| 1. |
- Wredle, Ewa, et al.
(författare)
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Feeding and Manual Brushing Influence the Release of Oxytocin, ACTH and Cortisol Differently During Milking in Dairy Cows
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-4548 .- 1662-453X. ; 16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimThis study aimed to examine the effects of feeding or abdominal brushing on the release of the hormones oxytocin, ACTH and cortisol during milking in dairy cows. MethodsTwelve cows in early lactation were used (2 x 2 factorial experimental design), testing the effects of two types of sensory stimulation during milking over a 3 day period; feeding concentrate or manual abdominal brushing (1 stroke/s). Blood samples for hormone analyses were collected at time at -15, -1, 0 (onset of cluster), every min for 8 min, at 10, 12, 14, 16, 30, and 60 min. Hormone levels were assayed and AUC was calculated. ResultsMilking was associated with an immediate and significant rise of oxytocin. When milking was combined with feeding, significantly higher levels of oxytocin were observed at 2 and 4 mins (p < 0.05). No effect of brushing on oxytocin levels was observed. Milking alone was associated with a significant rise of ACTH levels. Feeding in connection with milking reduced the immediate rise of ACTH levels (p < 0.05) and AUC (p < 0.02), whereas no effects of brushing were found. Milking caused a progressive rise of cortisol levels. Concomitant feeding did not influence cortisol levels, whereas brushing significantly decreased cortisol levels at 1, 5 and 14 mins after onset of milking (p < 0.05). ConclusionFeeding increases oxytocin release in response to milking and decreases ACTH levels. Abdominal brushing did not influence these variables, but decreased cortisol levels. These data demonstrate that activation of afferent vagal nerve fibres and of cutaneous sensory nerves originating from the abdominal skin in front of the udder influence milking related hormone release differently.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Clemensson Lindell, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence for hygiene testing of rubber liners and tubes on dairy farms
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 101, s. 2438-2447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prevention of biofilm formation in milking equipment is important to ensure good hygiene quality of raw milk. Key factors to achieving good results are a successful cleaning procedure and a method to check the cleanliness of milking equipment surfaces. Adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence is a fast and easy method for investigating bacterial contamination of surfaces. However, previous studies on the potential of ATP bioluminescence to assess the hygiene status of milking equipment have been hampered by lack of a validated test procedure. The aim of this work was therefore to establish a test procedure for assessing the cleanliness of milking equipment using ATP bioluminescence, and apply the method on-farm to study the hygiene status of aging rubber material in milking equipment. In developing the test procedure, the effects of sampling location in tubes and liners, sampling of dry versus wet barrels, milking point in the parlor, and acid or alkali detergent on ATP values were investigated. The results showed that, to obtain reproducible results, replicate sampling from the same milking points in the parlor is important. For milk tubes, samples should preferably be taken from the milk meter side, for liners on the inside of the barrel. For best results, sampling should be performed after use of alkali detergent. No beneficial effect was observed of sampling dry liner barrels, so sampling in the standardized test procedure is performed directly after cleaning. The standardized test procedure was used on 3 different commercial farms and sampling was initiated after replacement of old rubber parts. On one of the farms, additional sampling was performed to evaluate total bacteria count and determine the association with ATP level. The results suggest that, provided an efficient cleaning procedure is used, the hygiene quality of milking equipment can be maintained during the recommended lifetime of the rubberware. However, due to occasional variation in cleaning efficiency between milking points and liner barrels, random sampling on single occasions can lead to incorrect conclusions. Replicate sampling over time is therefore important for correct interpretation of ATP bioluminescence data. If ATP levels are very high, complementary sampling for total bacteria count should be used to verify that the level is due to bacterial contamination, and not other organic ATP-contributing material (e.g., milk residues).
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| 4. |
- Ferneborg, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of automatic cluster removal and feeding during milking on milking efficiency, milk yield and milk fat quality
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Research. - 0022-0299 .- 1469-7629. ; 83, s. 180-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to increase milking efficiency, the effects of two different cluster take-off levels (200 and 800 g/min) and feeding vs. not feeding during milking were tested in a Latin square design study including 32 cows. Milk yield, milking time, milk flow and milking interval were measured and milk samples were analysed for gross composition, sodium and potassium concentration, free fatty acid (FFA) content, milk fat globule (MFG) size, MFG membrane (MFGM) material and fatty acid composition. Residual milk was harvested to evaluate udder emptying. Increasing the take-off level from 200 to 800 g/min at the whole udder level decreased milking time and increased harvest flow. Udder emptying decreased slightly, but there were no effects on milk yield, FFA content or MFGM. There were interactive effects of take-off level and feeding during milking on content of fatty acids C4:0, C6:0, C16:0, C18:3(n-3) and C20:0. Feeding during milking increased milk yield per day and decreased milking interval. Sodium and potassium concentrations in milk were unaffected by treatments, indicating no loss of tight junction integrity. From these results, it is clear that feeding during milking should be used to increase milk yield and improve milking efficiency, regardless of take-off level used, and that the effect of feeding is more pronounced when a low take-off level is used. Feeding seemed to counteract the effects of the low take-off level on milking time and milking interval. Low take-off levels can therefore be used in combination with feeding.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ferneborg, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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Milking time and risk of over-milking can be decreased with early teat cup removal based on udder quarter milk flow without loss in milk yield
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 100, s. 6640-6647
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing the milk flow rate at which milking is terminated can shorten milking time and increase milking efficiency. The effects on milk yield and composition have not been fully investigated when the take-off is set at the udder quarter level and independent of feeding during milking. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 3 take-off levels at the udder quarter level (0.06, 0.3, and 0.48 kg/min) applied with or without feeding during milking on milking time, milk yield, the degree of udder emptying, milk composition, and free fatty acids. In this study, 30 cows were allocated into 6 groups, balanced by lactation number, lactation stage, and milk yield, and subjected to a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using a Latin square design. Treatments were applied for 1 wk each. This study demonstrated milking time could be reduced by applying up to a take-off level of 0.48 kg/min on udder quarter level without losing milk yield or compromising milk composition or udder health.
