONS: The considerable burden of ADEs and preventable ADEs from commonly used drugs across care settings warrants large-scale efforts to redesign safer, higher quality healthcare systems. The heterogeneous nature of the ADE categories should be considered in research and clinical practice for preventing, detecting and mitigating ADEs.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
- Khedidja, Hedna, et al.
(författare)
-
Adherence to Antihypertensive Therapy and Elevated Blood Pressure: Should We Consider the Use of Multiple Medications?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Although a majority of patients with hypertension require a multidrug therapy, this is rarely considered when measuring adherence from refill data. Moreover, investigating the association between refill non-adherence to antihypertensive therapy (AHT) and elevated blood pressure (BP) has been advocated. Identify factors associated with non-adherence to AHT, considering the multidrug therapy, and investigate the association between non-adherence to AHT and elevated BP. A retrospective cohort study including patients with hypertension, identified from a random sample of 5025 Swedish adults. Two measures of adherence were estimated by the proportion of days covered method (PDC >= 80%): (1) Adherence to any antihypertensive medication and, (2) adherence to the full AHT regimen. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors (age, sex, education, income), clinical factors (user profile, number of antihypertensive medications, healthcare use, cardiovascular comorbidities) and non-adherence. Moreover, the association between non-adherence (long-term and a month prior to BP measurement) and elevated BP was investigated. Non-adherence to any antihypertensive medication was higher among persons < 65 years (Odds Ratio, OR 2.75 [95% CI, 1.18-6.43]) and with the lowest income (OR 2.05 [95% CI, 1.01-4.16]). Non-adherence to the full AHT regimen was higher among new users (OR 2.04 [95% CI, 1.32-3.15]), persons using specialized healthcare (OR 1.63, [95% CI, 1.14-2.32]), and having multiple antihypertensive medications (OR 1.85 [95% CI, 1.25-2.75] and OR 5.22 [95% CI, 3.48-7.83], for 2 and >= 3 antihypertensive medications, respectively). Non-adherence to any antihypertensive medication a month prior to healthcare visit was associated with elevated BP. Sociodemographic factors were associated with non-adherence to any antihypertensive medication while clinical factors with non-adherence to the full AHT regimen. These differing findings support considering the use of multiple antihypertensive medications when measuring refill adherence. Monitoring patients' refill adherence prior to healthcare visit may facilitate interpreting elevated BP.
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
- Sikora, M., et al.
(författare)
-
The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 570:7760
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Northeastern Siberia has been inhabited by humans for more than 40,000 years but its deep population history remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia through analyses of 34 newly recovered ancient genomes that date to between 31,000 and 600 years ago. We document complex population dynamics during this period, including at least three major migration events: an initial peopling by a previously unknown Palaeolithic population of 'Ancient North Siberians' who are distantly related to early West Eurasian hunter-gatherers; the arrival of East Asian-related peoples, which gave rise to 'Ancient Palaeo-Siberians' who are closely related to contemporary communities from far-northeastern Siberia (such as the Koryaks), as well as Native Americans; and a Holocene migration of other East Asian-related peoples, who we name 'Neo-Siberians', and from whom many contemporary Siberians are descended. Each of these population expansions largely replaced the earlier inhabitants, and ultimately generated the mosaic genetic make-up of contemporary peoples who inhabit a vast area across northern Eurasia and the Americas.
|
|
| 14. |
- Sillanpaa, J. K., et al.
(författare)
-
Calcium mobilisation following shell damage in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Marine Genomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1874-7787. ; 27, s. 75-83
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shell growth of oysters requires calcium uptake from the environment and transport to the area of shell formation. A shell regeneration assay in combination with radiolabelled calcium was used to investigate uptake and distribution of calcium to different tissues and hemolymph fractions in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Bivalvia, Ostreoida). Oysters were notched at the shell margin and subsequently sampled for hemolymph and grading of shell regeneration during a two week experimental period. Half of the oysters were additionally exposed to Ca-45 and sampled for hemolymph and tissues. Total plasma calcium concentrations increased in notched oysters compared to controls on 1, 2 and 7 days after notching. A decrease in plasma calcium levels was apparent on day 4, for both total and ionic calcium. The shell regeneration assay in the notched oysters resulted in a visible deposition of CaCO3 onto the regenerate from day 7 onwards. This was coinciding with an increased uptake of total calcium on days 11 and 14 as well as free, i.e. ionic and ligand-bound calcium, on day 14. At day 1, notching also increased calcium uptake into the mantle tissues, in areas above the notch and near the hinge. During the experiment, both the total hemocyte count and the number of granulocytes increased in notched compared to control oysters. The present study suggests that induced shell damage results in a dynamic regulation of the calcium uptake from the environment and the distribution of calcium within the body, starting directly after notching. Increases in both total calcium concentrations and uptake rates coincided with the visible depositions of CaCO3 on the regenerate shell. C. gigas was found to transport calcium mainly in the ionic form in the hemolymph, with only minor parts being bound to proteins or smaller ligands. Hemolymph measurement also revealed that C. gigas is able to regulate the extracellular concentrations of calcium and potassium. The changes in plasma calcium concentrations and speciation, concomitant with increases in granulocytes indicate that multiple calcium transport processes are activated after induced shell damage.
