| 1. |
- Andersson, Stig, et al.
(författare)
-
Gymnasiekemi 2
- 2013. - 6
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 2. |
- Betsholtz, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
-
New Perspectives on the Interactions between Adsorption and Degradation of Organic Micropollutants in Granular Activated Carbon Filters
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 58:26, s. 11771-11780
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The removal of organic micropollutants in granular activated carbon (GAC) filters can be attributed to adsorption and biological degradation. These two processes can interact with each other or proceed independently. To illustrate the differences in their interaction, three 14C-labeled organic micropollutants with varying potentials for adsorption and biodegradation were selected to study their adsorption and biodegradation in columns with adsorbing (GAC) and non-adsorbing (sand) filter media. Using 14CO2 formation as a marker for biodegradation, we demonstrated that the biodegradation of poorly adsorbing N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was more sensitive to changes in the empty bed contact time (EBCT) compared with that of moderately adsorbing diclofenac. Further, diclofenac that had adsorbed under anoxic conditions could be degraded when molecular oxygen became available, and substantial biodegradation (≥60%) of diclofenac could be achieved with a 15 min EBCT in the GAC filter. These findings suggest that the retention of micropollutants in GAC filters, by prolonging the micropollutant residence time through adsorption, can enable longer time periods for degradations than what the hydraulic retention time would allow for. For the biologically recalcitrant compound carbamazepine, differences in breakthrough between the 14C-labeled and nonradiolabeled compounds revealed a substantial retention via successive adsorption-desorption, which could pose a potential challenge in the interpretation of GAC filter performance.
|
|
| 3. |
- Betsholtz, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
-
Ozonation of 14C-labeled micropollutants – mineralization of labeled moieties and adsorption of transformation products to activated carbon
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 221
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ozonation transformation products (OTPs) are largely unknown compounds that are formed during the ozonation of micropollutants, and it is uncertain to which extent these compounds can be removed by subsequent adsorption to activated carbon. Thus, 14C-labeled micropollutants were ozonated to generate 14C-labeled OTPs, for which the adsorption of the sum of all 14C-labeled OTPs to activated carbon could be determined, based on the adsorption of the labeled carbon. Further, 14CO2 traps were used to examine the mineralization of 14C-labeled moieties during ozonation. 14CO2-formation revealed a partial mineralization of the 14C-labeled moieties in all compounds except for propyl-labeled bisphenol A and O-methyl-labeled naproxen. A similar degree of mineralization was noted for different compounds labeled at the same moiety, including the carboxylic carbon in diclofenac and ibuprofen (∼40% at 1 g O3/g DOC) and the aniline ring in sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine (∼30% at 1 g O3/g DOC). Aromatic ring cleavage was also confirmed for bisphenol A, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadiazine through the formation of 14CO2. The adsorption experiments demonstrated increased adsorption of micropollutants to powdered activated carbon after ozonation, which was connected to a decreased adsorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Conversely, the OTPs showed a substantial and successive decline in adsorption at increased ozone doses for all compounds, likely due to decreased hydrophobicity and aromaticity of the OTPs. These findings indicate that adsorption to activated carbon alone is not a viable removal method for a wide range of ozonation transformation products.
|
|
| 4. |
- Betsholtz, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
-
Tracking 14C-labeled organic micropollutants to differentiate between adsorption and degradation in GAC and biofilm processes
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : The American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 55:16, s. 11318-11327
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters can be used to reduce emissions of organic micropollutants via municipal wastewater, but it is still uncertain to which extent biological degradation contributes to their removal in GAC filters. 14C-labeled organic micropollutants were therefore used to distinguish degradation from adsorption in a GAC-filter media with associated biofilm. The rates and extents of biological degradation and adsorption were investigated and compared with other biofilm systems, including a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and a sand filter, by monitoring 14C activities in the liquid and gas phases. The microbial cleavage of ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and mecoprop was confirmed for all biofilms, based on the formation of 14CO2, whereas the degradation of 14C-labeled moieties of sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine was undetected. Higher degradation rates for diclofenac were observed for the GAC-filter media than for the other biofilms. Degradation of previously adsorbed diclofenac onto GAC could be confirmed by the anaerobic adsorption and subsequent aerobic degradation by the GAC-bound biofilm. This study demonstrates the potential use of 14C-labeled micropollutants to study interactions and determine the relative contributions of adsorption and degradation in GAC-based treatment systems.
|
|
| 5. |
- Betsholtz, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
-
Tracking 14C-Labeled Organic Micropollutants to Differentiate between Adsorption and Degradation in GAC and Biofilm Processes
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 55:16, s. 11318-11327
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters can be used to reduce emissions of organic micropollutants via municipal wastewater, but it is still uncertain to which extent biological degradation contributes to their removal in GAC filters. 14C-labeled organic micropollutants were therefore used to distinguish degradation from adsorption in a GAC-filter media with associated biofilm. The rates and extents of biological degradation and adsorption were investigated and compared with other biofilm systems, including a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and a sand filter, by monitoring 14C activities in the liquid and gas phases. The microbial cleavage of ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and mecoprop was confirmed for all biofilms, based on the formation of 14CO2, whereas the degradation of 14C-labeled moieties of sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine was undetected. Higher degradation rates for diclofenac were observed for the GAC-filter media than for the other biofilms. Degradation of previously adsorbed diclofenac onto GAC could be confirmed by the anaerobic adsorption and subsequent aerobic degradation by the GAC-bound biofilm. This study demonstrates the potential use of 14C-labeled micropollutants to study interactions and determine the relative contributions of adsorption and degradation in GAC-based treatment systems.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Biological methods for degrading pharmaceutical residues in manure
- 2017
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is not much knowledge about pharmaceutical residues in Norwegian horse manure. In this project we have further developed a method that enables the analysis of various antibiotics and anthelmintics in a single sample. The method is designed for the analysis of solid substrates, such as horse manure. Manure from treated horses and horse manure with additions of controlled amounts of medicines were composted outdoors in a windrow consisting of horse manure and freshly cut grass. In a pot trail earthworms were added to some of the manure from the treated horses to study the effect of worm action on the biodegradation of pharmaceutical residues. - At the start of the project, several veterinary medicines were considered. The developed analysis method covers several active ingredients in the most commonly used equine medicines. The antibiotic Tribrissen vet inj with the active ingredients sulfadiazine and trimethoprim, and the equine anthelmintics Panacur (active ingredient fenbendazole) and Banminth (active ingredient pyrantel embonate) were included in the entire preliminary study. In total, 70 samples of horse manure and horse manure compost were analysed. We found that dried manure from treated horses could be analysed directly, thus making it unnecessary to freeze-dry samples prior to sending them further for analysis. The method can be used to analyse all four active ingredients at the same time. - Contents of pharmaceutical residues in horse manure are highest 1-2 days after the horse has been treated, with some variation between substances. After this peak, residue contents in manure decrease rapidly. Degradation of the added medicines was slow in the composting trials. In the compost windrow, the contents of medicines decreased gradually throughout a 60-day period, with slightly different degradation curves for the various substances. Three of the tested active ingredients were still detectable in the compost after 60 days. The earthworm trials have to be improved and repeated, among other things, because many worms died in the untreated horse manure plots. - Our trials show that manure from treated horses should be kept apart from other manure for the first 1-3 days after medical treatment. Strategies for the management of such manure have to be developed so that this resource can be used safely in plant production. Additional studies are needed to assess the degradation rate of pharmaceutical residues using different composting methods. Important factors that need to be studied in greater detail under Norwegian conditions include temperature development, windrow dimensions, moisture conditions and earthworm survival. We did not study the contents of pharmaceutical residues in urine. - We performed a survey on soil and fertilizer products among 100 garden centre customers. The results showed that there is a certain interest for peat-free, locally produced soil and fertilizer products. Approximately half of the respondents replied that they are willing to pay as much as 20 % more for such products. Consumerspreferred soil amendments that contain nutrients and are typically ”all-purpose”, i.e. a single product that can be used across a wide range of applications. - This project has been important for the project partners due to its development of an analysis for pharmaceutical residues in solid horse manure. Furthermore, it provided a basis for the further development of horse manure as a pharmaceutical residue-free product.