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| 7. |
- Ferneborg, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of pulsation ratio on teat condition, milk somatic cell count and productivity in dairy cows in automatic milking
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Research. - 0022-0299 .- 1469-7629. ; 82, s. 453-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pulsation ratio of a milking machine affects milk flow and milking time, and has also been reported to influence teat condition and milk somatic cell count (SCC). However, most studies comparing pulsation ratios have been performed on conventional cluster milking (whole-udder level), where effects such as deteriorated teat end condition and increased milk SCC are likely to be caused by over-milking on teats that are emptied faster than the other teats. When the teat cups are detached from each udder quarter separately which can be done in automatic milking systems (AMS), the risk of over-milking, especially in front teats, may be significantly reduced. This study investigated the effects of pulsation ratio on teat end condition, milk SCC, milk yield, milking time and milk flow in an automatic milking system where each udder quarter is milked separately. In total, 356 cows on five commercial farms were included in a split-udder design experiment comparing three pulsation ratios (60:40, 70:30 and 75:25) with the standard pulsation ratio (65:35) during 6 weeks. Pulsation rate was 60 cycles/min and vacuum level 46 kPa. The 70:30 and 75:25 ratios increased peak and average milk flow and the machine-on time was shorter with 75:25, while both peak and average milk flows were lower and machine-on time was longer with the 60:40 ratio. No negative effects on teat condition or milk SCC were observed with any of the pulsation ratios applied during the study. Thus it is possible that increased pulsation ratio can be used to increase milking efficiency in AMS where quarter milking is applied.
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| 8. |
- Ferneborg, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of pulstation ratios on teat and udder health and productivity in dairy cows in AMS
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of pulsation ratios on teat and udder health and productivity in dairy cows in AMS Ferneborg, Sabine and Svennersten Sjaunja, Kerstin. Kungsängens Research Centre, Sw. Univ. Agric. Sci., SE-753 23 Uppsala, Sweden The pulsation ratio of a milking machine affects not only milk flow and milking time, but has also been reported to cause oedema in the teats and increased somatic cell count. However, most of the studies comparing pulsation ratios have been performed on traditional cluster milking, and the effects are likely to be caused by over milking. A large part of the milking today is performed on quarter level using automatic milking systems (AMS), where the risk of over milking is reduced. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of different pulsation ratios on teat and udder health, productivity and milking parameters in AMS, where each quarter is individually milked. 356 cows on 5 privately owned farms were included in the study, which was performed in a split-udder design where three pulsation ratios; 60:40, 70:30 and 75:25 were compared to the standard pulsation 65:35. Teat score and teat thickness were measured on three occasions during the trial. Milk samples were taken from strip milk for the analysis of milk SCC. Milk yield, milking time and milk flow were registered automatically by the AMS for each milking. All statistical analysis was performed on the differences between control and treated fore- and hind quarter respectively. Data was analyzed using procedures MIXED and GLIMMIX in SAS 9.3. The MIXED model included the fixed effects of treatment and week, as well as treatment by week interaction and the random effect of cow. We found that the pulsation ratios 70:30 and 75:25 increased peak and average flow, and that machine-on-time was shorter on 75:25, while both peak and average flow were lower and machine-on-time shorter on 60:40. We found no support for negative effects on teat or udder health from any of the pulsation ratios applied, and do therefore conclude that increased pulsation ratios can be used to increase productivity in automatic milking systems where quarter milking is applied.