|
|
| 15. |
- Sundell, K., et al.
(författare)
-
Multisystemisk terapi för ungdomar med allvarliga beteendeproblem : Resultat efter sex månader
- 2006
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Multisystemisk terapi (MST) är en strukturerad familje- och närmiljöbaserad öppenvårdsbehandling. Insatserna riktar sig mot de viktigaste systemen som en ung människa finns i – familjen, skolan och kamratkretsen—och man arbetar med alla dessa system samtidigt. I den här rapporten beskrivs hur MST fungerar jämfört med mer traditionella insatser inom socialtjänsten. Undersökningsgruppen består av 156 ungdomar i åldrarna 12-17 år med allvarlig beteendestörning, som fördelats till MST eller traditionell behandling. Resultaten efter sex månader visar inga större skillnader mellan grupperna. Eftersom n’ästan hälften av MST-insatserna fortfarande pågick vid uppföljningstillfället, kan inga säkra slutsatser dras om hur MST fungerar jämfört med de insatser som brukar ges till dessa ungdomar i Sverige. En rekommendation till kommuner som ännu inte startat MST-team är därför att invänta 24-månadersresultaten. Samtidigt finns det ingen anledning för dem som redan inrättat team att avveckla verksamheten, eftersom MST fungerat lika bra som alternativen. Den nu pågående tvåårsuppföljningen kommer at ge ett säkrare svar på frågan om hur MST fungerar i Sverige.
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
- Abrahamsson, Jonas, 1954, et al.
(författare)
-
Cholesteryl sulphate and phosphate in the solid state and in aqueous systems.
- 1977
-
Ingår i: Chemistry and physics of lipids. - 0009-3084. ; 19:3, s. 213-22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cholesteryl sodium sulphate (CS) crystallizes as the dihydrate, the crystal structure of which is known. On heating the dihydrate, solid state phase transitions are observed at 65 degrees C and 95 degrees C and melting occurs at 165 degrees C. The structure of the high temperature phase has not been determined. Cholesteryl dihydrogen phosphate (CP) is not isostructural with any phases of CS. It undergoes a phase transition at 50 degrees C and melts at 190 degrees C. In systems with water CS is unstable whereas it was possible to determine the phase diagram of CP. In most of the composition range a crystalline hydrate is in equilibrium with a gel-phase. The latter has remarkable properties in that lamellar order exists with the 46 A lipid bilayer interleaved with water layers up to 1000 A. The monofilm behaviour of CS and CP at different pH levels is also reported.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Andersson Sundell, Karolina, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Beliefs about medicines are strongly associated with medicine-use patterns among the general population
- 2016
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical Practice. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1368-5031 .- 1742-1241. ; 70:3, s. 277-285
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimsTo investigate self-reported beliefs and perceived sensitivity to medicines and their effects in relation to self-reported use of medicines and herbal remedies. MethodsA survey sent to 13,931 randomly selected Swedish adults included the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-General (BMQ-General) Questionnaire and the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines Scale (PSM). The survey also asked about individuals' use of prescribed and over-the-counter (OTC) medicines and herbal remedies in the past month. We examined all associations between scores on the BMQ-General subscales and PSM in relation to the use of medicines and herbal remedies, using analysis of covariance adjusted for potential confounders. ResultsAmong 7099 respondents, those using herbal remedies exclusively believed strongly that prescription and OTC medicines are harmful and overprescribed. Respondents using prescription and OTC medicines reported more positive beliefs [coefficient 0.67 (95% CI 0.47-0.87) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.51-0.90)] on the benefits of medicines compared with those using herbal remedies [-0.18 (95% CI -0.57-0.20)]. Perceived sensitivity to medicines was higher among those using herbal remedies only [1.25 (95% CI 0.46-2.03)] compared with those using no medicines (reference 0) or prescription [-0.44 (95% CI -0.84 to -0.05)] or OTC [-0.27 (95% CI -0.66-0.12)] medicines alone. ConclusionRespondents using prescription and/or OTC medicines reported stronger positive beliefs about the benefits of medicines in general, supporting the hypothesis that beliefs influence medicine use. Therefore, addressing beliefs and concerns about medicines during patient counselling may influence medicine use, particularly regarding unintentional non-adherence.
