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- Abel, I, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results with the ITER-like wall
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 53:10, s. 104002-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the completion in May 2011 of the shutdown for the installation of the beryllium wall and the tungsten divertor, the first set of JET campaigns have addressed the investigation of the retention properties and the development of operational scenarios with the new plasma-facing materials. The large reduction in the carbon content (more than a factor ten) led to a much lower Z(eff) (1.2-1.4) during L- and H-mode plasmas, and radiation during the burn-through phase of the plasma initiation with the consequence that breakdown failures are almost absent. Gas balance experiments have shown that the fuel retention rate with the new wall is substantially reduced with respect to the C wall. The re-establishment of the baseline H-mode and hybrid scenarios compatible with the new wall has required an optimization of the control of metallic impurity sources and heat loads. Stable type-I ELMy H-mode regimes with H-98,H-y2 close to 1 and beta(N) similar to 1.6 have been achieved using gas injection. ELM frequency is a key factor for the control of the metallic impurity accumulation. Pedestal temperatures tend to be lower with the new wall, leading to reduced confinement, but nitrogen seeding restores high pedestal temperatures and confinement. Compared with the carbon wall, major disruptions with the new wall show a lower radiated power and a slower current quench. The higher heat loads on Be wall plasma-facing components due to lower radiation made the routine use of massive gas injection for disruption mitigation essential.
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- Romanelli, F, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 51:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the last IAEA Conference JET has been in operation for one year with a programmatic focus on the qualification of ITER operating scenarios, the consolidation of ITER design choices and preparation for plasma operation with the ITER-like wall presently being installed in JET. Good progress has been achieved, including stationary ELMy H-mode operation at 4.5 MA. The high confinement hybrid scenario has been extended to high triangularity, lower ρ*and to pulse lengths comparable to the resistive time. The steady-state scenario has also been extended to lower ρ*and ν*and optimized to simultaneously achieve, under stationary conditions, ITER-like values of all other relevant normalized parameters. A dedicated helium campaign has allowed key aspects of plasma control and H-mode operation for the ITER non-activated phase to be evaluated. Effective sawtooth control by fast ions has been demonstrated with3He minority ICRH, a scenario with negligible minority current drive. Edge localized mode (ELM) control studies using external n = 1 and n = 2 perturbation fields have found a resonance effect in ELM frequency for specific q95values. Complete ELM suppression has, however, not been observed, even with an edge Chirikov parameter larger than 1. Pellet ELM pacing has been demonstrated and the minimum pellet size needed to trigger an ELM has been estimated. For both natural and mitigated ELMs a broadening of the divertor ELM-wetted area with increasing ELM size has been found. In disruption studies with massive gas injection up to 50% of the thermal energy could be radiated before, and 20% during, the thermal quench. Halo currents could be reduced by 60% and, using argon/deuterium and neon/deuterium gas mixtures, runaway electron generation could be avoided. Most objectives of the ITER-like ICRH antenna have been demonstrated; matching with closely packed straps, ELM resilience, scattering matrix arc detection and operation at high power density (6.2 MW m-2) and antenna strap voltages (42 kV). Coupling measurements are in very good agreement with TOPICA modelling. © 2011 IAEA, Vienna.
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| 7. |
- Alhilou, AM, et al.
(författare)
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Nerve growth factor and glutamate increase the density and expression of substance P-containing nerve fibers in healthy human masseter muscles
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1, s. 15673-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nocifensive behavior induced by injection of glutamate or nerve growth factor (NGF) into rats masseter muscle is mediated, in part, through the activation of peripheral NMDA receptors. However, information is lacking about the mechanism that contributes to pain and sensitization induced by these substances in humans. Immunohistochemical analysis of microbiopsies obtained from human masseter muscle was used to investigate if injection of glutamate into the NGF-sensitized masseter muscle alters the density or expression of the NMDA receptor subtype 2B (NR2B) or NGF by putative sensory afferent (that express SP) fibers. The relationship between expression and pain characteristics was also examined. NGF and glutamate administration increased the density and expression of NR2B and NGF by muscle putative sensory afferent fibers (P < 0.050). This increase in expression was greater in women than in men (P < 0.050). Expression of NR2B receptors by putative sensory afferent fibers was positively correlated with pain characteristics. Results suggest that increased expression of peripheral NMDA receptors partly contributes to the increased pain and sensitivity induced by intramuscular injection of NGF and glutamate in healthy humans; a model of myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. Whether a similar increase in peripheral NMDA expression occurs in patients with painful TMDs warrants further investigation.