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| 9. |
- Forsbäck, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Day-to-day variation in milk yield and milk composition at udder quarter level
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 93, s. 3569-3577
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automatic in-line measurement of milk composition and milk yield could be a useful tool in management of the dairy herd. Data on milk components and milk yield provide information on milk quality alterations and cow health status but are also useful in planning feeding and breeding. In automatic milking systems, udder quarters are milked individually, enabling analysis and recording at the udder-quarter level. Frequent records of components require knowledge about day-today variations. A component with greater day-to-day variation needs more frequent sampling when used as a diagnostic tool and for management decisions. Earlier studies have described the day-to-day variations in milk components for cow composite milk, but with the quarter milking technique and the possible sampling at the udder-quarter level, knowledge about day-to-day variations at the udder-quarter level is needed. In this study, udder-quarter and cow composite milk samples were collected from 42 consecutive milkings of 10 cows during 21 d. Milk yield was recorded and the milk was analyzed for total protein, whey protein, casein, fat, lactose, and somatic cell count. The results showed that the day-to-day variations and mean values for 4 healthy udder quarters within a cow were similar. In addition, different milk components had different levels of day-to-day variation, the least variation being found in lactose (0.9%) and the greatest in fat (7.7%). This suggests that repeated milk sampling and analysis at the udder-quarter level can be used to detect alterations in composition and cow health and would, thus, be helpful in the management of the dairy herd.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Forsbäck, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of quality changes in udder quarter milk from cows with low-to-moderate somatic cell counts
- 2010
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Ingår i: Animal. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 4, s. 617-626
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much emphasis has been put on evaluating alterations in milk composition caused by clinical and subclinical mastitis. However, little is known about changes in milk composition during subclinical mastitis in individual udder quarters with a low-to-moderate increase in milk somatic cell count (SCC). This information is needed to decide whether milk from individual udder quarters with a moderate-to-high increase in milk SCC should be separated or not. The aim of this study was to determine how milk composition in separate udder quarters is affected when cow composite milk has low or moderately increased SCC levels. Udder quarter and cow composite milk samples were collected from 17 cows on one occasion. Milk yield was registered and samples were analyzed for SCC, fat, total protein, whey proteins, lactose, citric acid, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), lactoferrin, protein profile, free fatty acids (FFAs), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), proteolysis, sodium and potassium. Bacteriological samples were collected twice from all four quarters of all cows. The cows were divided into three groups depending on their SCC at udder quarter level. The first group comprised healthy cows with four udder quarters with low SCC, < 50 000 cells/ml; composition was equal when opposite rear and front quarters were compared. In the second and the third groups, cows had one udder quarter with 101 000 cells/ml < SCC < 600 000 cells/ml and SCC > 700 000 cells/ml, respectively The remaining udder quarters of these cows had low SCC (<100 000 cells/ml). Despite the relatively low average cow composite SCC = 100 000 cells/ml of Group 2, milk from affected udder quarters exhibited lower casein number, content of lactose and beta-casein (beta-CN, while the content of whey protein, sodium, LDH and (alpha-lactoalbumin (alpha-la) were higher compared to healthy opposite quarters. In addition to these changes, milk from affected udder quarters in Group 3 also exhibited lower values of potassium and alpha(s1)-casein (alpha(s1)-CN) and higher values of lactoferrin when compared to milk from opposite healthy quarters. This indicates that even when the SCC in cow composite milk is low, there might exist individual quarters for which milk composition is changed and milk quality impaired.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Forsbäck, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Udder quarter milk composition at different levels of somatic cell count in cow composite milk
- 2009
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Ingår i: Animal. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 3, s. 710-717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automatic milking systems have made possible the separation of high- and low-quality milk at the udder quarter level during the milking process. The aim of this study was to investigate the composition and yield of milk from individual udder quarters to determine whether deteriorated milk composition occurs in udders that are assumed to be healthy and whether quarters with high-quality milk are found in udders with high milk somatic cell count (SCC). Milk samples were collected on one occasion from 90 cows at udder quarter level and cow composite level. The milk was analyzed for content of total protein, whey protein, casein, fat, lactose, citric acid and SCC; milk yield was registered. The cows were divided into three groups depending on the SCC of their composite milk. Cows in group 1, cow composite SCC<100 000 cells/ml were assumed to have healthy udders. However instances of increased SCC and decreased milk quality were discovered in one or more udder quarters of approximately 30% of the group. Cows in group 2, cow composite SCC of 100 000 to 300 000 cells/ml, and group 3, cow composite SCC>300 000 cells/ml, were assumed to have affected udders. However, the majority of these cows had one or more udder quarters in which increased SCC and deteriorated milk quality were not detected. Calculations of bulk-tank milk values, when separation of milk from affected udder quarters was performed, indicate that SCC changes to a much greater degree compared to the other milk components. These results show that milk from affected udder quarters suffers compositional changes, but calculations of simulated separation indicate that the compositional changes in bulk-tank milk are small. The effect of separation of milk from individual udder quarters on bulk-tank milk needs to be further studied.
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| 15. |
- Fröberg, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of free suckling dairy calves in an automatic milking system and their behaviour at weaning
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0906-4702 .- 1651-1972. ; 61, s. 145-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of dairy calves allowed to suckle freely (FS) until eight weeks of age in a cubicle system with automatic milking was compared to automatic teat-feeding with low milk (LM) or high milk (HM) substitute allowances. Weight gain and feed intake of FS (n = 13), LM (n = 23) and HM (n = 22) calves were recorded until two weeks after abrupt weaning, and their behaviour was studied during weaning. FS calves had higher weight gain, but much lower solid feed intake until weaning, than LM and HM calves and their advantage in weight remained throughout the study despite very low post-weaning gain. During the first 24 hours after weaning, FS calves displayed more behavioural signs of stress. However, at 72 hours after weaning, behaviour was similar for all treatments. Methods to stimulate solid feed intake before weaning need to be developed to draw advantage of the FS system.