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Benktander, John, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of Size and Geographical Origin on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Mucin O-Glycan Repertoire
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. - 1535-9476. ; 18:6, s. 1183-1196
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diseases cause ethical concerns and economic losses in the Salmonid industry. The mucus layer comprised of highly O-glycosylated mucins is the first contact between pathogens and fish. Mucin glycans govern pathogen adhesion, growth and virulence. The Atlantic salmon O-glycome from a single location has been characterized and the interindividual variation was low. Because interindividual variation is considered a population-based defense, hindering the entire population from being wiped out by a single infection, low interindividual variation among Atlantic salmon may be a concern. Here, we analyzed the O-glycome of 25 Atlantic salmon from six cohorts grown under various conditions from Sweden, Norway and Australia (Tasmania) using mass spectrometry. This expanded the known Atlantic salmon O-glycome by 60% to 169 identified structures. The mucin O-glycosylation was relatively stable over time within a geographical region, but the size of the fish affected skin mucin glycosylation. The skin mucin glycan repertoires from Swedish and Norwegian Atlantic salmon populations were closely related compared with Tasmanian ones, regardless of size and salinity, with differences in glycan size and composition. The internal mucin glycan repertoire also clustered based on geographical origin and into pyloric cecal and distal intestinal groups, regardless of cohort and fish size. Fucosylated structures were more abundant in Tasmanian pyloric caeca and distal intestine mucins compared with Swedish ones. Overall, Tasmanian Atlantic salmon mucins have more O-glycan structures in skin but less in the gastrointestinal tract compared with Swedish fish. Low interindividual variation was confirmed within each cohort. The results can serve as a library for identifying structures of importance for host-pathogen interactions, understanding population differences of salmon mucin glycosylation in resistance to diseases and during breeding and selection of strains. The results could make it possible to predict potential vulnerabilities to diseases and suggest that inter-region breeding may increase the glycan diversity.
|
|
| 24. |
- Benktander, John, et al.
(författare)
-
Gill Mucus and Gill Mucin O-glycosylation in Healthy and Amebic Gill Disease-Affected Atlantic Salmon.
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Microorganisms. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2607. ; 8:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amoebic gill disease (AGD) causes poor performance and death in salmonids. Mucins are mainly comprised by carbohydrates and are main components of the mucus covering the gill. Since glycans regulate pathogen binding and growth, glycosylation changes may affect susceptibility to primary and secondary infections. We investigated gill mucin O-glycosylation from Atlantic salmon with and without AGD using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gill mucin glycans were larger and more complex, diverse and fucosylated than skin mucins. Confocal microscopy revealed that fucosylated mucus coated sialylated mucus strands in ex vivo gill mucus. Terminal HexNAcs were more abundant among O-glycans from AGD-affected Atlantic salmon, whereas core 1 structures and structures with acidic moieties such as N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and sulfate groups were less abundant compared to non-infected fish. The fucosylated and NeuAc-containing O-glycans were inversely proportional, with infected fish on the lower scale of NeuAc abundance and high on fucosylated structures. The fucosylated epitopes were of three types: Fuc-HexNAc-R, Gal-[Fuc-]HexNAc-R and HexNAc-[Fuc-]HexNAc-R. These blood group-like structures could be an avenue to diversify the glycan repertoire to limit infection in the exposed gills. Furthermore, care must be taken when using skin mucus as proxy for gill mucus, as gill mucins are distinctly different from skin mucins.
|
|
| 25. |
- Benktander, John, et al.
