| 1. |
- Bastviken, David, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Methane as a source of carbon and energy for lake pelagic food webs
- 2003
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Ingår i: Ecology. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 84:4, s. 969-981
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water-column methane oxidation can represent a substantial carbon transformation pathway in lakes, and circumstantial evidence indicates that methane may be a potentially important source of carbon for pelagic food webs. We estimated methanotrophic bacterial production (MBP), methanotrophic bacterial growth efficiency (MBGE), heterotrophic bacterial production (HBP), primary production (PP), and the relative contribution of methanotrophic bacteria to overall bacterial biomass in three very different lakes during summer and winter. In addition, we measured stable carbon isotope ratios in particulate organic matter (POM), surface sediments, zooplankton, and methane. MBP corresponded to 0.3-7% of the organic C production by primary producers, and 0.5-17% of HBP during summer. During winter, MBP was 3-120% of HBP. MBP generally dominated the heterotrophic bacterial production at greater depths. Methanotrophic biomass was 3-11% of total bacterial biomass on a depth-integrated basis. Zooplankton were generally more depleted in 13C than POM. If phytoplankton d13C signatures were -35 to -30ë, such as the POM signals, observed zooplankton signatures could be explained by a fraction of 5-15% methanotrophic bacteria in their diet. The results indicate that methanotrophic bacteria can provide a significant food source for zooplankton, and that methane oxidation represents a potentially important benthic-pelagic carbon and energy link in many lakes, particularly during winter.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bergdahl, Ingvar A., et al.
(författare)
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Mercury in serum predicts low risk of death and myocardial infarction in Gothenburg women.
- 2013
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Ingår i: International archives of occupational and environmental health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1246 .- 0340-0131. ; 86:1, s. 71-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Purpose Markers of mercury (Hg) exposure have shown both positive and negative associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We assessed the association between serum Hg (S–Hg) and risk of cardiovascular disease in a prospective population-based cohort, with attention to the roles of dental health and Wsh consumption. Methods Total mortality, as well as morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke, was followed up for 32 years in 1,391 women (initially age 38–60), in relation to S–Hg at baseline, using Cox regression models. Potential confounders (age, socioeconomic status, serum lipids, alcohol consumption, dental health, smoking, hypertension, waist-hip ratio, and diabetes) and other covariates (e.g., Wsh consumption) were also considered. Results Hazard ratios (HR) adjusted only for age showed strong inverse associations between baseline S–Hg and total mortality [highest quartile: hazard ratio (HR) 0.76; 95% conWdence interval (CI) 0.59–0.97], incident AMI (HR 0.56; CI 0.34–0.93), and fatal AMI (HR 0.31; CI 0.15–0.66). Adjustment for potential confounding factors, especially dental health, had a strong impact on the risk estimates, and after adjustment, only the reduced risk of fatal AMI remained statistically signiWcant. Conclusions There was a strong inverse association between Hg exposure and CVD. Likely, reasons are confounding with good dental health (also correlated with the number of amalgam Wllings in these age groups) and/or Wsh consumption. The results suggest potential eVects of dental health and/or Wsh consumption on CVD that deserve attention in preventive medicine.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Börjesson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Methane oxidation in landfill cover soils, as revealed by potential oxidation measurements and phospholipid fatty acid analyses
- 1998
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - 0038-0717. ; 30:10-11, s. 1423-1433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landfills account for ca. 10% of the annual global burden of atmospheric methane. Part of the efflux is mitigated by means of biological methane oxidation in the landfill covers. In this study, two types of landfill cover soils (mineral soil and sewage sludge) were compared with respect to methane emissions as well as potential methane oxidation capacity and the PLFA (phospholipid fatty acid) content of soil samples. Methane fluxes were lowest at a landfill site where wastes were covered with old sewage sludge. This site consumed atmospheric methane on most occasions. In incubated soil samples from the landfill cover composed of mineral soil, potential methane oxidation was most strongly correlated with the concentration of PLFA 18:1ω8, which is typical for type-II methanotrophic bacteria. In contrast, in samples from a landfill cover composed of fresh sewage sludge, methane oxidation was most strongly correlated with 16:1-PLFAs, indicating that type-I methanotrophs predominated, probably owing to nutritional conditions being more favourable in the sludge. The results also indicate that it takes a long time, i.e. several years, for methanotrophs to get well established in landfill cover soils.
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| 6. |
- Börjesson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Microbial oxidation of CH4 at high partial pressures in an organic landfill cover soil under different moisture regimes
- 1998
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Ecology. - 0168-6496. ; 26:3, s. 207-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The uptake and utilization of CH4 at high concentrations (5-18% vol.) and different soil moistures were followed for samples from a landfill cover soil with a high organic matter content. Measurements of the utilization of CH4 and O2, and production of CO2 indicated that the activity of methanotrophic organisms accounted for most of the O2 respiration. At water saturation, CH4 oxidation rates decreased with time, probably because NH4/+ accumulated. Denitrification rates, estimated based on both N2 and N2O production, were positively related to soil moisture and only slightly influenced by the extent of CH4 oxidation. Total phospholipid fatty acid concentrations increased, and concentrations of phospholipid fatty acids, typical for obligate methanotrophic bacteria (e.g. 16:1ω8 and 18:1ω8), increased in the CH4-amended samples, indicating growth of both type I and type II methanotrophs.