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| 16. |
- Hang, Bui Phan Thu, et al.
(författare)
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High level of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in young dairy calves in southern Vietnam
- 2019
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Ingår i: Tropical Animal Health and Production. - : Springer. - 0049-4747 .- 1573-7438. ; 51, s. 1405-1411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in dairy calves in southern Vietnam. Fecal samples were taken directly from the rectum of 84 calves from 41 smallholder dairy farms, when newborn and at 14 days of age for isolation of E. coli. Escherichia coli strains were isolated from 144 of the 168 fecal samples tested. Of the 144 E. coli isolates, 40% were found to be susceptible to all 12 antimicrobial drugs tested and 53% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobials. Calves were colonized with antimicrobial-resistant E. coli already on the day of birth. Resistance to tetracycline was most common, followed by resistance to sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin. Four isolates carried a gene encoding for extended-spectrum cephalosporinases (ESC), and these genes belonged to blaCTX-M group 1 (2 isolates), blaCTX-M group 9 (1 isolate), and blaCMY-2 (1 isolate). Thirty-three isolates had a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) phenotype, and 30 of these carried the qnrS gene. These results are of importance for management routines of dairy cattle to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Hernandez, Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Colostrum feeding routines - Passive immunity and welfare in dairy calves
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Calves are born with insufficient immunity to fight disease and rely on the passive transfer of immunity via ingestion of maternal immunoglobulins (IG) present in the colostrum. To ensure adequate transfer of immunity, dairy farmers utilize different methods to feed colostrum to their calves. Feeding methods include bottle or bucket feeding, oesophageal tube (OT) feeding, or suckling the dam. However, inherent differences between the feeding methods are known to result in different levels of transfer of passive immunity to the calves. These differences are related to the ability to control 1) the timing of first colostrum feeding, 2) the quality of the colostrum (mainly IgG content) and 3) the volume of colostrum consumed by the calves. With OT feeding it is easy to control the timing, quality and volume. With bottle or bucket feeding it is easy to control the timing and quality but more difficult to control the volume of colostrum consumed by the calves. In suckled calves, it is more difficult to control all, the timing, quality and volume of the colostrum consumed. Because OT feeding makes it possible to control the three main factors affecting transfer of passive immunity, farms that feed colostrum via OT have less failure of passive transfer (FPT) of immunity (often defined as serum IgG1 concentrations of <10 mg/ml at 24 h of age) than farms that bottle feed or allow the calves to suckle their dams. While the presence of the dam and suckling has been shown to increase absorption of immunoglobulins in dairy calves, several studies have found that dairy farms that allow the calves to obtain their first colostrum by suckling their mothers are at increased risk of FPT of immunity. Similarly, a study of Swedish dairy farms found an increased risk of severe diarrhoea in farms where calves were allowed to suckle compared to farms where the farmer fed their calves their first meal. The discrepancy between increased rate of absorption in suckled calves and increased FPT of immunity is likely due to the low volume of colostrum that the calves voluntarily consume during the first 24 h and a delayed ingestion of their first colostrum that outweighs any improvement in the rate of absorption. For these reasons, some dairy farms in North America feed first colostrum via OT as a way to ensure a good transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves, and now this practice is also being promoted in Sweden. While the OT feeding method seems ideal from the transfer of passive immunity point of view, it is not without risks and could compromise the welfare of the new born calf. Oesophageal tube feeding is an invasive procedure that requires trained personnel in order to prevent injury and prevent colostrum entering the respiratory tract, which could lead to pneumonia and in extreme cases death. In addition, force feeding strong and healthy calves with an OT, as opposed to intubating only weak, anorexic/dehydrated calves, could result in calves that resist and struggle excessively in response to the intubation procedure increasing the risk of injury, discomfort and distress. Furthermore, due to the large variation in colostrum quality (IgG content), it is often recommended to feed 3-4 L of colostrum or 10 % of the calf's body weight in the first meal to ensure adequate passive transfer of immunity. These large amounts of colostrum far exceed the abomasum capacity of the average new born calf (approx. 2 L for a 35 kg calf) and exceeds the amount of colostrum that calves voluntarily consume in the first 24 h after birth (2.4 ± 1.5 L). In addition, oesophageal tube feeding does not stimulate the oesophageal groove reflex, which directs the colostrum from the oesophagus to the abomasum where the necessary enzymes for digestion are found. Force feeding large volumes of colostrum in a short period of time to new born calves, such as during OT feeding, could lead to unnecessary discomfort and stress, but this has not been studied yet. While most studies have focused on the effects of OT feeding on transfer of passive immunity, health outcomes and mortality rates, there is no scientific evidence about the consequences of OT colostrum feeding for the behaviour and welfare of dairy calves. For this reason, a large multidisciplinary project is currently being carried out at the Department of Animal Nutrition and Management at SLU. ) aimed at addressing some of the issues concerning the routine use of OT feeding. The project aims to investigate the effects of OT vs suckling vs bottle colostrum feeding at birth, on the transfer of passive immunity, physiological, endocrine and behavioural response to the three feeding methods, growth, health, development of gut microbiota and welfare in dairy calves. In addition, the public's perception of oesophageal tube feeding as a routine management for colostrum feeding in dairy calves will be investigated. Further research on calves and colostrum management at our department include a study by PhD student Lisa Andree O´Hara comparing the use of refractometer (% Brix) and colostrometer as estimators of IgG content in milk (supervisor: Kjell Holtenius) and the PhD project of Bui Phan Thu Hang aimed at improving calf performance in small-scale dairy production in Southern Vietnam (supervisors: Kerstin Svennersten, Ewa Wredle, Johan Dicksved and Duong Nguyen Khang).