|
|
| 9. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Biologiske metoder for nedbryting av medisinrester i gjødsel
- 2017
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Det er lite kunnskap om medisinrester i norsk hestemøkk. I dette prosjektet har vi videreutviklet en analysemetode som kan analyse for ulike antibiotika og parasittmidler i samme prøve. Metoden er utviklet og testet slik at den kan brukes på fast substrat som hestemøkk. Hestemøkk fra medisinerte hester og hestemøkk tilsatt kjente mengder medisiner ble kompostert ute i en ranke bestående av hestemøkk og nyslått gras. I et potteforsøk, ble noe av hestemøkken fra medisinerte hester tilsatt kompostmeitemark for å se hvordan de bearbeidet medisinrestene. - Flere medisiner til husdyr ble vurdert i starten og det er utviklet analysemetode for flere virkestoffer i medisiner mest vanlig brukt til hest. Antibiotikumet Tribrissen vet inj med virkestoffene trimetoprim og sulfadiazin, og parasittmidlene Panacur med virkestoffet fenbedazol, og Banminth med virkestoffet pyrantelembonat til hest, ble med i hele forprosjektet. 70 prøver av hestemøkk og hestemøkkompost ble analysert. Vi fant at man kan analysere tørket hestemøkk fra medisinerte hester, prøvene trenger dermed ikke frysetørkes for videresending til analyse. Analysemetoden kan brukes for å analysere alle 4 virkestoffene samtidig. - Det er høyest restinnhold i hestemøkk 1-2 dager etter at hesten er behandlet, men litt ulikt for hvert stoff. Deretter reduseres mengden raskt i møkk fra hestene. Nedbrytingen av medisiner tar tid i de komposteringsmetodene som ble testet. I rankekomposten avtok innholdet av medisiner utover i perioden på 60 dager. Det var litt ulike nedbrytingskurver for de ulike stoffene. Tre av stoffene var det enda rester av i komposten etter 60 dager. Forsøket med bruk av kompostmeitemark må optimaliseres og gjøres på nytt, mellom annet fordi mange av meitemarkene døde i ledd med ubehandlet hestemøkk. - Våre utprøvinger viser at møkk fra behandla hester bør skilles fra annen møkk de første 1-3 dagene etter behandling. Det må utvikles håndteringsstrategier for denne møkken slik at den kan brukes trygt i plantedyrking. Det må flere utprøvinger til mht omdanningshastighet av medisinrester ved ulike komposteringsmetoder. Både temperaturutvikling, størrelsen på kompostranken, fuktighetsforhold og overlevelse av kompostmeitemark er viktige faktorer som vi må vite mer om under norske forhold. Innholdet i urin ble ikke testet. - Vi gjennomførte en spørreundersøkelse om jord og gjødsel blant 100 hagesenterkunder. Den viste at det er en viss interesse for torvfrie, lokalproduserte jord- og gjødselprodukter, rundt halvparten av de spurte var villige til å betale 20 % merpris for et slikt produkt. Undersøkelsen viste at forbrukerne ønsket jord og gjødsel som er næringsrik og hvor ett produkt kan brukes til flere formål. - Dette prosjektet har hatt stor betydning for samarbeidspartene ved å utvikle analysemetode for medisinrester i fast hestemøkk, videre har vi lagt et grunnlag for å videreutvikle hestegjødsel som et produkt uten medisinrester.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Förekomst av läkemedel och antibiotika i avloppsvattnet på Skånes Universitetssjukhus (SUS) i Lund
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under våren 2017 togs prover på avloppsvatten från Skånes Universitetssjukhus (SUS) i Lund i samarbete mellan Region Skåne och Högskolan Kristianstad (HKR). Totalt analyserades fyraprovpunkter med avseende på förekomst av 23 läkemedel, antibiotika och andra mikroföroreningar. De fyra provpunkterna var 1. Pumpgrop för uppsamling, 2. Onkologen, 3. Infektion samt 4. Avlopp från Centralblocket. Resultaten redovisas baserat på olika behandlingsfunktion, vilketinnefattar grupperna J - Antiinfektiva medel för systemiskt bruk, C - Hjärta och Kretslopp, N -Nervsystemet, M - Rörelseapparaten samt övriga ämnen. Resultaten visar att vissa läkemedelsläpps ut från SUS i högre koncentration jämfört med utgående avloppsvatten från ettreningsverk (se rapporten ”Läkemedelsutsläpp från Skånska avloppsreningsverk 2017” nedan). Noterbara ämnen är ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole och trimethoprim, samtligaantibiotika. Resultaten vi-sar också att olika avdelningar medicinerar sina patientgrupper olika och att avdelningarna därmed kan vara lokala punktkällor för vissa typer av antibiotika. Koncentrationen av läkemdelsrester i avloppsvattnet påverkas förstås också av den totala vattenanvändningen, som i sin tur är en konsekvens av antal anställda, antal patienter, antal toaletter och arbetsmetoder/vattenanvänd-ning per avloppsspunkt mm. De uppmätta halternavisar att det är önskvärt, i en uppföljande studie, att analysera och fastställa, företrädesvis för antibiotika, vilka andra preparat som används på SUS, och i vilken omfattning. Det är viktigt att poängtera att resultaten från denna undersökning kommer från ett provtagningstillfälle där provtagningen bestod av ett stickprov. En uppföljande studie behöver innehålla fler analystillfällen samt söka svar på om förekomsten av höga halter av antibiotika kan föranleda resistensutveckling i sjukhusens avloppssystem. Vidare behöver man undersöka vilka eventuella åtgärder som behöver vidtas, vid sjukhusen och/eller vid avloppsreningsverken, för att förhindra att höga halter av läkemedelsrester belastar vattenmiljön med dess djur och växtliv. Hänsyn måste då också tas inte bara till vilka ämnen som specifikt härrör från sjukhuset utan också i vilka mängder och i vilken omfattning de når reningsverket i aktiv form.