(författare)
-
Stress impairs skin barrier function and induces α2-3 linked n-acetylneuraminic acid and core 1 o-glycans on skin mucins in atlantic salmon, salmo salar
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 22:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The skin barrier consists of mucus, primarily comprising highly glycosylated mucins, and the epithelium. Host mucin glycosylation governs interactions with pathogens and stress is associated with impaired epithelial barrier function. We characterized Atlantic salmon skin barrier function during chronic stress (high density) and mucin O-glycosylation changes in response to acute and chronic stress. Fish held at low (LD: 14–30 kg/m3) and high densities (HD: 50-80 kg/m3) were subjected to acute stress 24 h before sampling at 17 and 21 weeks after start of the experiment. Blood parameters indicated primary and secondary stress responses at both sampling points. At the second sampling, skin barrier function towards molecules was reduced in the HD compared to the LD group (Papp mannitol; p < 0.01). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed 81 O-glycan structures from the skin. Fish subjected to both chronic and acute stress had an increased proportion of large O-glycan structures. Overall, four of the O-glycan changes have potential as indicators of stress, especially for the combined chronic and acute stress. Stress thus impairs skin barrier function and induces glycosylation changes, which have potential to both affect interactions with pathogens and serve as stress indicators.
|
|
| 26. |
- Berge, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Role of parenting styles in adolescent substance use: results from a Swedish longitudinal cohort study.
- 2016
-
Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 6:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adolescent substance use is an area of concern because early substance use is associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes. Parenting style, defined as the general style of parenting, as well as substance-specific parenting practices may influence children's substance use behaviour. The present study aims to probe the impact of parenting style on adolescent substance use.
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
- Bertilson, B, et al.
(författare)
-
Inter-examiner reliability in the assessment of low back pain (LBP) using the Kirkaldy-Willis classification (KWC)
- 2006
-
Ingår i: European spine journal. - 0940-6719 .- 1432-0932. ; 15:11, s. 1695-1703
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reliable classification systems and clinical tests are sought for the care of patients with low back pain (LBP). The objectives of this clinical study were to evaluate inter-examiner reliability in the classification of patients with LBP, the influence of radiological findings on the classification and the reliability of some clinical tests. Two examiners independently assessed 50 outpatients with LBP. Inter-examiner reliability in classification of patients with LBP using Kirkkaldy-Willis classification (KWC) system and in 30 clinical tests was calculated as percentage agreement and kappa coefficients (?). Inter-examiner reliability was excellent (?>0.8) for classification according to KWC. Radiological findings did not influence the reliability. Age of the patient, movement range, and pain and neurological signs seemed to guide the decision on classification. The reliability of clinical tests was good (?>0.6) in 6 tests and moderate (?>0.4) in 12 tests. Good inter-examiner reliability was found for the SLR test, movement range and sensibility testing with spurs in dermatome areas. We conclude that the KWC for classifying patients with LBP seems to be a reliable classification system depending on a few key observations and that moderate and good inter-examiner reliability can be achieved in several clinical tests in the assessment of LBP.
|
|
| 29. |
- Bexell, U., et al.
(författare)
-
A ToF-SIMS study of linseed oil bonded to mercapto silane treated aluminium
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 231-2, s. 362-365
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ToF-SIMS has been used to analyse an aluminium surface treated with a vegetable oil using a mercapto silane as a coupling agent between the aluminium substrate and the vegetable oil. The coupling between the vegetable oil and the mercapto silane was obtained through a photoinduced thiol-ene reaction using UV-radiation. The ToF-SIMS results show that the desired thiolene reaction has taken place between the unsaturated parts of the vegetable oil and the thiol groups of the mercapto silane via the thiol-ene reaction forming a surface film.
|
|
| 30. |
- Bexell, U., et al.