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Hernandez, Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Time lag between peak concentrations of plasma and salivary cortisol following a stressful procedure in dairy cattle
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Measurement of salivary cortisol has been used extensively as a non-invasive alternative to blood sampling to assess adrenal activity in ruminants. However, there is evidence suggesting a considerable delay in the transfer of cortisol from plasma into saliva. Previous studies in cattle have used long sampling intervals making it difficult to characterise the relationship between plasma and salivary cortisol (PLCort and SACort, respectively) concentrations at different time points and determine whether or not such a time lag exist in large ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterise the relationship between plasma and salivary cortisol and determine if there is a significant time lag between reaching peak cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva across a 4.25 h time-period, using short sampling intervals of 10-15 min, following social separation in dairy cattle.Five cows were separated from their calves at 4 days after calving, and six calves were separated from a group of four peers at 8 weeks of age. Following separation, the animals were moved to an unfamiliar surrounding where they could not see their calves or pen mates. The animals were catheterised with indwelling jugular catheters 1 day before sampling. Blood and saliva samples were obtained simultaneously before and after separation.Results: In response to the stressors, PLCort and SACort increased reaching peak concentrations 10 and 20 min after separation, respectively. This suggested a 10 min time lag between peak cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva, which was further confirmed with a time-series analysis. Considering the 10 min time lag, SACort was strongly correlated with PLCort (P < 0.0001).Conclusions: Salivary cortisol correlates well with plasma cortisol and is a good indicator of the time-dependent variations in cortisol concentrations in plasma following acute stress. However, there is a time lag to reach peak cortisol concentrations in saliva compared to those in plasma, which should be considered when saliva samples are used as the only measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in cattle.
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| 22. |
- Johansson, Monika, et al.
(författare)
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Composition and enzymatic activity in bulk milk from dairy farms with conventional or robotic milking systems
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Research. - 0022-0299 .- 1469-7629. ; 84, s. 154-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the studies reported in this research communication was to investigate differences in composition and enzymatic activities in bulk milk samples provided from Swedish dairy farms with different management systems, i.e. automated (AMS) and conventional milking systems (CMS). A bulk milk sample was collected from each of 104 dairy farms, 51 using AMS and 53 using CMS, located in the same geographical region. Sampling took place within two consecutive days during the indoor period (October). Milk samples were analysed for contents of total fat and protein, free fatty acids (FFA), caseins and whey proteins, somatic cell count (SCC), pH, plasmin and plasminogen derived activities, and total proteolysis. Our results showed a lower protein content and higher SCC in bulk milk from AMS herds compared with milk from CMS herds. Plasmin, plasminogen and total plasmin/plasminogen derived activities were lower in milk from AMS herds but despite this, total casein and the beta-casein fraction as % of total protein were lower in milk from AMS herds than in milk from herds using CMS. Total proteolysis was higher in milk from AMS herds, suggesting that other proteases than plasmin, e.g. cellular and bacterial proteases, contributed to the degradation of casein. This was supported by a positive correlation between SCC and total proteolysis (P < 0.01), as well as a negative correlation between total proteolysis and beta-casein fraction (P < 0.05). In conclusion, comparing the quality of bulk milk from commercial dairy herds using AMS and CMS, respectively, several differences were observed, suggesting a significant effect from management system.
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| 23. |
- Lakic, Branislav, et al.
(författare)
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Is there a special mechanism behind the changes in somatic cell and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts, and composition of milk after a single prolonged milking interval in cows?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 51, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A single prolonged milking interval (PMI) e.g. after a technical stop in an automatedmilking system is of concern for the producer since it is associated with a short-lasting increase inmilk somatic cell count (SCC), which is a major quality criterion used at the dairy plants. Thecontent of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and how the milk quality is influenced has notbeen much investigated. The SCC peak occurs without any obvious antigen challenge, possiblyindicating a different leukocyte attraction mechanism after a PMI than we see during mastitis.Methods: Composite cow milk samples were taken at the milkings twice daily during 7 days beforeand 5 days after a PMI of 24 h. Milk was analyzed for SCC, PMN, fat, protein and lactose, and atsome occasions also casein and free fatty acids (FFA).Results: During the PMI the proportion of milk PMN increased sharply in spite of marginallyincreased SCC. The peak SCC was not observed until the second milking after the PMI, in theafternoon day 1. However, the peak SCC value in morning milk did not occur until one day later,concomitantly with a decrease in the proportion of PMN. After declining, SCC still remainedelevated while PMN proportion was decreased throughout the study as was also the milk yield,after the first accumulation of milk during the PMI. Milk composition was changed the day after thePMI, (increased fat and protein content; decreased lactose, whey protein and FFA content) but thechanges in the following days were not consistent except for lactose that remained decreased therest of the study.Conclusion: The PMI resulted in increased SCC and proportion of PMN. Additionally, it gave riseto minor alterations in the milk composition in the following milkings but no adverse effect on milkquality was observed. The recruitment of PMN, which was further enhanced the first day after thePMI, appeared to be independent of milk volume or accumulation of milk per se. Hence, we suggestthat there is a special immunophysiological/chemoattractant background to the increased migrationof leukocytes into the milk compartment observed during and after the PMI.