|
|
| 15. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Förekomst av läkemedel och antibiotika i avloppsvattnet på Skånes Universitetssjukhus (SUS) i Lund
- 2019
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under våren 2017 togs prover på avloppsvatten från Skånes Universitetssjukhus (SUS) i Lund i samarbete mellan Region Skåne och Högskolan Kristianstad (HKR). Totalt analyserades fyraprovpunkter med avseende på förekomst av 23 läkemedel, antibiotika och andra mikroföroreningar. De fyra provpunkterna var 1. Pumpgrop för uppsamling, 2. Onkologen, 3. Infektion samt 4. Avlopp från Centralblocket. Resultaten redovisas baserat på olika behandlingsfunktion, vilketinnefattar grupperna J - Antiinfektiva medel för systemiskt bruk, C - Hjärta och Kretslopp, N -Nervsystemet, M - Rörelseapparaten samt övriga ämnen. Resultaten visar att vissa läkemedelsläpps ut från SUS i högre koncentration jämfört med utgående avloppsvatten från ettreningsverk (se rapporten ”Läkemedelsutsläpp från Skånska avloppsreningsverk 2017” nedan). Noterbara ämnen är ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole och trimethoprim, samtligaantibiotika. Resultaten vi-sar också att olika avdelningar medicinerar sina patientgrupper olika och att avdelningarna därmed kan vara lokala punktkällor för vissa typer av antibiotika. Koncentrationen av läkemdelsrester i avloppsvattnet påverkas förstås också av den totala vattenanvändningen, som i sin tur är en konsekvens av antal anställda, antal patienter, antal toaletter och arbetsmetoder/vattenanvänd-ning per avloppsspunkt mm. De uppmätta halternavisar att det är önskvärt, i en uppföljande studie, att analysera och fastställa, företrädesvis för antibiotika, vilka andra preparat som används på SUS, och i vilken omfattning. Det är viktigt att poängtera att resultaten från denna undersökning kommer från ett provtagningstillfälle där provtagningen bestod av ett stickprov. En uppföljande studie behöver innehålla fler analystillfällen samt söka svar på om förekomsten av höga halter av antibiotika kan föranleda resistensutveckling i sjukhusens avloppssystem. Vidare behöver man undersöka vilka eventuella åtgärder som behöver vidtas, vid sjukhusen och/eller vid avloppsreningsverken, för att förhindra att höga halter av läkemedelsrester belastar vattenmiljön med dess djur och växtliv. Hänsyn måste då också tas inte bara till vilka ämnen som specifikt härrör från sjukhuset utan också i vilka mängder och i vilken omfattning de når reningsverket i aktiv form.
|
|
| 16. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
MORPHEUS success story Segesholmsån river and Degeberga WWTP, Skåne, Sweden
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the MORPHEUS project three Swedish Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) were investigated for their release of pharmaceuticals into the recipient. One of these was Degeberga WWTP which discharges its treated wastewater into the Segesholmsån river, ending in the Baltic Sea. Segesholmsån river has a length of 23 km and an average flow of roughly 0.6 m3/s (Figure 1).
|
|
| 17. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
MORPHEUS success story Segesholmsån river and Degeberga WWTP, Skåne, Sweden
- 2021
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the MORPHEUS project three Swedish Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) were investigated for their release of pharmaceuticals into the recipient. One of these was Degeberga WWTP which discharges its treated wastewater into the Segesholmsån river, ending in the Baltic Sea. Segesholmsån river has a length of 23 km and an average flow of roughly 0.6 m3/s (Figure 1).
|
|
| 18. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmaceutical occurrence in wastewater and surface water in UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Kristianstads vattenrike
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this project the release of 15 pharmaceuticals from three different WWTPs into three different recipients inKristianstad Municipality, Region Skåne was investigated. All three WWTPs are situated within the borders of thefirst UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Sweden, Kristianstads Vattenrike – “Vattenriket®”, established in 2005. Pharmaceutical included were: 1. Atenolol 2. Azithromycin 3. Carbamazepine 4. Ciprofloxacin 5. Clarithromycin 6. Diclofenac 7. Erythromycin 8. Estrone 9. Ibuprofen 10. Naproxen 11. Metoprolol 12. Propranolol 13. Oxazepam 14. Paracetamol 15. Sulfamethoxazole
|
|
| 19. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmaceutical occurrence in wastewater and surface water in UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Kristianstads vattenrike
- 2021
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this project the release of 15 pharmaceuticals from three different WWTPs into three different recipients inKristianstad Municipality, Region Skåne was investigated. All three WWTPs are situated within the borders of thefirst UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Sweden, Kristianstads Vattenrike – “Vattenriket®”, established in 2005. Pharmaceutical included were: 1. Atenolol 2. Azithromycin 3. Carbamazepine 4. Ciprofloxacin 5. Clarithromycin 6. Diclofenac 7. Erythromycin 8. Estrone 9. Ibuprofen 10. Naproxen 11. Metoprolol 12. Propranolol 13. Oxazepam 14. Paracetamol 15. Sulfamethoxazole
|
|
| 20. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmaceutical residues affecting the UNESCO biosphere reserve Kristianstads Vattenrike wetlands : sources and sinks
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - 0090-4341 .- 1432-0703. ; 71:3, s. 423-436
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is the first to investigate the pharmaceutical burden from point sources affecting the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden. The investigated Biosphere Reserve is a >1000 km(2) wetland system with inflows from lakes, rivers, leachate from landfill, and wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs). We analysed influent and treated wastewater, leachate water, lake, river, and wetland water alongside sediment for six model pharmaceuticals. The two WWTPs investigated released pharmaceutical residues at levels close to those previously observed in Swedish monitoring exercises. Compound-dependent WWTP removal efficiencies ranging from 12 to 100 % for bendroflumethiazide, oxazepam, atenolol, carbamazepine, and diclofenac were observed. Surface-water concentrations in the most affected lake were ≥100 ng/L for the various pharmaceuticals with atenolol showing the highest levels (>300 ng/L). A small risk assessment showed that adverse single-substance toxicity on aquatic organisms within the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve is unlikely. However, the effects of combinations of a large number of known and unknown pharmaceuticals, metals, and nutrients are still unknown.