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| 7. |
- Eklind, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon Turnover and Ammonia Emissions during Composting of Biowaste at Different Temperatures
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 36:5, s. 1512-1520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of different process temperatures (40, 55, and 67°C) during composting of source-separated household waste were studied in a 200 L compost reactor at an oxygen concentration of 16%. The overall decomposition measured as carbon mineralization, decomposition of different carbon constituents, and the dynamics of nitrogen mineralization and the microbial community, are reported. Ammonia emissions at 67°C were more than double those at lower temperatures, and they were lowest at 40°C. The decomposition rate, measured as CO2 emission, was highest at 55°C. Decomposition of crude fat was slower at 40°C than at 55 and 67°C. The peak in microbial biomass was largest in the run at 40°C, where substantial differences were seen in the microbial community structure and succession compared to thermophilic temperatures. Biowaste composting can be optimized to obtain both a high decomposition rate and low ammonia emissions by controlling the process at about 55°C in the initial, high-rate stage. To reduce ammonia emissions it seems worthwhile to reduce the temperature after an initial high-temperature stage.
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| 8. |
- Håkansson, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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Domesticering av mikroorganismer
- 2011
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Ingår i: Genteknik som tar skruv. - 9789154060610 ; , s. 211-222
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Johnsson, Anna-Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Development and evaluation of SCAR markers for a Pseudomonas brassicacearum strain used in biological control of snow mould
- 2009
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Ingår i: Biological Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1049-9644 .- 1090-2112. ; 48, s. 181-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological control microorganisms have long been promoted as an alternative to conventional pesticides. Before registration of a microbial biocontrol product for commercial sale, it must be evaluated as regards potential spread and persistence after release. In this study, strainspecific sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were developed to monitor the biocontrol candidate strain Pseudomonas brassicacearum MA250, which is effective against snow mould (Microdochium nivale). One SCAR marker, OPA2-73, was used in quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) on samples from a climate chamber experiment in which winter wheat seeds were treated with the bacterium or a chemical control agent, or left untreated. The results showed that MA250 persisted for up to 3 weeks after sowing on the kernel residues and also colonized the roots of treated seedlings. Total MA250 cell numbers on biocontrol treated seedlings after three weeks were approximately 10(6) Cells, compared with the original inoculum of 10(6)-10(7) cells per seed. Corresponding cell numbers of MA250 on chemically treated and untreated seedlings were below the detection limit. This study shows that SCAR marker OPA2-73 is a specific and sensitive tool for monitoring the biocontrol microorganism MA250 in environmental samples. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 11. |
- Johnsson, Anna-Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Fate and behaviour of a seed-applied Pseudomonas brassicacearum strain in a winter wheat field trial, as determined by analysis with SCAR markers
- 2012
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Ingår i: Biocontrol Science and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0958-3157 .- 1360-0478. ; 22, s. 379-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fate and behaviour of the seed-applied biocontrol strain Pseudomonas brassicacearum MA250 in a field trial with winter wheat was determined using sequence-characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers. Samples of below-ground plant parts from healthy and withered (due to snow mould infection) seedlings were collected approximately one and seven months after sowing, which was performed in early autumn. DNA was extracted from roots and remaining parts of seeds with adhering soil, and the abundance of the strain was determined in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays. The results show that the introduced strain persisted over the whole trial-period of seven months. On termination of the trial (after seven months) the below-ground plant parts of each plant housed 10(6)-10(7) cells, substantially less than the original approximately 10 9 cells inoculated onto the seed. In healthy seedlings, there was a shift in cell numbers from seeds to roots between the samplings, suggesting colonisation of the roots during this time. The results show that with sufficient attention given to analytical control measures and the possibility of resident background populations, SCAR markers in combination with qPCR provide valuable information regarding the fate and behaviour of biocontrol micro-organisms under field conditions.
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| 12. |
- Johnsson, Anna-Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Specific SCAR markers and multiplex real-time PCR for quantification of two Trichoderma biocontrol strains in environmental samples
- 2011
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Ingår i: BioControl. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1386-6141 .- 1573-8248. ; 56, s. 903-913
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several strains from the genus Trichoderma (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) are commercially used as biocontrol agents, e.g. in formulations containing the two Trichoderma strains IMI206039 (Hypocrea parapilulifera B.S. Lu, Druzhinina & Samuels) and IMI206040 (T. atroviride P. Karst). To quantify the presence of the two isolates after application, we developed primers for SCAR markers (Sequence-Characterised Amplified Region). In order to quantify both fungal strains simultaneously, we also designed fluorophore-labelled probes distinguishing the two strains, to be used in combination with the SCAR primers. In incubations of two different soils, artificially inoculated and maintained under controlled conditions, the quantification through amplification with the SCAR markers in qPCR and through colony-forming units from plate counting correlated well. Further tests of the markers on samples taken from a golf green treated with a product containing both strains indicated that the two biocontrol strains did not establish, either on the golf green or in the surrounding area.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Jönsson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Minimera mängden producerat avfall
- 2003
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Ingår i: Miljömagasinet. ; 2003-02-21, s. 4-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 16. |
- Lagerlöf, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Land-use intensification and agroforestry in the Kenyan highland: Impacts on soil microbial community composition and functional capacity