(författare)
-
A tribological study of a novel pre-treatment with linseed oil bonded to mercaptosilane treated aluminium
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 166:03-feb, s. 141-152
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In sheet metal forming processes, lubricants are necessary in order to prevent galling, i.e. material transfer from the sheet metal to the tool surface and to control friction. Today, dry lubricants are increasingly being used for solving this problem. Among these, multifunctional coatings, often referred to as permanent coatings, normally based on organic resins, are lubricants which have the potential to increase the formability without additional lubrication, give corrosion protection, fingerprint and scratch resistance during handling and transport and finally, serve as a pre-treatment before painting. With increasing concern about the environment and human health it is important to develop new environmentally friendly pre-treatments in the surface engineering of metal substrates. This is mainly due to the toxic and carcinogenic properties of the chromium based surface pre-treatments frequently used in the industry. During the last decade, simple solution-dip silane based pre-treatments have emerged as promising candidates for the replacement of currently used pre-treatments of metals. A silane film can give good corrosion protection properties but is often too thin to prevent galling under a forming operation. A renewed interest for using vegetable oils in surface engineering has appeared lately due to several factors. Vegetable oils are renewable resources, modem technology can produce more well defined and pure oils, and the fatty acid content can be altered with modern crops development techniques. With the proper choice of silane pre-treatment of a metal surface, a vegetable oil can be coupled to the surface and give the desired lubrication properties. In this paper, aluminium sheets have been pre-treated with a mercapto silane after which a vegetable oil has been attached. The coupling between the silane and the oil was obtained through a photoinduced thiol-ene reaction using UV-radiation. The influence of different process parameters on the friction and wear behaviour was evaluated using modified scratch testing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and contact angle measurements were used to characterise the as-deposited surface films and their tribological behaviour, i.e. failure mechanisms. The results obtained show that the unsaturated vegetable oil has reacted with the thiol groups via the thiol-ene reaction forming a surface film. Also, the results show that the thickness of the films is of importance for the tribological characteristics, i.e. a too thin layer (less than 25 A in the present work) results in high friction and severe adhesive wear. However, a thicker layer with enhanced load carrying capacity can be produced with a proper heat treatment of the deposited vegetable oil. Finally, the results show that thick (more than 200 Angstrom in the present work) silane films are sensitive to brittle fracture when exposed to a sliding contact.
|
|
| 31. |
- Bexell, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
-
Bonding of vegetable oils to mercapto silane treated metal surfaces : Surface engineering on the nano scale
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 515:2, s. 838-841
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper the bonding of thin vegetable oil films on mercapto silane treated aluminium surfaces has been studied. The silane molecules are attached to the surface by metal-oxygen-silicon bonds. The coupling between the unsaturated bonds of the vegetable oil and the thiol functionalised surface was obtained through a photoinduced thiol-ene reaction. The surfaces were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Vegetable oil contains both saturated and unsaturated carbon chains. For the reactions investigated in this study it is the unsaturated carbon chains that can react by a thiol-ene reaction and the results indicate that it is possible to attach a vegetable oil to a metal surface pre-treated with a thiol functionalised silane.
|
|
| 32. |
- Bjerkeli, Pernilla J., et al.
(författare)
-
Refill Adherence in Relation to Substitution and the Use of Multiple Medications: A Nationwide Population Based Study on New ACE-Inhibitor Users
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Generic substitution has contributed to economic savings but switching products may affect patient adherence, particularly among those using multiple medications. The aim was to analyse if use of multiple medications influenced the association between switching products and refill adherence to angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in Sweden. New users of ACE-inhibitors, starting between 1 July 2006 and 30 June 2007, were identified in the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Refill adherence was assessed using the continuous measure of medication acquisition (CMA) and analysed with linear regression and analysis of covariance. The study population included 42735 individuals whereof 51.2% were exposed to switching ACE-inhibitor and 39.6% used multiple medications. Refill adherence was higher among those exposed to switching products than those not, but did not vary depending on the use of multiple medications or among those not. Refill adherence varied with age, educational level, household income, country of birth, previous hospitalisation and previous cardiovascular diagnosis. The results indicate a positive association between refill adherence and switching products, mainly due to generic substitution, among new users of ACE-inhibitors in Sweden. This association was independent of use of multiple medications.