|
|
| 21. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmaceutical residues affecting the UNESCO biosphere reserve Kristianstads Vattenrike wetlands : sources and sinks
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - : Springer New York. - 0090-4341 .- 1432-0703. ; 71:3, s. 423-436
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is the first to investigate the pharmaceutical burden from point sources affecting the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden. The investigated Biosphere Reserve is a >1000 km(2) wetland system with inflows from lakes, rivers, leachate from landfill, and wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs). We analysed influent and treated wastewater, leachate water, lake, river, and wetland water alongside sediment for six model pharmaceuticals. The two WWTPs investigated released pharmaceutical residues at levels close to those previously observed in Swedish monitoring exercises. Compound-dependent WWTP removal efficiencies ranging from 12 to 100 % for bendroflumethiazide, oxazepam, atenolol, carbamazepine, and diclofenac were observed. Surface-water concentrations in the most affected lake were ≥100 ng/L for the various pharmaceuticals with atenolol showing the highest levels (>300 ng/L). A small risk assessment showed that adverse single-substance toxicity on aquatic organisms within the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve is unlikely. However, the effects of combinations of a large number of known and unknown pharmaceuticals, metals, and nutrients are still unknown.
|
|
| 22. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Total Release of 21 Indicator Pharmaceuticals Listed by the Swedish Medical Products Agency from Wastewater Treatment Plants to Surface Water Bodies in the 1.3 Million Populated County Skane (Scania), Sweden
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Molecules. - : MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. - 1420-3049. ; 27:1, s. 1-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2017, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency published a report on advanced wastewater treatment for the removal of pharmaceutical residues and stated that advanced treatment should be implemented where it will make the largest difference from an environmental perspective. However, the report also concluded that this need cannot be specified with existing data, but consideration must be made of local conditions. Two considerations are (1) the discharged amount of pharmaceutical into receiving water bodies and (2) the turnover of water in the recipient, where the highest risks are related to recipients with a low water turnover and low dilution. The current project comprised eight different WWTPs distributed throughout the entire County Skåne (Scania) in Sweden, with a population of ca. 1,300,000 persons. In total, 21 of 22 pharmaceuticals were analyzed according to the list proposed by the Swedish Medical Products Agency 2015. The results show that large amounts of pharmaceuticals are released from the WWTPs yearly to Scanian recipients. The total discharge of pharmaceuticals from the eight treatment plants adds up to 71 kg of these 21 substances alone, mainly comprising metoprolol, which is a drug that lowers blood pressure, and the analgesic drug diclofenac. Additionally, carbamazepine, losartan, naproxen and oxazepam were present in significant concentrations. These represented three illnesses that are very common: high blood pressure, inflammation/pain and depression/anxiety. The concentrations were generally in line with previous national Swedish screenings. It was estimated that, when one million cubic meters (1,000,000 m3 ) of wastewater is discharged, almost 4 kg of the 21 pharmaceuticals is released. The total volume wastewater release by the >90 WWTPs in Scania was estimated to 152,887,000 m3, which corresponded to 590 kg/year. The investigated 21 drugs cover only a small part of many hundred pharmaceuticals that are in use in Sweden. Thus, most likely, one or several tons of pharmaceuticals leak out to the Scanian recipients annually. The analysis of river samples shows that the dilution of wastewater is a key parameter in reducing concentrations. However, some locations have remarkably high concentrations, which occur when the volume wastewater is large in relation to the flow in the river. These kinds of regional results are of importance when selecting where advanced treatment should be prioritized in a first instance, as requested by the Swedish EPA.
|
|
| 23. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Utsläpp av 33 antibiotika, läkemedel och andra mikroföroreningar från Skånes Universitetssjukhus (SUS) i Malmö till Sjölunda avloppsreningsverk
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under februari 2019 togs 7 dygnsprover på det totala utgående flödet av avloppsvatten från Skånes Universitetssjukhus (SUS) i Malmö samt på det totala inkommande flödet av avlopssvatten till Sjölunda avloppsreningsverk i Malmö, som är Malmös största reningsverk. Syftet var att få kunskap om utgående koncentrationer av läkemedel från sjukhuset i relation till de inkommande koncentrationerna till avloppsreningsverket. Proverna togs från måndag till söndag under en och samma vecka och analyserades med avseende på förekomst av 33 läkemedel, antibiotika och andra mikroföroreningar. Detta innefattade 9 st antibiotika, 19 st läkemedel samt 5 andra kemikalier.
|
|
| 24. |
- Björklund, Erland, et al.
(författare)
-
Utsläpp av 33 antibiotika, läkemedel och andra mikroföroreningar från Skånes Universitetssjukhus (SUS) i Malmö till Sjölunda avloppsreningsverk
- 2020
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under februari 2019 togs 7 dygnsprover på det totala utgående flödet av avloppsvatten från Skånes Universitetssjukhus (SUS) i Malmö samt på det totala inkommande flödet av avlopssvatten till Sjölunda avloppsreningsverk i Malmö, som är Malmös största reningsverk. Syftet var att få kunskap om utgående koncentrationer av läkemedel från sjukhuset i relation till de inkommande koncentrationerna till avloppsreningsverket. Proverna togs från måndag till söndag under en och samma vecka och analyserades med avseende på förekomst av 33 läkemedel, antibiotika och andra mikroföroreningar. Detta innefattade 9 st antibiotika, 19 st läkemedel samt 5 andra kemikalier.
|
|
| 25. |
- Burzio, Cecilia, 1991, et al.
(författare)
-
Removal of organic micropollutants from municipal wastewater by aerobic granular sludge and conventional activated sludge
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 438
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Removal performances of organic micropollutants by conventional activated sludge (CAS) and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) were investigated at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Lab-scale kinetic experiments were performed to assess the micropollutant transformation rates under oxic and anoxic conditions. Transformation rates were used to model the micropollutant removal in the full-scale processes. Metagenomic sequencing was used to compare the microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes of the CAS and AGS systems. Higher transformation ability was observed for CAS compared to AGS for most compounds, both at the full-scale plant and in the complementary batch experiments. Oxic conditions supported the transformation of several micropollutants with faster and/or comparable rates compared to anoxic conditions. The estimated transformation rates from batch experiments adequately predicted the removal for most micropollutants in the full-scale processes. While the compositions in microbial communities differed between AGS and CAS, the full-scale biological reactors shared similar resistome profiles. Even though granular biomass showed lower potential for micropollutant transformation, AGS systems had somewhat higher gene cluster diversity compared to CAS, which could be related to a higher functional diversity. Micropollutant exposure to biomass or mass transfer limitations, therefore played more important roles in the observed differences in OMP removal.
|
|
| 26. |
- Burzio, Cecilia, 1991, et al.