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| 24. |
- Lakic, Branislav, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of a single prolonged milking interval on inflammatory parameters, milk composition and yield in dairy cows
- 2011
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Ingår i: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2427 .- 1873-2534. ; 140, s. 110-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A technical stop in automatic milking systems may result in a severely prolonged milking interval (PMI) with subsequent impact on milk somatic cell count (SCC). This study investigated the inflammatory reaction, milk composition and yield during SCC peak observed in composite milk after exposing cows to a single PMI of 24h. At the first milking after the PMI, a sharply increased proportion of milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) but marginally increased SCC were observed. The peak in SCC was not seen until morning milking day 2 after the PMI, notably, concomitantly with a decreased PMN proportion. An increase in blood lactose, milk bovine serum albumin and serum amyloid A (SAA) and a drop in milk alpha lactalbumin (ALA) were seen concomitantly with the peak in PMN. All parameters mentioned, had returned to base line after day 2. The changes in SCC and SAA had the longest duration. Lactate dehydrogenase in afternoon milk was decreased during the whole study as was also afternoon milk yield. Interleukin-1 beta could not be detected in milk at any time. SAA and ALA, respectively, may influence chemotaxis and the changed concentrations observed after the PMI might have contributed to the increased migration of PMN to milk. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
- Millogo, Vinsoun, et al.
(författare)
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Day-to-day variation in yield, composition and somatic cell count of saleable milk in hand-milked zebu dairy cattle
- 2009
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Ingår i: African Journal of Agricultural Research. - 1991-637X. ; 4, s. 151-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to determine the relative day-to-day variation in yield and composition of zebu cows. Ten multiparous zebu cows in day 41 +/- 1.6 of lactation were used in the study. After a 14 day adaptation period, milk production was recorded daily for four consecutive weeks. Cows had access to natural pasture for 6.5 h per day and were also supplemented with hay, cottonseed cake and molasses. The cows were hand-milked and calves were used to stimulate milk ejection before and during milking. Average yield of saleable milk was 2.08 +/- 0.23 l/day with a relative day-to-day variation of 18-21%. The variation of saleable milk was 23-25% for fat, 12-14% for protein, 6% for lactose and 8% for somatic cell count. The variation in fat content was higher in strip milk (19-46%) than in saleable milk. The results indicated a larger variation in composition of milk from hand-milked Bos indicus Zebu than from machine-milked Bos taurus cows. The most likely reasons for the difference in variation are the suckling by the calf and that hand-milking entails larger variation in the degree of emptying machine-milking does.
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| 26. |
- Millogo, Vinsoun, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of different hand-milking techniques on milk production and teat treatment in Zebu dairy cattle
- 2012
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Ingår i: Tropical Animal Health and Production. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-4747 .- 1573-7438. ; 44, s. 1017-1025
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to test three different hand-milking techniques ("pull down", "thumb in", and "full hand grip") and their effects on milk production and teat treatment. This is important since milk production in many tropical areas still rely on hand-milking. The study was carried out at a peri-urban farm in the Bobo-Dioulasso area in Burkina Faso. Twelve indigenous Zebu cows in early lactation were used in the study. The sequences of the treatments (hand-milking techniques) and the milkers were balanced for carry-over effects between successive periods and days, respectively. The sequences were constructed by using special Latin squares. Yield and composition of saleable milk was not affected by milking technique but there were differences between the milkers in milk yield. There was also a significant interaction for saleable milk yield between milker and milking technique. Hemoglobin in milk was measured as an indicator of teat damage. The hemoglobin content was numerically higher in post-milking strip milk samples than in saleable milk. It was concluded that the amount of milk removed depends mainly on the milker and how well the milking technique works for the individual milker. No effect of milking technique was observed on teat treatment.
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| 27. |
- Millogo, Vinsoun, et al.
(författare)
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Raw milk hygiene at farms, processing units and local markets in Burkina Faso
- 2010
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Ingår i: Food Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-7135 .- 1873-7129. ; 21, s. 1070-1074
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate raw milk hygiene and composition along the dairy chain in Burkina Faso. Milk samples were taken during the rainy and dry seasons from individual cows, farm tanks, milk collectors' churns, dairy processing unit tanks and at local markets. The results showed lower total bacteria count (10-10(4) cfu/ml) in individual cow milk than later in the dairy chain. The total bacteria count in farm tank milk was 10(6) cfu/ml and 10(7) cfu/ml in tank milk at dairy processing units, in milk collectors' churns and in market buckets. Somatic cell count (100,000-150,000 cells/ml) did not show significant variation between individual cow milk and in the rest of the chain. Higher pH and lower milk fat and lactose contents were found in market bucket milk than in farm and processing unit tank milks. It was concluded that milk from the cow is of good hygienic quality, but milk is often contaminated after milking, and the hygienic quality is very low when it reaches the consumers. Also, milk sold at local markets had low fat and lactose contents and high pH during the rainy season, indicating that the milk may have been diluted, which may further increase the hazards for human health. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 28. |
- Nielsen, Per Peetz, et al.