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
- Elofsson, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Stickelback sperm saved by ovarian fluid
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 0022-0949 .- 1477-9145. ; 209, s. 4230-4237
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sperm of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus display a prolonged motility in the presence of ovarian fluid. The ovarian fluid prolongs sperm motility in freshwater from approximately 1 min to several hours, a trait that possibly gives the stickleback its unusual ability to spawn in waters of all salinities. The aim of the study was to look for factor(s) within the ovarian fluid responsible for prolonging sperm motility as well as to investigate the possible biological importance of the ovarian fluid under natural conditions. To that end, we measured the ionic content (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ and K+) of the ovarian fluid and prepared ionic artificial ovarian fluids. We also prepared a mannitol solution with the same osmolality as the ovarian fluid in order to distinguish between the ionic and osmotic effect. We found that the ionic artificial fluids were equally effective as the natural ovarian fluid in prolonging sperm motility and survival over a range of concentrations, whereas the mannitol solution was far less effective. By insertion of natural ovarian fluid or ovarian fluid from which macromolecules had been removed by ultra filtration in nests it was found that macromolecules help by retaining ions. We also found that ovarian fluid in water, at concentrations as low as 0.75 and 1.56%, prolonged sperm motility and that the concentration of ions (Na+) present in the nest 15 min after spawning corresponded to at least 3% ovarian fluid. Previous fertilisation experiments have shown that it takes at least 15 min for stickleback sperm to fertilise all eggs in a batch. This indicates that the role of ovarian fluid in prolonging the sperm motility is biologically relevant and that the effect is exerted by the fluid's ionic content.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Fridell, F, et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of hyperoxygenation on the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to experimental challenge of IPN virus
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Aquaculture. - : Elsevier BV. - 0044-8486. ; 270:1-4, s. 23-35
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intensive salmon smolt production normally includes reduced water flow and hyperoxygenation (added oxygen) of remaining water. There is little information on how different water quality parameters influence the fish health and the susceptibility to infectious diseases. The current experiment was carried out to evaluate if the combination of hyperoxygenation and reduced water flow (hyperoxic) can act as a chronic stressor to salmon in freshwater (FW) in such a way that it increases the susceptibility to IPN virus (IPNV) following seawater transfer. In FW, after 22 days of hyperoxic exposure plasma ion, TBARS and cortisol were measured. The cortisol levels were significantly (p = 0.011) higher in the hyperoxic group compared to controls maintained under normal oxygen saturation and water flow (normoxic), indicating chronic stress. Hyperoxygenation in FW caused decreased plasma [Cl−] compared to the normoxic group (p = 0.037), while [K+] tended to be higher in the hyperoxic group (p = 0.088). No significant differences were observed in plasma [Na+], total osmolality, TBARS or hematocrit, but there was a tendency towards a lower hct in the hyperoxic compared to the normoxic group. In SW the mortality was higher in the hyperoxic group challenged with IPNV (34%) compared to the normoxic group challenged with IPNV (20%) (p = 0.02), and no mortality was observed in the PBS injected fish. The challenged fish showed an overall increase in plasma cortisol day 8, 10, 12 and 14 post-challenge (p = 0.015, p = 0.000, p = 0.046 and p = 0.022 respectively). After SW transfer and challenge, plasma [K+] was elevated in both challenged groups, but no consistent trends were found for plasma [Cl−], [Na+] or total osmolality during the SW phase. There were no significant differences in the gene expression level of IFN 1α, Mx and IL 1β prior to challenge, suggesting that the basic expression level of these genes were not affected by hyperoxygenation. IPNV was detected in kidney and pylorus, by immunohistochemistry, cell culture, and RT-PCR in head kidney. This experiment indicates that chronic stress induced by a combination of low water flow and hyperoxygenation increases the susceptibility to IPNV challenge.
|
|
| 41. |
|
|
| 42. |
- Gadan, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Slow release cortisol implants result in impaired innate immune responses and higher infection prevalence following experimental challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Fish & shellfish immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-9947 .- 1050-4648. ; 32:5, s. 637-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress can affect the immune system and increase susceptibility to various diseases but knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is scarce. There is a complex interaction between the immune system and the endocrine system of vertebrates. In fish, cortisol is a key hormone regulating stress response and recent studies have also suggested that this hormone can affect the immune system, where cortisol is mainly regarded as an immunosuppressive factor. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of chronically elevated levels of cortisol on the immune response and susceptibility to experimental infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Further, the effect of IPNV challenge on circulating levels of cortisol was investigated. Atlantic salmon parr were implanted intraperitoneally with sustained-release implants of bovine of cortisol (50 μg cortisol g(-1) body weight in an implant based on vegetable lipids). Vehicle implants were used as control (sham-injected). At 45 days after implantation (DAI), fish were challenged with a low virulent isolate of IPNV (by immersion). Samples of plasma, liver and head kidney was taken from fish before and 24 h, 48 h, 7 days week and 21 days post infection (DPI). Cortisol level in plasma was measured using radioimmunoassay and gene expression in liver and head kidney was analyzed with real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Infection prevalence in infected fish was assessed by virus culture and RT-PCR of head kidney samples. Cortisol implantation compared with sham-implanted fish had increased levels of plasma cortisol at 45 DAI. The relative expression of Interferon alpha-1 (IFNα-1), Myxo virus-1 Mx, Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), Serum amyloid A (SAA), Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) tends to be down-regulated by cortisol implantation. There was a higher prevalence of fish with detectable levels of IPNV, as measured by cell culture and RT-PCR, in the cortisol-implanted group challenged with IPNV (0 = 0.0305) relative to the group that received a sham implantation. Further, cortisol seems to delay the induction of the antiviral IFNα-1 pathway and Mx mRNA expression. This study shows that elevated plasma cortisol level leads to an impaired innate immune response, and higher virus (IPNV) prevalence in Atlantic salmon parr.