(författare)
-
Removal of organic micropollutants in the biological units of a Swedish wastewater treatment plant
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. - 1757-8981 .- 1757-899X. ; 1209
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates the presence and removal of target organic micropollutants in a large Swedish wastewater treatment plant designed for nutrient removal including activated sludge, trickling filters, nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) and post-denitrifying MBBRs. A total of 28 organic micropollutants were analysed, at concentrations ranging from few ng/L to µg/L, in the influent and effluent of the different biological reactors in two sampling campaigns. The observed micropollutant removal efficiencies of the wastewater treatment plant varied from insignificant (< 20%) to high (> 90%) between compounds. The activated sludge reactor, being the first in line, contributed to most of the removal from the water phase. Additional removal of a few compounds was observed in the biofilm units, but most of the persistent compounds remained stable through all biological treatments.
|
|
| 27. |
- Burzio, Cecilia, 1991, et al.
(författare)
-
Sorption of pharmaceuticals to foam and aerobic granular sludge with different morphologies
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Resources, Environment and Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-9161. ; 15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In biological wastewater treatment, the sorption process is an important removal pathway of organic micropollutants from the aqueous phase. Beyond the conventional sorption to biomass and particulate matter, organic molecules can also partition to gas bubbles commonly present in aerated biological processes. This study investigated the partitioning behavior of 21 selected pharmaceuticals to two types of aerobic granular sludge, and the foam generated by aeration. Batch sorption experiments were performed with biologically inactive granules of controlled diameters (0.5–1, 1–2, and >2 mm). Removal during sorption tests was observed for four positively charged micropollutants (sertraline, citalopram, clarithromycin, and erythromycin), four neutral compounds (levonorgestrel, estradiol, ethinylestradiol, and ketoconazole), and one negatively charged pharmaceutical (losartan). This highlights the importance of electrostatic interactions and lipophilic affinity with the solids. For some compounds, the removal increased with time, suggesting that sorption in thick biofilm is limited by molecular diffusion into the biofilm matrix. Furthermore, partitioning of pharmaceuticals to aeration-induced foam was confirmed in separate batch tests. Clarithromycin, erythromycin, ketoconazole, losartan, levonorgestrel, and ethinylestradiol exhibited concentrations in the foam 1.0–5.3 times higher than the initial test values, indicating potential adsorption at the liquid/gas interface for these compounds.
|
|
| 28. |
- Carlsson, Per-Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells preserve endogenous insulin production in type 1 diabetes : a Phase I/II randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Diabetologia. - : Springer. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 66:8, s. 1431-1441
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim/hypothesis This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of treatment with allogeneic Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in recent-onset type 1 diabetes.Methods A combined Phase I/II trial, composed of a dose escalation followed by a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study in parallel design, was performed in which treatment with allogeneic MSCs produced as an advanced therapy medicinal product (ProTrans) was compared with placebo in adults with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes <2 years before enrolment, age 18-40 years and a fasting plasma C-peptide concentration >0.12 nmol/l. Randomisation was performed with a web-based randomisation system, with a randomisation code created prior to the start of the study. The randomisation was made in blocks, with participants randomised to ProTrans or placebo treatment. Randomisation envelopes were kept at the clinic in a locked room, with study staff opening the envelopes at the baseline visits. All participants and study personnel were blinded to group assignment. The study was conducted at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.Results Three participants were included in each dose cohort during the first part of the study. Fifteen participants were randomised in the second part of the study, with ten participants assigned to ProTrans treatment and five to placebo. All participants were analysed for the primary and secondary outcomes. No serious adverse events related to treatment were observed and, overall, few adverse events (mainly mild upper respiratory tract infections) were reported in the active treatment and placebo arms. The primary efficacy endpoint was defined as Delta-change in C-peptide AUC for a mixed meal tolerance test at 1 year following ProTrans/placebo infusion compared with baseline performance prior to treatment. C-peptide levels in placebo-treated individuals declined by 47%, whereas those in ProTrans-treated individuals declined by only 10% (p<0.05). Similarly, insulin requirements increased in placebo-treated individuals by a median of 10 U/day, whereas insulin needs of ProTrans-treated individuals did not change over the follow-up period of 12 months (p<0.05).Conclusions/interpretation This study suggests that allogeneic Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (ProTrans) is a safe treatment for recent-onset type 1 diabetes, with the potential to preserve beta cell function.
|
|
| 29. |
- Edefell, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
-
Digging deep into a GAC filter – Temporal and spatial profiling of adsorbed organic micropollutants
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 218
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large pilot-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) filter was operated downstream in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant to remove organic micropollutants. To describe the spatial and temporal developments of micropollutant adsorption profiles in the GAC filter, micropollutants were extracted from GAC media taken at various filter depths and number of treated bed volumes. At a low number of treated bed volumes (2600 BVs), most micropollutants were adsorbed in the top layers of the filter. At increasing number of treated bed volumes (7300–15,500 BVs), the adsorption front for micropollutants progressed through the filter bed at varying rates, with sulfamethoxazole, fluconazole, and PFOS reaching the bottom layer before carbamazepine and other well-adsorbing micropollutants, such as propranolol and citalopram. Higher amounts of adsorbed micropollutants in the bottom layer of the filter bed resulted in decreased removal efficiencies in the treated wastewater. Mass estimations indicated biodegradation for certain micropollutants, such as naproxen, diclofenac, and sulfamethoxazole. A temporary increase in the concentration of the insecticide imidacloprid could be detected in the filter indicating that extraction of adsorbed micropollutants could provide an opportunity for backtracking of loading patterns.
|
|
| 30. |
- Ericsson, Olle, et al.
(författare)
-
Clinical validation of a novel automated cell-free DNA screening assay for trisomies 21, 13, and 18 in maternal plasma.
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Prenatal diagnosis. - : Wiley. - 1097-0223 .- 0197-3851. ; 39:11, s. 1011-1015
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To evaluate clinical performance of a new automated cell-free (cf)DNA assay in maternal plasma screening for trisomies 21, 18, and 13, and to determine fetal sex.Maternal plasma samples from 1200 singleton pregnancies were analyzed with a new non-sequencing cfDNA method, which is based on imaging and counting specific chromosome targets. Reference outcomes were determined by either cytogenetic testing, of amniotic fluid or chorionic villi, or clinical examination of neonates.The samples examined included 158 fetal aneuploidies. Sensitivity was 100% (112/112) for trisomy 21, 89% (32/36) for trisomy 18, and 100% (10/10) for trisomy 13. The respective specificities were 100%, 99.5%, and 99.9%. There were five first pass failures (0.4%), all in unaffected pregnancies. Sex classification was performed on 979 of the samples and 99.6% (975/979) provided a concordant result.The new automated cfDNA assay has high sensitivity and specificity for trisomies 21, 18, and 13 and accurate classification of fetal sex, while maintaining a low failure rate. The study demonstrated that cfDNA testing can be simplified and automated to reduce cost and thereby enabling wider population-based screening.