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Soil Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0929-1393 .- 1873-0272. ; 82, s. 93-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates microbial communities in soil from sites under different land use in Kenya. We sampled natural forest, forest plantations, agricultural fields of agroforestry farms, agricultural fields with traditional farming and eroded soil on the slopes of Mount Elgon, Kenya. We hypothesised that microbial decomposition capacity, biomass and diversity (1) decreases with intensified cultivation; and (2) can be restored by soil and land management in agroforestry. Functional capacity of soil microbial communities was estimated by degradation of 31 substrates on Biolog EcoPlates (TM). Microbial community composition and biomass were characterised by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and microbial C and N analyses. All 31 substrates were metabolised in all studied soil types, i.e. functional diversity did not differ. However, both the substrate utilisation rates and the microbial biomass decreased with intensification of land use, and the biomass was positively correlated with organic matter content. Multivariate analysis of PLFA and Biolog EcoPlate (TM) data showed clear differences between land uses, also indicated by different relative abundance of PLFA markers for certain microorganism groups. In conclusion, our results show that vegetation and land use control the substrate utilisation capacity and microbial community composition and that functional capacity of depleted soils can be restored by active soil management, e. g. forest plantation. However, although 20-30 years of agroforestry farming practises did result in improved soil microbiological and chemical conditions of agricultural soil as compared to traditional agricultural fields, the change was not statistically significant. (C) 2014 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
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| 17. |
- Lankinen, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Fokusprojekt Lågriskmedel i växtskyddet
- 2019
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Fokusgruppens syfte har varit att definiera kunskapsluckor avseende den praktiska användningen och implementeringen av alternativa medel med låg risk för bekämpning av skadegörare och sjukdomar inom jordbruk, trädgårdsodling och skogsbruk. Vi har utgått från en bred definition av medel med låg risk, som har omfattat både allmänkemikalier och växtskyddsmedel med låg risk (enligt gällande EU-lagstiftning). Trots att det idag finns ett ökat behov av alternativa verktyg inom växtskyddet och politiska mål om minimerad användning av kemiska medel, så är användningen av alternativa bekämpningsmedel i fältodlade grödor mycket begränsad. • En viktig faktor som styr och begränsar tillgängligheten av alternativa medel är EU-lagstiftningen för godkännande av dessa medel. För att kunna registrera ett medel behövs en investering från det företag som ansöker om godkännande, vilket kan vara en anledning till att medel inte blir tillgängliga på marknaden. En annan lagteknisk begränsning är ogynnsamma skatteregler för dessa medel. • Från ett användarperspektiv är bristande kunskap om hur effektiva dessa medel är, hur man bäst applicerar dem samt hur de kan integreras i befintliga växtskyddsstrategier en bidragande orsak till att de inte används fullt ut. • Rådgivningen pekar också på en otydlighet om vilka medel som får användas speciellt i ekologisk produktion och att användningen missgynnas av höga priser i kombination med en osäkerhet om hur effektiva dessa medel är. • I Jordbruksverkets rapport ”Hinder för ökad användning av alternativa bekämpningsmedel” (SJV, Rapport 2019:3), som medlemmar av fokusgruppen har varit med att skriva, är ett av förslagen en utökad rådgivningsverksamhet. Detta eftersom informationsinsatser och aktiv rådgivning kan påverka hur snabbt odlare accepterar och börjar använda ett växtskyddsmedel, speciellt om det har nya egenskaper (och en ny verkningsmekanism). Forskning visar att en ny åtgärd/metod inte bara ska Sammanfattning och slutsatser 5 passa in i befintliga verksamheter utan också passa med attityd och värderingar hos användaren. • Från ett forskningsperspektiv kan vi se ett klart behov av tillämpningsnära forskning framför allt för att få en ökad kunskap om hur alternativa bekämpningsmedel kan integreras i befintliga växtskyddsstrategier. En utmaning är den begränsade mängd forskningsmedel som finns att söka för denna typ av forskning. • Forskningen är ofta väldigt uppdelad mellan agrikultur, hortikultur och skogsbruk. Här skulle man kunna dra nytta av kunskap inom respektive system eftersom vissa aspekter är generella mellan olika system, åtminstone för vissa grödor/träd. • Från ett internationellt perspektiv kan vi se vinster med ett bättre samarbete med närliggande länder, tex Plant Biologicals Network (PBN) som koordineras från Danmark, men även engagemang inom det vidare EUperspektivet (bla lagar). • Ytterligare en slutsats från fokusgruppens arbete är att växtskyddsforskningen på SLU behöver samordnas bättre, tex genom att knyta samman de kompetenscentrum som finns idag – CBC och CKB – med nya strukturer som skulle kunna fokusera på i) analys av växtskadegörare och ii) lågrisk-metoder och hur dessa kan spela en roll i integrerat växtskydd (IPM). • ygarbeta tillsammans för att få till en bra samverkan och kunskapsutbyte.
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| 18. |
- Lau, Danny C P, et al.
(författare)
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Autochthonous resources are the main driver of consumer production in dystrophic boreal lakes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 95, s. 1506-1519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dystrophic lakes are widespread in temperate regions and intimately interact with surrounding terrestrial ecosystems in energy and nutrient dynamics, yet the relative importance of autochthonous and allochthonous resources to consumer production in dystrophic lakes remains controversial. We argue that allochthonous organic matter quantitatively dominates over photosynthetic autotrophs in dystrophic lakes, but that autotrophs are higher in diet quality and more important for consumers as they contain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In a field study, we tested the hypotheses that (1) autochthonous primary production is the main driver for consumer production, despite being limited by light availability and low nutrient supplies, and greater supply of allochthonous carbon, (2) the relative contribution of autotrophs to consumers is directly related to their tissue PUFA concentrations, and (3) methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) provide an energy alternative for consumers.Pelagic and benthic consumer taxa representing different trophic levels were sampled from five dystrophic lakes: isopod Asellus aquaticus, megalopteran Sialis lutaria, dipteran Chaoborus flavicans, and perch Perca fluviatilis. Based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, the relative contributions of autochthonous (biofilms and seston) and allochthonous (coarse particulate and dissolved organic matter) resources and MOB to these taxa were 47-79%, 9-44% and 7-12% respectively. Results from fatty acid (FA) analyses show that the relative omega 3-FA and PUFA concentrations increased with trophic level (Asellus < Sialis and Chaoborus < Perca). Also, eicosapentaenoic-acid (EPA), omega 3-FA and PUFA concentrations increased with the autochthonous contribution in consumers, i.e., a 47-79% biofilm and/or seston diet resulted in tissue EPA of 4.2-18.4, omega 3 FAs of 11.6-37.0 and PUFA of 21.6-61.0 mg/g dry mass. The results indicate that consumers in dystrophic lakes predominantly rely on energy from autotrophs and that their PUFA concentrations are dependent on the relative contribution of these autochthonous resources. The limited energy support from MOB suggests they are not negligible and are potentially an integral part of the food webs. Our findings show that autochthonous resources are the main driver of secondary production even in dystrophic lakes and offer new insights into the functioning of these ecosystems.