|
|
| 43. |
- Gyllensten, Hanna, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost of illness of patient-reported adverse drug events: a population-based cross-sectional survey.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 3:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To estimate the cost of illness (COI) of individuals with self-reported adverse drug events (ADEs) from a societal perspective and to compare these estimates with the COI for individuals without ADE. Furthermore, to estimate the direct costs resulting from two ADE categories, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and subtherapeutic effects of medication therapy (STE).
|
|
| 44. |
- Gyllensten, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling drug-related morbidity in Sweden using an expert panel of pharmacists
- 2012
-
Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY. - : Springer Science and Business Media. - 2210-7703 .- 2210-7711. ; 34:4, s. 538-546
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Drug-related morbidity (DRM) is common and to some extent preventable, and associated with considerable costs in patients attending hospital. In outpatients and in the general public corresponding data are limited, but pharmacists expert opinion has suggested high rates of DRM also in US ambulatory care. It is unknown if the results are applicable in Sweden today. Objective To estimate the proportions of patients with DRM and preventable DRM and the cost-of-illness (COI) of DRM in Sweden based on pharmacists expert opinion. Setting Swedish healthcare. Method The study applied a conceptual model of DRM based on a decision tree. An expert panel of pharmacists determined the probabilities of therapeutic outcomes of medication therapy. The COI analysis included direct costs from the healthcare perspective. Sensitivity analyses were performed for variations in probabilities and pathway costs. Main outcome measure DRM included new medical problems (adverse drug reactions, drug dependence and intoxications) and therapeutic failures (insufficient effects of medicines and morbidity due to untreated indication). Results The expert panel estimated that 61 +/- A 14 % (mean +/- A SD) of all patients attending healthcare suffered from DRM, of which 29 +/- A 8 % suffered from new medical problems, 18 +/- A 6 % from therapeutic failures, and 15 +/- A 7 % from a combination of both. The DRM was considered preventable in 45 +/- A 15 % of the patients with DRM. The estimated COI was EUR 997 per patient attending healthcare, corresponding to an annual cost of EUR 6,600 million to the Swedish healthcare system. The COI ranged from EUR 490 to EUR 1,314 when varying the participants probabilities of DRM and clinical outcomes from the first to the third quartile. Of the pathway costs, the COI was most sensitive to variation in the cost of prolonged hospital stay (COI range EUR 953-1,306). Conclusion According to pharmacists expert opinion, a large proportion of patients in Sweden experience DRM and preventable DRM, and the estimated COI of DRM is extensive. Since observational studies have not addressed the burden of DRM to the general public, this study adds the pharmacists perception on DRM. Other healthcare professionals perceptions on DRM need to be investigated in future studies.
|
|
| 45. |
- Imai, Shinobu, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of pharmaceutical policies to stimulate use of generics in Japan and Sweden
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Health Policy and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-8837. ; 5:2, s. 189-195
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Among OECD countries, the proportion of total expenditure on health spent on pharmaceuticals is highest in Japan, 20%. In Sweden, the corresponding proportion is 13%. Swedish pharmaceutical expenditures increased dramatically in the 1990s and policy changes were introduced to curb this. Both countries have introduced policy changes to increase cost containment. This study aims to compare the pharmaceutical policies regarding generic medicines in Japan and Sweden. Methods: Information on pharmaceutical policies was collected. We compared pharmaceutical policies according to the 4E (Education, Engineering, Economics, and Enforcement) component framework developed to describe the differences in policies. Results and conclusions: In Sweden, there were several organizational and managerial interventions within the Engineering class. Japan had several positive incentives for health care actors in the Economics category. The Enforcement category had a stronger legal component in Sweden compared to Japan. The Swedish policies were mainly directed towards prescribing and dispensing whereas the Japanese addressed several stakeholders to promote use of generic drugs. The countries were similar with respect to the Education category. Within the Enforcement component the Swedish policies were legally enforced whereas the Japanese to large extent were recommendations. (C) 2016 Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 46. |
- Imai, Shinobu, et al.