(författare)
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Technical note: Variation in daily milk yield calculations for dairy cows milked in an automatic milking system
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 93, s. 1069-1073
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An accurate estimation of the daily milk yield of dairy cows milked in an automatic milking system is not obvious because of variations in milking intervals and frequencies. Daily harvested milk varies substantially, and developing a method to be used for estimating daily milk production is of great importance. Three calculation methods (simple, semiadvanced, and advanced) were used. The simple method calculated rough daily milk production by summing up the yield per day. The semiadvanced used yield in combination with time since last milking to calculate the milk production per hour between milking; an average of the milk production per hour over the day was calculated and multiplied by 24. The advanced method calculated the milk production from midnight to midnight by using information about yield and time since last milking to calculate the exact milk production. The results show a clear preference for the advanced calculation method because the variation [variation for the advanced method = ln(1.79) for first lactation and ln(2.28) for later lactations] between days was reduced significantly (3 to 4 times lower compared with the simple method). Variation in daily harvested milk can be used as a management tool.
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| 29. |
- Pettersson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Relationships between milking frequency, lactation persistency and milk yield in Swedish Red heifers and cows milked in a voluntary attendance automatic milking system
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Research. - 0022-0299 .- 1469-7629. ; 78, s. 379-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large dataset comprising output from an automatic milking (AM) system between 1999 and 2006 was examined and a total of 172 cow lactation curves and 68 heifer lactation curves were identified for further analysis. Relationships between milking frequency at different stages of lactation and lactation persistency and total lactation yield were determined. Cows had higher peak and total milk yields than heifers, but heifers had higher persistency (defined as the rate of decline in milk yield between days 100 and 300 post calving). Milking frequency did not differ significantly between cows and heifers in early lactation, but thereafter decreased significantly more in cows than in heifers. The effect of milking frequency on yield characteristics was analysed by comparing the highest and lowest quartiles for milking frequency. High milking frequency in early lactation was consistently associated with increased peak yield. High milking frequency averaged across the whole lactation was associated with increased peak yield in both cows and heifers, and with improved lactation persistency in cows only. This resulted in total lactation yield that was 21% greater in the high quartile cows compared with the low.
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| 30. |
- Phan Thu Hang, Bui, et al.
(författare)
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Colostrum quality, IgG absorption and daily weight gain of calves in small-scale dairy production systems in Southern Vietnam
- 2017
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Ingår i: Tropical Animal Health and Production. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-4747 .- 1573-7438. ; 49, s. 1143-1147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dairy production is expanding rapidly in Vietnam, but still, the smallholder farms are most common. The aim of this study was therefore to get improved knowledge about colostrum quality in dairy cows, immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorption, daily weight gain in dairy calves and calf management in small-scale dairy production systems in Southern Vietnam. A field survey was conducted on 40 farms, with two calves on each farm being intensively studied. It was observed that newborn calves were separated from their dams immediately after birth and offered 2-4 L first colostrum within 4 h by bucket feeding. The first colostrum IgG level, fat and protein content were on average 35.6, 4.8 and 21.4%, respectively, and 91% of the cows produced colostrum of good quality (Brix value > 22%). The IgG level in serum of calves, measured as Brix value, was on average 9.3%. Colostrum in the samples studied was of quite high quality and on-farm observations showed that colostrum was offered on the first day of calf life, so passive transfer of immunity to the calves was high. In total, 10% of the calves had a Brix value for IgG in serum lower than 8.3%, indicating that those calves had suffered from failure of passive immune transfer (FPT). The daily weight gain of female and male calves was 0.75 and 0.54 kg, respectively. Serum IgG was positively correlated with colostrum protein (P = 0.002). Daily weight gain and diarrhoea was negatively correlated (P = 0.001).
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| 31. |
- Thulin, Måns, et al.
(författare)
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Increased take-off level in automatic milking systems - effects on milk flow, milk yield and milking efficiency at the quarter level
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Research. - 0022-0299 .- 1469-7629. ; 86, s. 85-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research communication describes how different detachment levels (0.48, 0.3 and 0.06 kg milk/min) at the quarter-level affect milk flow profiles and overall milking efficiency in automatic milking systems. We hypothesized a higher detachment level would result in greater mean flow rates without affecting the volume of harvested milk per cow during 24 h compared to lower detachment levels. The data suggest milk flow decreased to a rate below the overmilking limit within the 6-s delay time required for termination in all treatments, but the duration of overmilking was shorter for the greatest detachment level compared to the other treatments. We conclude that setting a detachment level at a greater milk flow rate reduces the duration of overmilking without affecting the amount of milk harvested when applied to cows in mid-lactation during quarter-level milking. We also suggest that the steepness of the decline phase of the milk flow curve might have a larger effect than the actual detachment level on the duration of overmilking.