|
|
| 31. |
- Gidstedt, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
A comparison of adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon following chemically enhanced primary treatment with microsieving, direct membrane filtration and tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 811:152225
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adsorption of organic micropollutants onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) was investigated in laboratory scale based on samples from four wastewater process streams (matrices); three from a pilot-scale plant with different degrees of physicochemical treatment of municipal wastewater and one from a full-scale activated sludge plant with post-precipitation. The pilot-scale treatment consisted of chemically enhanced primary treatment with microsieving followed by direct membrane filtration as microfiltration or ultrafiltration. The results showed highest adsorption of micropollutants in the tertiary (biologically and chemically) treated wastewater and lowest adsorption in the microsieve filtrate. Adsorption of micropollutants in the direct membrane microfiltration (200 nm) permeate was generally similar to that in the direct membrane ultrafiltration (3 nm) permeate. The higher adsorption of micropollutants in the tertiary treated wastewater could be related to a lower concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and lower affinity of DOC for PAC at low dosage (<15 mg PAC/L) in this matrix. At a PAC dose of 10 mg/L, sulfamethoxazole was removed by 33% in the tertiary treated wastewater and 7% in the direct membrane microfiltration permeate. In addition to the PAC experiments, a pilot scale sand filter and a proceeding GAC filter was operated on tertiary treated wastewater from the full-scale treatment plant. Similar removal trends in the PAC and GAC experiments were observed when studying a weighted average micropollutant removal in the GAC filter and a similar dose of activated carbon for both PAC and GAC. Positively charged micropollutants were removed to a higher extent than negatively charged ones by both PAC and GAC.
|
|
| 32. |
- Gidstedt, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
Chemically enhanced primary treatment, microsieving, direct membrane filtration and GAC filtration of municipal wastewater : a pilot-scale study
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Environmental Technology (United Kingdom). - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 0959-3330 .- 1479-487X. ; , s. 12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) followed by microsieving and direct membrane filtration (DMF) as ultrafiltration, was evaluated on pilot scale at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. In addition, a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter downstream of DMF was evaluated for the removal of organic micropollutants. Up to 80% of the total organic carbon (TOC) and 96% of the total phosphorus were removed by CEPT with microsieving. The additional contribution of subsequent DMF was minor, and only five days of downstream GAC filtration was possible due to fouling of the membrane. Of the 21 organic micropollutants analysed, all were removed (≥ 98%) by the GAC filter until 440 bed volumes, while CEPT with microsieving and DMF removed only a few compounds. Measurements of the oxygen uptake rate indicated that the required aeration for supplementary biological treatment downstream of CEPT with microsieving, both with and without subsequent DMF, was 20−25% of that in the influent wastewater. This study demonstrated the potential of using compact physicochemical processes to treat municipal wastewater, including the removal of organic micropollutants.
|
|
| 33. |
- Gilles, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Guidance document on the need of removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater in the coastal regions of the South Baltic Sea
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The constant release of pharmaceuticals into the environment can lead to pollution of water and soils which might constitute a risk to human and other living organisms. Residues of common pharmaceuticals such as painkillers, antimicrobials, antidepressants, contraceptives or antiparasitics may enter the environment during manufacturing and disposal processes. The main sources of releases, however, are human consumption and veterinary use. Due to the metabolic stability of some pharmaceuticals up to 90% of the active ingredients are excreted and end up in the wastewater system and finally in the environment – e.g. accumulated in the Baltic Sea and its living organisms.The EU and its Member States have in the past few years increasingly recognised the challenge of pharmaceuticals in the environment (PIE). This is exemplified first and foremost by the European Commission’s Strategic Approach to Pharmaceuticals in the Environment, but also initiatives at the national level aiming at closing main knowledge gaps in the field, comprehensive monitoring systems and more surveys to detect the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in surface and ground water. Moreover, the OECD has recently published a report on pharmaceutical residues in freshwater that calls for a better understanding of the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment and policy actions.However, this has not yet led to the development of indicators and threshold values at the EU level that aid Member States in implementing systematic monitoring schemes for PIE. As long as this situation persists and as long as we still do not sufficiently understand the effects of pharmaceutical residues on the ecosystem and on human health, the question arises: What can be done about PIE at the regional level? The answer to this lies in the precautionary principle – i.e. taking action to prevent harm to the environment even without having exact knowledge of all facets of the problem.
|
|
| 34. |
- Gilles, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Guidance document on the need of removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater in the coastal regions of the South Baltic Sea
- 2021
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The constant release of pharmaceuticals into the environment can lead to pollution of water and soils which might constitute a risk to human and other living organisms. Residues of common pharmaceuticals such as painkillers, antimicrobials, antidepressants, contraceptives or antiparasitics may enter the environment during manufacturing and disposal processes. The main sources of releases, however, are human consumption and veterinary use. Due to the metabolic stability of some pharmaceuticals up to 90% of the active ingredients are excreted and end up in the wastewater system and finally in the environment – e.g. accumulated in the Baltic Sea and its living organisms.The EU and its Member States have in the past few years increasingly recognised the challenge of pharmaceuticals in the environment (PIE). This is exemplified first and foremost by the European Commission’s Strategic Approach to Pharmaceuticals in the Environment, but also initiatives at the national level aiming at closing main knowledge gaps inthe field, comprehensive monitoring systems and more surveys to detect the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in surface and ground water. Moreover, the OECD has recently published a report on pharmaceutical residues in freshwater that calls for a better understanding of the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment and policy actions.However, this has not yet led to the development of indicators and threshold values at the EU level that aid Member States in implementing systematic monitoring schemes for PIE. As long as this situation persists and as long as we still do not sufficiently understand the effects of pharmaceutical residues on the ecosystem and on human health, the question arises: What can be done about PIE at the regional level? The answer to this lies in the precautionary principle – i.e. taking action to prevent harm to the environment even without having exact knowledge of all facets of the problem.
|
|
| 35. |
- Henfridsson, Ola, 1970, et al.
(författare)
-
Managing technological change in the digital age: the role of architectural frames
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Information Technology. - : SAGE Publications. - 0268-3962 .- 1466-4437. ; 29:1, s. 27-43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inspired by Herbert Simon's notion of nearly decomposable systems, researchers have examined modularity as a powerful approach to manage technological change in product innovation. We articulate this approach as the hierarchy-of-parts architecture and explain how it emphasizes decomposition of a design into loosely coupled parts and subsequent aggregation of these into an industrial product. To realize the scale benefits of modularity, firms successively freeze design specifications before production and therefore only allow limited windows of functionality design and redesign. This makes it difficult to take advantage of the increased speed by which digitized products can be developed and modified. To address this problem, we draw on Christopher Alexander's notion of design patterns to introduce a complementary approach to manage technological change that is resilient to digital technology. We articulate this approach as the network-of-patterns architecture and explain how it emphasizes generalization of ideas into patterns and subsequent specialization of patterns for different design purposes. In response to the increased digitization of industrial products, we demonstrate the value of complementing hierarchy-of-parts thinking with network-of-patterns thinking through a case study of infotainment architecture at an automaker. As a result, we contribute to the literature on managing products in the digital age: we highlight the properties of digital technology that increase the speed by which digitized products can be redesigned; we offer the notion of architectural frames and propose hierarchy-of-parts and network-of-patterns as frames to support innovation of digitized products; and, we outline an agenda for future research that reconsiders the work of Simon and Alexander as well as their followers to address key challenges in innovating digitized products.