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| 19. |
- Melin, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Biological preservation of plant derived animal feed with antifungal microorganisms : safety and formulation aspects
- 2007
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Ingår i: Biotechnology letters. - Dordrecht, Netherlands : Springer. - 0141-5492 .- 1573-6776. ; 29:8, s. 1147-1154
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- During storage of moist animal feed, growth of detrimental fungi causing spoilage, or being mycotoxigenic or pathogenic, is a severe problem. Addition of biopreservative yeasts or lactic acid bacteria can significantly reduce this problem. However, their use requires several careful considerations. One is the safety to the animal, humans and the environment, tightly connected to legal aspects and the need for pre-market authorisation when supplementing feed with microorganisms. Although both yeasts and lactic acid bacteria are considered comparatively safe organisms due to low production of toxic metabolites, it is of great importance to understand the mechanisms behind the biopreservative abilities. Another important issue concerns practical aspects, such as the economic production of large amounts of the organisms and the development of a suitable formulation giving the organisms a long shelf life. These aspects are discussed and a recommendation of this review is that both safety and formulation aspects of a specific microbe should be considered at an early stage in the selection of new organisms with biopreservation potential.
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| 20. |
- Nyberg, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Response of Induced Perturbation on Replicating beta-Proteobacterial Ammonia-Oxidizing Populations in Soil
- 2012
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Ingår i: Microbial Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0095-3628 .- 1432-184X. ; 63, s. 701-709
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The short-term response of induced perturbation by 4-ethylphenol on beta-proteobacterial ammonia oxidizers (beta-AOB) was investigated in two soils with initial differences in community structure. The hypotheses were that short-term effects of a disturbance of the AOB community is best monitored by specifically looking at the active populations and that soils with dissimilar active AOB populations would display different degree of resistance or resilience. Two soils from a previously characterized long-term field study fertilized with manure or sewage sludge was used. Soil microcosms were incubated in the laboratory over 15 days. The substrate-induced ammonia oxidation was measured, and the composition of beta-AOB communities was determined by PCR-DGGE of specific beta-AOB 16S rRNA gene fragments. Actively replicating members of the beta-AOB were distinguished by the use of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocapture. This approach demonstrated that only a minor fraction of the total AOB community was active. Exposure to 4-ethylphenol resulted in approximately 90% lowered substrate-induced ammonia oxidation rates in both soils. This activity inhibition was not accompanied by shifts in beta-AOB community structure when total beta-AOB DNA was studied. By contrast, changes were seen in the DGGE banding pattern of the BrdU-labeled community DNA after 4-ethylphenol addition in the manure-fertilized soil. In the sewage sludge fertilized soil, the banding pattern of the BrdU-labeled beta-AOB remained unchanged, but bands were weaker after the disturbance. In conclusion, it was shown that BrdU immunocapture was applicable to detect shifts in community composition among replicating beta-AOB populations in soil. However, this was not reflected by the soils' ammonia oxidation capacity to resist to or recover from the induced perturbation suggesting that rapid population shifts may not influence soil functioning in a short-term perspective.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Sanseverino, Angela M, et al.
(författare)
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Methane Carbon Supports Aquatic Food Webs to the Fish Level
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 7:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large amounts of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) are produced by anaerobic mineralization of organic matter in lakes. In spite of extensive freshwater CH4 emissions, most of the CH4 is typically oxidized by methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB) before it can reach the lake surface and be emitted to the atmosphere. In turn, it has been shown that the CH4-derived biomass of MOB can provide the energy and carbon for zooplankton and macroinvertebrates. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of specific fatty acids synthesized by MOB in fish tissues having low carbon stable isotope ratios. Fish species, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates and the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes were collected from a shallow lake in Brazil and analyzed for fatty acids (FA) and carbon stable isotope ratios (delta C-13). The fatty acids 16:1 omega 8c, 16:1 omega 8t, 16:1 omega 6c, 16:1 omega 5t, 18:1 omega 8c and 18:1 omega 8t were used as signature for MOB. The delta C-13 ratios varied from -27.7 parts per thousand to -42.0 parts per thousand and the contribution of MOB FA ranged from 0.05% to 0.84% of total FA. Organisms with higher total content of MOB FAs presented lower delta C-13 values (i.e. they were more depleted in C-13), while organisms with lower content of MOB signature FAs showed higher delta C-13 values. An UPGMA cluster analysis was carried out to distinguish grouping of organisms in relation to their MOB FA contents. This combination of stable isotope and fatty acid tracers provides new evidence that assimilation of methane-derived carbon can be an important carbon source for the whole aquatic food web, up to the fish level.