(författare)
-
Impact of new efficacy information on sales of antihypertensive medicines in Japan and Sweden
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Health Policy and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-8837. ; 7:2, s. 194-199
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The generic substitution of medicines has been introduced in Europe since the 1990s to increase price competition and the use of cheaper equivalents. Patent expiry is assumed to be associated with changes in sales patterns, particularly when combined with generic substitution. Other changes have been observed when prescribers obtain new information on drug safety and efficacy of medicines. This article examines to what extent patent expiry and new medical information on efficacy influence the pharmaceutical sales patterns of antihypertensive medicines in Japan and Sweden. Methods: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II antagonists (ARBs) were selected, since they are widely used in both Japan and Sweden. The two analysed interventions were patent expiry and published information on lower efficacy for two ARBs. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average modelling with intervention was used to analyse changes in sales volumes. Results: Patent expiry was not associated with any significant changes in sales patterns. In Sweden, the sales rate of losartan increased following new information on lower efficacy for candesartan and telmisartan (0.77650 DDDs/1,000 inhabitants per day, p = 0.0068), whereas candesartan sales decreased (-0.50760 DDDs/1000 inhabitants per day, p = 0.0058). In Japan, the publication of new efficacy information was also associated with a significant decrease in candesartan (-1.21215 DDDs/1000 inhabitants per day, p = 0.001). Conclusions: We found sales patterns of antihypertensive medicines were to a large extent affected by information on efficacy rather than patent expiry. However, further assessment is needed for other medicine groups and settings. (248 words) (C) 2018 Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
|
|
| 47. |
- Jin, Chunsheng, et al.
(författare)
-
Atlantic Salmon Carries a Range of Novel O-Glycan Structures Differentially Localized on Skin and Intestinal Mucins
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Proteome Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1535-3893 .- 1535-3907. ; 14:8, s. 3239-3251
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aquaculture is a growing industry, increasing the need for understanding host-pathogen interactions in fish. The skin and mucosal surfaces, covered by a mucus layer composed of mucins, is the first point of contact between fish and pathogens. Highly O-glycosylated mucins have been shown to be an important part of the defense against pathogens, and pathogens bind to host surfaces using lectin-like adhesins. However, knowledge of piscine O-glycosylation is very limited. We characterized mucin O-glycosylation of five freshwater acclimated Atlantic salmon, using mass spectrometry. Of the 109 O-glycans found, most were sialylated and differed in distribution among skin, pyloric ceca, and proximal and distal intestine. Skin O-glycans were shorter (2-6 residues) and less diverse (33 structures) than intestinal O-glycans (2-13 residues, 93 structures). Skin mucins carried O-glycan cores 1, 2, 3, and 5 and three types of sialic acids (Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, and Kdn) and had sialyl-Tn as the predominant structure. Intestinal mucins carried only cores 1, 2, and 5, Neu5Ac was the only sialic acid present, and sialylated core S was the most dominant structure. This structural characterization can be used for identifying structures of putative importance in host-pathogen interactions for further testing in biological assays and disease intervention therapies.
|
|
| 48. |
|
|
| 49. |
- Johansson, BL, et al.
(författare)
-
C-peptide improves adenosine-induced myocardial vasodilation in type 1 diabetes patients
- 2004
-
Ingår i: American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. - : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1849 .- 1522-1555. ; 286:1, s. E14-E19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes show reduced skeletal muscle blood flow and coronary vasodilatory function despite intensive insulin therapy and good metabolic control. Administration of proinsulin C-peptide increases skeletal muscle blood flow in these patients, but a possible influence of C-peptide on myocardial vasodilatory function in type 1 diabetes has not been investigated. Ten otherwise healthy young male type 1 diabetic patients (Hb A1c 6.6%, range 5.7-7.9%) were studied on two consecutive days during normoinsulinemia and euglycemia in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, receiving intravenous infusion of C-peptide (5 pmol·kg-1·min-1) for 120 min on one day and saline infusion on the other day. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured at rest and during adenosine administration (140 μg·kg-1·min-1) both before and during the C-peptide or saline infusions by use of positron emission tomography and [15O]H2O administration. Basal MBF was not significantly different in the patients compared with an age-matched control group, but adenosine-induced myocardial vasodilation was 30% lower ( P < 0.05) in the patients. During C-peptide administration, adenosine-stimulated MBF increased on average 35% more than during saline infusion ( P < 0.02) and reached values similar to those for the healthy controls. Moreover, as evaluated from transthoracal echocardiographic measurements, C-peptide infusion resulted in significant increases in both left ventricular ejection fraction (+5%, P < 0.05) and stroke volume (+7%, P < 0.05). It is concluded that short-term C-peptide infusion in physiological amounts increases the hyperemic MBF and left-ventricular function in type 1 diabetic patients.
|
|
| 50. |
|
|