|
|
| 36. |
- Henfridsson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Path Creation in Digital Innovation : A Multi-Layered Dialectics Perspective
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We extend the path creation literature by developing a dialectic perspective of its multi-layered nature. In particular, our perspective focuses on the process by which designers shift their attention across different layers of digital innovation in the pursuit of a particular innovation path. To better understand path creation in digital innovation, we draw on a six-year in-depth field study of designers at CarCorp and its owner, GlobalCarCorp. Because of the reciprocal nature of path creation and path dependency, the design agency of CarCorp's path creators is embroiled in tensions and contradictions. The reciprocity of dominant, emergent, and residual design structures serves as an underlying generative force for breaking away from the current innovation path of the studied automaker.
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
- Henfridsson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Reconfiguring Modularity : Closing Capability Gaps inDigital Innovation
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is widely acknowledged that modularity, as an approach to both product design and organization design, provides product developing firms with dynamic capabilities that allow them to more effectively respond to changes in the environment. However, the innovation literature is silent on how such dynamic capabilities might require reconfiguration as firms in traditional industries embed digital technology into their products. Drawing on theories of modularity, capability, and software engineering, we therefore conducted a multi-level study of car navigation technology. On the industry level, we investigated how automakers' traditional hierarchical control over the innovation process was challenged as they faced multiple digital options for navigation systems design. On the firm level, we investigated how one large automaker exploited these options by reconfiguring modularity and distributing control over the innovation process. The paper makes two inter-related contributions. First, we extend the innovation literature by identifying and characterizing a capability gap that product developing firms in traditional industries face if they merely accommodate digital technology within the confines of current approaches to modularity. Second, we present a new understanding of modularity that draws on the innovation literature as well as the software engineering literature. Rather than relying mainly on components as interrelated physical parts of a hierarchical system, we argue that digital innovation requires product developers to fully exploit physical as well as logical design perspectives, and to differentiate between components as parts, as patterns, and as platforms. We posit that the capability to combine such approaches to modularity is essential for effectively embedding digital technology into traditional physical products.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Kaiser, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmaceutical consumption patterns in four coastal regions of the South Baltic Sea : Germany, Sweden, Poland and Lithuania
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report of MORPHEUS Project Partners documents the outcome of WP3 – consumption patterns. Herein, the project aims to identify and quantify the emission of selected pharmaceuticals especially discharged via wastewater of WWTP. A comprehensive data research was performed and prioritized pharmaceutical consumption loads have been calculated for the model areas in Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and Germany. The outcome of this report can be summarized in the following key facts:1. Consumption data is based on either sales data of wholesalers/pharmacies or data from health care institutions. The unit of consumption is number of reimbursed packages andDDD, respectively.2. The resolution and data coverage (only partly including OTC, hospital etc.) is country- specific: The best time-resolution was found in Poland (monthly), the best spatial resolution in Lithuania (population group <3000).3. Country-specific consumption was comparable by a developed value intake load per inhabitant per year.4. For Swedish and German data, a comparison of different distributing sites of pharmaceuticals was possible (over the counter sales, application in hospitals, prescriptions/pharmacies).5. For Lithuanian data, the high spatial resolution enabled a potential correlation with the local demographic data in regard of consumption of beta blocking pharmaceuticals.6. For Polish data, a seasonal variation can be clearly shown for antibiotics.7. For German data, an accumulation within the river catchment shows that a complete picture of the whole system is essential to understand the actual burden of pharmaceuticals in the environment.8. Comparing the model areas, all results have been in the same order of magnitude more or less depending on consumption and doses. Metformin and diverse analgesics revealed high intake loads. In general, mostly German intake loads exceed the others which may lies in the fact that the selection of pharmaceuticals is mostly based on German literature and statistics due to availability/accessibility. An adjustment to each country-specific list may lead to other results.9. Some substances remain unclear: Contrast media and hormones are still a matter of burden to the environment but caused some difficulties during data collection andresearch.
|
|
| 41. |
- Kaiser, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmaceutical consumption patterns in four coastal regions of the South Baltic Sea : Germany, Sweden, Poland and Lithuania
- 2019
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report of MORPHEUS Project Partners documents the outcome of WP3 – consumption patterns. Herein, the project aims to identify and quantify the emission of selected pharmaceuticals especially discharged via wastewater of WWTP. A comprehensive data research was performed and prioritized pharmaceutical consumption loads have been calculated for the model areas in Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and Germany. The outcome of this report can be summarized in the following key facts: 1. Consumption data is based on either sales data of wholesalers/pharmacies or data from health care institutions. The unit of consumption is number of reimbursed packages andDDD, respectively. 2. The resolution and data coverage (only partly including OTC, hospital etc.) is country- specific: The best time-resolution was found in Poland (monthly), the best spatial resolution in Lithuania (population group <3000). 3. Country-specific consumption was comparable by a developed value intake load per inhabitant per year. 4. For Swedish and German data, a comparison of different distributing sites of pharmaceuticals was possible (over the counter sales, application in hospitals, prescriptions/pharmacies). 5. For Lithuanian data, the high spatial resolution enabled a potential correlation with the local demographic data in regard of consumption of beta blocking pharmaceuticals. 6. For Polish data, a seasonal variation can be clearly shown for antibiotics. 7. For German data, an accumulation within the river catchment shows that a complete picture of the whole system is essential to understand the actual burden of pharmaceuticals in the environment. 8. Comparing the model areas, all results have been in the same order of magnitude more or less depending on consumption and doses. Metformin and diverse analgesics revealed high intake loads. In general, mostlyGerman intake loads exceed the others which may lies in the fact that the selection of pharmaceuticals is mostly based on German literature and statistics due to availability/accessibility. An adjustment to each country-specific list may lead to other results. 9. Some substances remain unclear: Contrast media and hormones are still a matter of burden to the environment but caused some difficulties during data collection andresearch.