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| 23. |
- Schneider, Salome, et al.
(författare)
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Chromosome-Directed PCR-Based Detection and Quantification of Bacillus cereus Group Members with Focus on B. thuringiensis Serovar israelensis Active against Nematoceran Larvae
- 2015
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Ingår i: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - 0099-2240 .- 1098-5336. ; 81:15, s. 4894-4903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis is a wide-spread soil bacterium affiliated with the B. cereus group (Bcg) and is widely used in biocontrol products applied against mosquito and black fly larvae. For monitoring and quantification of applied B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis and its effect on indigenous B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis and Bcg assemblages, efficient and reliable tools are essential. The abundance and properties of B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis strains in the environment traditionally have been investigated with cultivation-dependent techniques, which are hampered by low sensitivity and the morphological similarity between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. Currently available PCR-based detection and quantification tools target markers located on plasmids. In this study, a new cultivation-independent PCR-based method for efficient and specific quantification of B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis and Bcg is presented, utilizing two sets of PCR primers targeting the bacterial chromosome. Sequence database searches and empirical tests performed on target and nontarget species, as well as on bulk soil DNA samples, demonstrated that this diagnostic tool is specific for B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis and Bcg. The method will be useful for comparisons of Bcg and B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis abundances in the same samples. Moreover, the effect of B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis-based insecticide application on the total Bcg assemblages, including indigenous populations, can be investigated. This type of information is valuable in risk assessment and policy making for use of B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis in the environment.
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| 24. |
- Schneider, Salome, et al.
(författare)
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Do Multi-year Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis for Control of Mosquito Larvae Affect the Abundance of B-cereus Group Populations in Riparian Wetland Soils?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Microbial Ecology. - : SPRINGER. - 0095-3628 .- 1432-184X. ; 74:4, s. 901-909
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is a soil-borne bacterium affiliated to the Bacillus cereus group (Bcg) and has been used in biocontrol products against nematoceran larvae for several decades. However, knowledge is limited on whether long-term Bti application can affect the structure of indigenous communities of Bcg and the overall abundance of Bti. Using species- and group-specific quantitative PCR assays, we measured the Bcg- and Bti-abundances in riparian wetlands in the River Dalalven floodplains of central Sweden. On five occasions during one vegetative season, soil samples were collected in alder swamps and wet meadows which had been treated with Bti for mosquito larvae control during the preceding 11 years, as well as in untreated control sites and well-drained forests in the same area. The average abundance of Bcg in alder swamps was around three times higher than in wet meadows. Across all sites and habitats, the Bti treatments had no effect on the Bcg-abundance, whereas the Bti-abundance was significantly higher in the treated than in the control sites. However, for individual sampling sites, abundances of Bti and Bcg were not correlated with the number of Bti applications, indicating that added Bti possibly influenced the total population of Bti in the short term but had only a limited effect in the longer term. The findings of this study increase the understanding of the ecology of Bti applications for mosquito control, which can facilitate environmental risk assessment in connection with approval of microbiological control agents.
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| 25. |
- Steger, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Development of compost maturity and Actinobacteria populations during full-scale composting of organic household waste
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Microbiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1364-5072 .- 1365-2672. ; 103:2, s. 487-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: This study investigates changes in microbiological and physicochemical parameters during large-scale, thermophilic composting of a single batch of municipal organic waste. The inter-relationships between the microbial biomass and community structure as well as several physicochemical parameters and estimates of maturation were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analyses of signature fatty acids with the phospholipid fatty acid and ester-linked methods showed that the total microbial biomass was highest during the early thermophilic phase. The contribution of signature 10Me fatty acids from Actinobacteria indicated a relatively constant proportion around 10% of the microbial community. However, analyses of the Actinobacteria species composition with a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis approach targeting 16S rRNA genes demonstrated clear shifts in the community structure. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that compost quality, particularly maturity, is linked to the composition of the microbial community structure, but further studies in other full-scale systems are needed to validate the generality of these findings. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The combination of signature lipid and nucleic acid-based analyses greatly expands the specificity and the scope for assessing the microbial community composition in composts. The results presented in this study give new information on how the development of the compost microbial community is connected to curing and maturation in the later stages of composting, and emphasizes the role of Actinobacteria in this respect.
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| 26. |
- Steger, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of differing temperature management on development of Actinobacteria populations during composting
- 2007
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Ingår i: Research in Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0923-2508 .- 1769-7123. ; 158:7, s. 617-624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Actinobacteria are believed to play a major role in organic matter degradation and humification processes in composts. In this study, the effects of different temperature regimes on the succession of Actinobacteria populations during composting were investigated in a laboratory reactor. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) was used to investigate quantitative changes in the overall microbial biomass and community structure, and in the size of Actinobacteria populations. Qualitative changes were determined using PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes with Actinobacteria-specific primers. The peak in total microbial biomass was roughly twice as high and delayed in trials where the maximum temperature was 40 °C, compared to those where it was 55 or 67 °C. There was a shift from members of Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces at the onset to species of thermotolerant Actinobacteria in the cooling phase, e.g. Saccharomonospora viridis, Thermobifida fusca and Thermobispora bispora. In conclusion, temperature was an important selective factor for the development of Actinobacteria populations in composts, and they constituted a substantial part of the community in the later compost stages.