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| 32. |
- Wredle, Ewa, et al.
(författare)
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Smallholder dairy production in Southern Vietnam: Production, management and milk quality problems
- 2010
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Ingår i: African Journal of Agricultural Research. - 1991-637X. ; 5, s. 2668-2675
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the prerequisites for dairy production at smallholder farms in Southern Vietnam and to identify the strengths and weaknesses in management at farm level. Data on milk production, management routines and heat stress were collected during farmer interviews and field observations on 120 smallholder dairy farms. Individual milk samples were taken from 360 cows. The average herd contained 12 animals (ranging from 2 to 17), dominated by lactating cows. The main dairy breeds were Holstein Friesian crossbreeds, mostly at F2, F3 and F4. The mean Temperature-Humidity Index was 81 (range 75 to 97) in the morning and 85 (range 72 to 104) in the afternoon and the mean respiration rates for cows were 54 (range 30 to 102) and 70 (range 35 to 116) breaths per minute, with mean rectal temperatures of 38.8 degrees C (range 38 to 39) and 39.3 degrees C (range 38.3 - 40.9). The milk somatic cell count (SCC) was high in all farms, averaging 1, 300, 000 cells/mL. The strength of the dairy producers was their willingness for further education, as 80% of the farmers attended training courses, while poor udder health and heat stress were the most pronounced problems.
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| 33. |
- Wredle, Ewa, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of pasture turnout on milk somatic cell count, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and milk composition in cows housed in tie stalls
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0906-4702 .- 1651-1972. ; 64, s. 226-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated milk somatic cell count (SCC), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and milk composition in dairy cows, which were kept in tie stalls, during the first days after pasture turnout. Thirty-five cows of the Swedish Red Breed, free of clinical signs of mastitis and with a geometric mean of SCC 67 x 10(3) cells/mL, were turned out to pasture after the morning milking on day 0 and then monitored for the next five days on pasture. Samples of cow composite milk were taken at every milking and analysed for SCC, PMN percentage of the total SCC and milk composition. There was a marked increase in both PMN proportion and SCC with the highest SCC value during the study recorded at the evening milking on day 0. The highest value in morning milk was observed on day 1. Milk SCC values in evening and morning milk declined after day 0 and day 1, respectively, but remained on a higher level compared with before turnout to pasture. Milk composition was only slightly altered. Since the changes in SCC and milk composition were of low magnitude, although statistically significant, these effects of pasture turnout can be considered as of minor importance for the milk quality.
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| 34. |
- Åkerstedt, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Natural variation in biomarkers indicating mastitis in healthy cows
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Research. - 0022-0299 .- 1469-7629. ; 78, s. 88-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dairy herds are expanding and, with increasing numbers of animals in each herd, there is a need for automatic recording of indicators in milk in order to detect mastitis, inflammation of the udder. A number of biomarkers for mastitis have been suggested over the years. Mastitis usually occurs in one of the four udder quarters and since it is now possible to milk each udder quarter separately in automated milking systems, it is important to evaluate the normal variation in the biomarkers at udder quarter level. This study evaluated the normal variations between milkings for some biomarkers in clinically healthy cows, determined by repeated somatic cell count and bacteriological analysis. The biomarkers studied were serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and alkaline phosphatase (AP), parameters that have been suggested as markers for mastitis. Ten cows were monitored on 42 consecutive milking occasions through collection of udder quarter milk samples and representative cow composite milk samples, giving a total of 2100 individual milk samples. Each cow had its individual profile for the concentrations and variations in the parameters analysed. Although there was relatively large variation between cows for the biomarkers analysed, the variation between milkings in clinically healthy quarters within cows was often below 10%. The biomarker with the lowest variation in this study was LDH. The results suggest that comparing quarters within an individual cow can identify deviations from the natural variations between milkings. This could be a valuable tool instead of, or in combination with, a cut-off value for each parameter in order to detect changes in the milk indicating mastitis.
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| 35. |
- Östensson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Management Factors Influencing Milk Somatic Cell Count and Udder Infection Rate in Smallholder Dairy Cow Herds in Southern Vietnam
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal Of Animal And Veterinary Advances. - : Medwell Publications. - 1680-5593. ; 10, s. 847-852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study was conducted to investigate management factors influencing milk Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and udder infection rate in lactating cows housed at smallholder farms in Southern Vietnam. In total 115 lactating cows at 20 farms were included in the study. Management and milking routines were registered and quarter milk samples were taken for analysis of SCC and bacterial species. Watering routine was found to significantly influence herd milk SCC (p = 0.008) and the method of teat cup cleaning showed a tendency to influence herd milk SCC (p = 0.078). Streptococcus agalactiae was the most common bacteria species in all management groups. Cleaning teat cups with detergent at every milking was a routine observed to be associated with lower infection rate of Streptococcus agalactiae. The results of this study show the presence of several in-adequate management and hygienic practices associated with high SCC which if improved could lead to improved udder health and subsequently higher milk yield.
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