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
- Kalinowska, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
-
Pomeranian wastewater treatment plants as hot-spots of antibiotic resistance : the impact on the coastal waters of the Baltic sea
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wastewater treatment processes are monitored mainly in terms of biogenic substances removal efficiency. Only recently they started to be perceived as a potential sources of pharmaceutical residues to their recipients the and hot-spots for antibiotic resistance dissemination among bacteria. The scale of the problem has not been fully investigated and understood – missing data on the pharmaceuticals consumption, unidentified and dispersed point sources and non-unified sampling strategy of monitoring programs have been identified as the examples of problematic areas. I n scope of project REPHIRA (Reduction of Pharmaceutical Emissions from Dispersed Point Sources in Rural Areas), financed from the Interreg Baltic Sea Region Seed Money, the cooperation has been established between five partners located in the Baltic Sea catchment area: Poland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Finland. In order to fulfill the knowledge gap, a preliminary study was conducted by Polish partner on four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) localized in the coastal area in northern Poland. Objects differ in terms of load, people equivalent, treatment technology and the recipient of WWTP effluent. The amount of human gut related indicator organism, E. coli has been estimated in raw and treated wastewater, as well as in the receiver, using classical microbiology approach and cultivation method. Additionally, the bacterial resistance to cefotaxime – an antibiotic belonging to third-generation cephalosporin family – has been tested.
|
|
| 45. |
- Kalinowska, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
-
Pomeranian wastewater treatment plants as hot-spots of antibiotic resistance : the impact on the coastal waters of the Baltic sea
- 2020
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wastewater treatment processes are monitored mainly in terms of biogenic substances removal efficiency. Only recently they started to be perceived as a potential sources of pharmaceutical residues to their recipients the and hot-spots for antibiotic resistance dissemination among bacteria. The scale of the problem has not been fully investigated and understood – missing data on the pharmaceuticals consumption, unidentified and dispersed point sources and non-unified sampling strategy of monitoring programs have been identified as the examples of problematic areas. I n scope of project REPHIRA (Reduction of Pharmaceutical Emissions from Dispersed Point Sources in Rural Areas), financed from the Interreg Baltic Sea Region Seed Money, the cooperation has been established between five partners located in the Baltic Sea catchment area: Poland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Finland. In order to fulfill the knowledge gap, a preliminary study was conducted by Polish partner on four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) localized in the coastal area in northern Poland. Objects differ in terms of load, people equivalent, treatment technology and the recipient of WWTP effluent. The amount of human gut related indicator organism, E. coli has been estimated in raw and treated wastewater, as well as in the receiver, using classical microbiology approach and cultivation method. Additionally, the bacterial resistance to cefotaxime – an antibiotic belonging to third-generation cephalosporin family – has been tested.
|
|
| 46. |
- Kosek, Klaudia, et al.
(författare)
-
Implementation of advanced micropollutants removal technologies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) : examples and challenges based on selected EU countries
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Policy. - 1462-9011 .- 1873-6416. ; 112, s. 213-226
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The accumulation of micropollutants (MPs) and their increasing concentration in the aquatic environment are an emerging issue for water quality in the world. The complex web of exposure pathways, as well as the variety in the chemical structure and potency of MPs, represents enormous challenges for researchers and policy initiatives. In order to manage MPs, it has to be decided which of them have to be reduced and to what extent, where in the water cycle this would be the most efficient and which technical means that should be applied to be sustainable. All of these aspects require a knowledge of MPs abundance, properties, fate and impact in the environment, which is essentially determined by two related features: the sources and the physico-chemical characteristics of MPs. Micropollutants including pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and hormones can enter the aquatic environment through both diffuse and point sources, but in urbanised regions wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a crucial role in their dissemination. Conventional WWTPs are effective in removal of macropollutants (e.g. nutrients, suspended solids and some trace elements), while MPs may go through the treatment unchanged or be removed at different rates. Most of the EU countries are convinced that the presence of MPs in the environment poses a serious problem, particularly in highly populated regions where surface water resources serve as a source of potable water. Presently, various technical solutions are available and have been proven possible to integrate with existing treatment processes in an expedient manner. The solutions that have been evaluated are mainly based on ozonation and/or activated carbon treatment technologies which may definitely be considered the most effective compared to the costs incurred.
|
|
| 47. |
- Kosek, Klaudia, et al.
(författare)
-
Implementation of advanced micropollutants removal technologies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) : examples and challenges based on selected EU countries
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1462-9011 .- 1873-6416. ; 112, s. 213-226
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The accumulation of micropollutants (MPs) and their increasing concentration in the aquatic environment are an emerging issue for water quality in the world. The complex web of exposure pathways, as well as the variety in the chemical structure and potency of MPs, represents enormous challenges for researchers and policy initiatives. In order to manage MPs, it has to be decided which of them have to be reduced and to what extent, where in the water cycle this would be the most efficient and which technical means that should be applied to be sustainable. All of these aspects require a knowledge of MPs abundance, properties, fate and impact in the environment, which is essentially determined by two related features: the sources and the physico-chemical characteristics of MPs. Micropollutants including pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and hormones can enter the aquatic environment through both diffuse and point sources, but in urbanised regions wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a crucial role in their dissemination. Conventional WWTPs are effective in removal of macropollutants (e.g. nutrients, suspended solids and some trace elements), while MPs may go through the treatment unchanged or be removed at different rates. Most of the EU countries are convinced that the presence of MPs in the environment poses a serious problem, particularly in highly populated regions where surface water resources serve as a source of potable water. Presently, various technical solutions are available and have been proven possible to integrate with existing treatment processes in an expedient manner. The solutions that have been evaluated are mainly based on ozonation and/or activated carbon treatment technologies which may definitely be considered the most effective compared to the costs incurred.
|
|
| 48. |
- Kårelid, Victor, 1989-
(författare)
-
Towards application of activated carbon treatment for pharmaceutical removal in municipal wastewater
- 2016
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many pharmaceuticals are found in municipal wastewater effluents due to their persistence in the human body as well as in conventional wastewater treatment processes. This discharge to the environment can lead to adverse effects in aquatic species, such as feminization of male fish. During the past decade, these findings have spawned investigations and research into suitable treatment technologies that could severely limit the discharge. Adsorption onto activated carbon has been identified as one of the two main technologies for implementation of (future) full-scale treatment.Recent research has put a closer focus on adsorption with powdered activated carbon (PAC) than on granular activated carbon (GAC). Studies where both methods are compared in parallel operation are thus still scarce and such evaluation in pilot-scale was therefore a primary objective of this thesis. Furthermore, recirculation of PAC can be used to optimize the treatment regarding the carbon consumption. Such a setup was evaluated as a separate treatment stage to comply with Swedish wastewater convention. Additionally, variation of a set of process parameters was evaluated.During successive operation at three different wastewater treatment plants an overall pharmaceutical removal of 95% could consistently be achieved with both methods. Furthermore, treatment with GAC was sensitive to a degraded effluent quality, which severely reduced the hydraulic capacity. Both treatment methods showed efficient removal of previously highlighted substances, such as carbamazepine and diclofenac, however in general a lower adsorption capacity was observed for GAC. By varying the input of process parameters, such as the continuously added dose or the contact time, during PAC treatment, a responsive change of the pharmaceutical removal could be achieved. The work in this thesis contributes some valuable field experience towards wider application of these treatment technologies in full-scale.
|
|
| 49. |
|
|
| 50. |
|
|