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| 27. |
- Steger, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Microbial biomass and community composition in boreal lake sediments
- 2011
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Ingår i: Limnology and Oceanography. - Waco : American Society of Limnology and Oceanography. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590. ; 56:2, s. 725-733
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We used phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) to determine microbial biomass and community structure in the sediments of eight boreal lakes with different loadings of allochthonous organic carbon and total phosphorus (TP) in the water during the course of a year. The total concentration of PLFA, an estimate of the microbial biomass, depended more on TP, a proxy for pelagic primary production, but not on dissolved organic carbon, a proxy for terrestrial organic carbon input. The composition of PLFAs varied considerably over time, demonstrating seasonal dynamics in microbial community composition. When PLFA profiles in all lakes and seasons are compared, community composition is more similar within season than within lakes.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Stenberg, Johan A, et al.
(författare)
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When is it biological control? A framework of definitions, mechanisms, and classifications
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Pest Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4758 .- 1612-4766. ; 94, s. 665-676
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological control, or biocontrol, is the exploitation of living agents (incl. viruses) to combat pestilential organisms (incl. pathogens, pests, and weeds) for diverse purposes to provide human benefits. Thus, during the last century the practices and concepts involved have evolved in separate streams associated with distinct scientific and taxonomic disciplines. In parallel developments, there have been increasing references to biological control in industrial contexts and legislation, resulting in conceptual and terminological disintegration. The aim of this paper is to provide a global conceptual and terminological platform that facilitates future development of the field. We review use of previously suggested terms in key fields (e.g., phytopathology, entomology, and weed science), eliminate redundant terminology, identify three principles that should underpin the concept, and then present a new framework for biological control, rooted in seminal publications. The three principles establish that (1) only living agents can mediate biological control, (2) biological control always targets a pest, directly or indirectly, and (3) all biocontrol methods can be classified in four main categories depending on whether resident agents are utilized, with or without targeted human intervention (conservation biological control and natural biological control, respectively) or agents are added for permanent or temporary establishment (classical biological control and augmentative biological control, respectively). Correct identification of what is, and is not, biological control can help efforts to understand and optimize biological pest control for human and environmental benefits. The new conceptual framework may contribute to more uniform and appropriate regulatory approaches to biological control, and more efficient authorization and application of biocontrol products.
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| 30. |
- Sundh, Ingvar
(författare)
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A comparison of ecological elements of current safety assessments and regulation of microbial and invertebrate biocontrol agents
- 2011
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Ingår i: IOBC-WPRS Bulletin. - 1027-3115. ; 63, s. 71-74
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Current regulations and safety assessments for biological control agents (BCAs) differmarkedly among agents based on invertebrate animals (e.g. insects, mites, nematodes; IBCAs)versus microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, fungi, viruses; MBCAs). Non-indigenous IBCAs areregulated in several countries through quarantine legislation for prevention of introduction ofalien organisms, whereas indigenous IBCAs are not generally regulated. In contrast, all MBCAsfall under legislation similar to chemical pesticides and need pre-market authorisation. Currentemphasis on ecotoxicological effects of MBCAs has resulted in unnecessarily complicated,expensive and less relevant risk assessments and contributes to a very slow implementation ofMBCAs. The potential ecological hazards are similar between the two groups of BCAs, and theenvironmental safety of both groups is therefore most pertinently evaluated according tobiological and ecological principles. Development of mutual systems for the regulatory oversightof all living BCAs should be considered. One research area that needs to be further explored is towhat degree MBCAs persist and spread to surrounding areas. Another is the extent to which useof MBCAs actually results in increased exposure of non-targets to microorganisms, compared to“normal” background exposure. Finally, increased knowledge of the biogeography and microbialecology of representative MBCAs would facilitate determining whether a certain microbe isindigenous or not. Native MBCAs should generally not need the same ecotoxicological oversightas exotics, as is the present case with native IBCAs.
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| 31. |
- Sundh, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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Abundance, activity, and community structure of pelagic methane-oxidizing bacteria in temperate lakes
- 2005
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Ingår i: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0099-2240 .- 1098-5336. ; 71:11, s. 6746-6752
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The abundance and activity of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in the water column were investigated in three lakes with different contents of nutrients and humic substances. The abundance of MOB was determined by analysis of group-specific phospholipid fatty acids from type I and type 11 MOB, and in situ activity was measured with a 14 CH, transformation method. The fatty acid analyses indicated that type I MOB most similar to species of Methylomonas, Methylomicrobium, and Methylosarcina made a substantial contribution (up to 41%) to the total bacterial biomass, whereas fatty acids from type 11 MOB generally had very low concentrations. The MOB biomass and oxidation activity were positively correlated and were highest in the hypo- and metalimnion during summer stratification, whereas under ice during winter, maxima occurred close to the sediments. The methanotroph biomass-specific oxidation rate (V) ranged from 0.001 to 2.77 mg CH4-C mg(-1) C day(-1) and was positively correlated with methane concentration, suggesting that methane supply largely determined the activity and biomass distribution of MOB. Our results demonstrate that type I MOB often are a large component of pelagic bacterial communities in temperate lakes. They represent a potentially important pathway for reentry of carbon and energy into pelagic food webs that would otherwise be lost as evasion of CH,.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Sundh, Ingvar
(författare)
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Investigation into experimental toxicological properties of plant protection products having a potential link to Parkinson's disease and childhood leukaemia
- 2017
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Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 15, s. 1 - 325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2013, EFSA published a literature review on epidemiological studies linking exposure to pesticides and human health outcome. As a follow up, the EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their residues (PPR Panel) was requested to investigate the plausible involvement of pesticide exposure as a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and childhood leukaemia (CHL). A systematic literature review on PD and CHL and mode of actions for pesticides was published by EFSA in 2016 and used as background documentation. The Panel used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) conceptual framework to de fi ne the biological plausibility in relation to epidemiological studies by means of identification of specific symptoms of the diseases as AO. The AOP combines multiple information and provides knowledge of biological pathways, highlights species differences and similarities, identi fi es research needs and supports regulatory decisions. In this context, the AOP approach could help in organising the available experimental knowledge to assess biological plausibility by describing the link between a molecular initiating event (MIE) and the AO through a series of biologically plausible and essential key events (KEs). As the AOP is chemically agnostic, tool chemical compounds were selected to empirically support the response and temporal concordance of the key event relationships (KERs). Three qualitative and one putative AOP were developed by the Panel using the results obtained. The Panel supports the use of the AOP framework to scienti fi cally and transparently explore the biological plausibility of the association between pesticide exposure and human health outcomes, identify data gaps, de fi ne a tailored testing strategy and suggests an AOP ’ s informed Integrated Approach for Testing and Assessment (IATA)
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Sundh, Ingvar
(författare)
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Placing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the risk assessment test battery of plant protection products (PPPs)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecotoxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0963-9292 .- 1573-3017. ; 27, s. 809-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are mutualistic symbionts considered a key group in soil systems involved in the provision of several ecosystem services. Recently they have been listed by EFSA as organisms to be included in the test battery for the risk assessment of plant protection product (PPPs). This study aimed to contribute to improve the ISO Protocol (ISO 10832: 2009) by assessing the feasibility of using other AMF species under different test conditions. Overall, results showed that AMF species Gigaspora albida and Rhizophagus clarus (selected out of five AMF species) are suitable to be used in spore germination tests using the ISO protocol (14 days incubation with sand or artificial soil as substrate) to test PPPs. However, several modifications to the protocol were made in order to accommodate the use of the tested isolates, namely the incubation temperature (28 degrees C instead of 24 degrees C) and the change of reference substance (boric acid instead of cadmium nitrate). The need for these changes, plus the results obtained with the three fungicides tested (chlorothalonil, mancozeb and metalaxyl-M) and comparisons made with literature on the relevance of the origin of AMF isolates in dictating the adequate test conditions, emphasize the importance of adjusting test conditions (AMF species/isolates and test temperature) when assessing effects for prospective risk assessment targeting different climatic zones. So, further studies should be conducted with different AMF species and isolates from different climatic regions, in order to better define which species/isolate and test conditions should be used to assess effects of a particular PPP targeting a given climatic zone.
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| 39. |
- Sundh, Ingvar
(författare)
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Reaping the Benefits of Microorganisms in Cropping Systems: Is the Regulatory Policy Adequate?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Microorganisms. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2607. ; 9
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. The beneficial effects of microorganisms can be achieved and/or enhanced by agricultural management measures that target the resident microbial biodiversity or by augmentation with domesticated and propagated microbial strains. This study presents a critical review of the current legislation and regulatory policies pertaining to the utilization of plant-beneficial microorganisms in the European Union (EU). For augmentative approaches, the nature of the intended effect and the product claim determine how a microbiological product is categorized and regulated, and pre-market authorization may be mandatory. Typically, microbial products have been incorporated into frameworks that were designed for evaluating non-living substances, and are therefore not well suited to the specific properties of live microorganisms. We suggest that regulatory harmonization across the sector could stimulate technical development and facilitate implementation of crop management methods employing microorganisms. Possible scenarios for regulatory reform in the longer term are discussed, but more investigation into their feasibility is needed. The findings of this study should serve as a catalyst for more efficient future use of plant-beneficial microorganisms, to the benefit of agriculture as well as the environment.
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| 40. |
- Sundh, Ingvar
(författare)
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Regulating biocontrol agents: a historical perspective and a critical examination comparing microbial and macrobial agents
- 2013
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Ingår i: BioControl. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1386-6141 .- 1573-8248. ; 58, s. 575-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ever since the inclusion of microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) within the regulatory frameworks initially designed for chemical pesticides, there has been awareness that these frameworks are not optimal for assessment and registration of new microbial biocontrol products. It is often claimed that the regulatory situation has contributed to a relatively slow uptake of microbial biocontrol in practice. In contrast to the MBCAs, non-indigenous invertebrate biocontrol agents (IBCAs) are regulated in many countries through quarantine and other biosecurity related legislation for prevention of introduction of alien organisms, whereas use of indigenous IBCAs are generally unregulated. In this study, we investigate what scientific support there is for performing evaluations of these two main groups of biocontrol agents (BCAs) within different frameworks. We compare potential risks of MBCAs and IBCAs, present a retrospective analysis of the development and implementation of the regulatory frameworks, and compare current requirements for MBCAs with those for other applications with microorganisms. One conclusion is that the ecological risks are of similar types between the two groups of BCAs, and that for both groups the environmental safety is most pertinently evaluated according to biological and ecological principles. The main difference between MBCAs and IBCAs with respect to human health is that the former may cause infectious disease. However, we found no evidence that this hazard is more serious for microorganisms for biocontrol than for microbes used in other types of applications, which generally have substantially lower regulatory demands than those for MBCAs. Several international initiatives have produced helpful guidelines and recommendations for simplified assessments and authorisations of BCAs. Still, we conclude that as long as MBCAs are evaluated within systems initially developed for chemicals, the risk for inappropriate emphasis of chemical hazards and therefore unnecessarily complicated assessments will be maintained. Therefore, this study supports the idea that development of new systems for the regulatory oversight of MBCAs, possibly a mutual framework covering all living BCAs, should be considered. Research issues that need to be further explored are to what extent utilisation of MBCAs actually results in increased exposure of non-targets to microorganisms, the biogeography and microbial ecology of representative MBCAs, and finally development of better methodology for determining potential human toxicity and pathogenicity of candidate MBCAs.
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| 41. |
- Sundh, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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Safety and regulation of yeasts used for biocontrol or biopreservation in the food or feed chain
- 2011
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Ingår i: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0003-6072 .- 1572-9699. ; 99, s. 113-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Yeasts have been important components of spontaneous fermentations in food and beverage processing for millennia. More recently, the potential of utilising antagonistic yeasts, e.g. Pichia anomala and Candida spp., for post-harvest biological control of spoilage fungi during storage of plant-derived produce ('biopreservation') has been clearly demonstrated. Although some yeast species are among the safest microorganisms known, several have been reported in opportunistic infections in humans, including P. anomala and bakers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. More research is needed about the dominant pathogenicity and virulence factors in opportunistic yeasts, and whether increased utilisation of biopreservative yeasts in general could contribute to an increased prevalence of yeast infections. The regulatory situation for yeasts used in post-harvest biocontrol is complex and the few products that have reached the market are mainly registered as biological pesticides. The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessments of microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed, recently launched by the European Food Safety Authority, can lead to more efficient evaluations of new products containing microbial species with a sufficient body of knowledge or long-term experience on their safety. P. anomala is one of several yeast species that have been given QPS status, although the status is restricted to use of this yeast for enzyme and metabolite production purposes. With regard to authorisation of new biopreservative yeasts, we recommend that the possibility to regulate microorganisms for food biopreservation as food additives be considered.
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| 42. |
- Sundh, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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Safety assessment of biocontrol and plant growth-promoting pseudomonads useful in crop production
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annals of Applied Biology. - : Wiley. - 0003-4746. ; 159, s. 291-301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One biocontrol and two plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas spp. isolates were subjected to a safety assessment. Potential risks for human and plant health were investigated and screenings for toxic effects were performed. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern was typical for Pseudomonas and only one of the isolates grew at 37 degrees C. None of the isolates elicited a hypersensitivity reaction in the tobacco test for plant pathogenicity. For toxicity testing, BACTOX, the Lemna growth bioassay, primary root and shoot growth in vitro and a seed germination/early seedling growth assay were performed. In these assays, one of the plant growth-promoting isolates consistently displayed concentration-dependent adverse effects not seen with the other isolates. Further investigation is needed to determine whether these adverse effects are a concern from a safety assessment perspective, as the identity and mode of action of the active metabolite(s) are unknown. Lack of standardised test procedures for complex samples of microbial origin hampered interpretation of the results from the toxicity assays and there is a need to develop methodology that is more suitable for testing such samples. Nevertheless, the tests employed for the three Pseudomonas isolates were successful in distinguishing isolates with different characteristics. This test framework provides an outline for information collection and safety evaluation when handling new microbial isolates that could be an efficient tool in selecting the best candidate isolates for product development.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Sundh, Ingvar
(författare)
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Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms
- 2017
-
Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1830-5458 .- 1831-4732. ; 15, s. 1 - 225
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following a request from EFSA, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues developed an opinion on the science behind the risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms. The current risk assessment scheme is reviewed, taking into account new regulatory frameworks and scientific developments. Proposals are made for specific protection goals for in-soil organisms being key drivers for relevant ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes such as nutrient cycling, soil structure, pest control and biodiversity. Considering the time-scales and biological processes related to the dispersal of the majority of in-soil organisms compared to terrestrial non-target arthropods living above soil, the Panel proposes that in-soil environmental risk assessments are made at in- and off-field scale considering field boundary levels. A new testing strategy which takes into account the relevant exposure routes for in-soil organisms and the potential direct and indirect effects is proposed. In order to address species recovery and long-term impacts of PPPs, the use of population models is also proposed
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Sundh, Ingvar
(författare)
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Scientific Opinion on the update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA
- 2017
-
Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 15, s. 1 - 178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- EFSA is requested to assess the safety of a broad range of biological agents in the context of noti fi cation for market authorisation as sources of food and feed additives, food enzymes and plant protection products. The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) assessment was developed to provide a harmonised generic pre-assessment to support safety risk assessments performed by EFSA ’ sscienti fi c Panels. The safety of unambiguously de fi ned biological agents (at the highest taxonomic unit appropriate for the purpose for which an application is intended), and the completeness of the body of knowledge are assessed. Identi fi ed safety concerns for a taxonomic unit are, where possible and reasonable in number, re fl ected as ‘qualifications’ in connection with a recommendation for a QPS status. The list of QPS recommended biological agents was reviewed and updated in the current opinion and therefore becomes the valid list. The 2016 update reviews previously assessed microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts and viruses used for plant protection purposes following an Extensive Literature Search strategy. The taxonomic units related to the new noti fi cations received since the 2013 QPS opinion, were periodically evaluated for a QPS status and the results published as Statements of the BIOHAZ Panel. Carnobacterium divergens, Lactobacillus diolivorans , Microbacterium imperiale , Pasteuria nishizawae, Pediococcus parvulus, Bacillus fl exus, Bacillus smithii, Xanthomonas campestris and Candida cylindracea were recommended for the QPS list. All taxonomic units previously recommended for the 2013 QPS list had their status recon fi rmed as well their quali fi cations with the exception of Pasteuria nishizawae for which the quali fi cation was removed. The exclusion of filamentous fungi and enterococci from the QPS evaluations was reconsidered but monitoring will be maintained and the status will be re-evaluated in the next QPS Opinion update. Evaluation of bacteriophages should remain as a case-by-case procedure and should not be considered for QPS status.
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