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| 8. |
- Alhilou, AM, et al.
(författare)
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Sex-related differences in response to masseteric injections of glutamate and nerve growth factor in healthy human participants
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1, s. 13873-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying NGF-induced masseter muscle sensitization and sex-related differences in its effect are not well understood in humans. Therefore, this longitudinal cohort study aimed to investigate the effect of NGF injection on the density and expression of substance P, NMDA-receptors and NGF by the nerve fibers in the human masseter muscle, to correlate expression with pain characteristics, and to determine any possible sex-related differences in these effects of NGF. The magnitude of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization and pain during oral function was significantly greater in women than in men (P < 0.050). Significant positive correlations were found between nerve fiber expression of NMDA-receptors and peak pain intensity (rs = 0.620, P = 0.048), and expression of NMDA-receptors by putative nociceptors and change in temporal summation pain after glutamate injection (rs = 0.561, P = 0.003). In women, there was a significant inverse relationship between the degree of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization and the change in nerve fiber expression of NMDA-receptors alone (rs = − 0.659, P = 0.013), and in combination with NGF (rs = − 0.764, P = 0.001). In conclusion, women displayed a greater magnitude of NGF-induced mechanical sensitization that also was associated with nerve fibers expression of NMDA-receptors, when compared to men. The present findings suggest that, in women, increased peripheral NMDA-receptor expression could be associated with masseter muscle pain sensitivity.
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- Brimdyr, K, et al.
(författare)
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A Realistic Evaluation of Two Training Programs on Implementing Skin-to-Skin as a Standard of Care
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Journal of perinatal education. - : Springer Publishing Company. - 1058-1243 .- 1548-8519. ; 21:3, s. 149-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors used realistic evaluation to examine the real-world effectiveness of two 5-day training techniques on sustained optimal skin-to-skin practices that support Step 4 of the revised Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). The authors found that education alone was insufficient to effect sustainable practice change. Exposure to the 5-day immersion model (Practice, Reflection, Education and training, Combined with Ethnography for Sustainable Success, or PRECESS) alone or combined with education was an effective strategy to change and sustain the standard of care for skin-to-skin practice (p < 0.00001). The intended outcome of sustained practice change toward implementation of skin-to-skin care through immersion or a combined approach shows promise and should be repeated in other localities.
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| 19. |
- Bueno, AM, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of chemical bonds on the lifetime of the molecular-field-split 2p levels in H2S
- 2003
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Ingår i: Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics). - 1050-2947. ; 67, s. 22714:1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different lifetime broadenings in molecular-field-split 2p core levels in H2S are predicted theoretically and are identified in an experimental investigation of the S 2p Auger electron spectrum. The measurements were performed for the transition to the vibrationally resolved X(1)A(1) ground state of H2S2+. The lifetimes of the 3e(1/2) and 5e(1/2) levels of the 2p ionized molecule are found to be 64 and 74 meV, respectively. This unambiguous determination of the lifetime difference of 10+/-1 meV is only possible as the 4e(1/2)-->X(1)A(1)(2b(1)(-2)) decay channel that overlaps the 5e(1/2)-->X(1)A(1)(2b(1)(-2)) channel is practically suppressed in Auger decay in H2S. The lifetime difference is confirmed by ab initio calculations. A theoretical analysis shows that it results from the mutual orientation of the core hole in the intermediate states and the valence electron density in the sulfur 3p orbitals. Both are strongly influenced by the chemical bond. Thus the observed effect is the direct result of a fundamental property of molecular electronic structure.
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| 20. |
- Callaway, EM, et al.
(författare)
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A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 598:7879, s. 86-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties and cellular resolution input–output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell-type organization1–5. First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a consensus taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that is conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially resolved cell-type atlas of the motor cortex. Fourth, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the transcriptomic, epigenomic and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting glutamatergic neuron types towards linking their molecular and developmental identity to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unifying and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell-type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties.
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| 26. |
- de Villiers, SHL, et al.
(författare)
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Active immunization against nicotine suppresses nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens shell
- 2002
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Ingår i: Respiration. - : S. Karger AG. - 0025-7931 .- 1423-0356. ; 69:3, s. 247-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <i>Background:</i> Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable cause of morbidity and premature mortality in the world. Although its medical consequences are well documented, 20–50% of the population even in developed countries remain tobacco smokers. The drugs presently used in smoking cessation have limited efficiency and, therefore, there is a need for alternative and improved treatments. One novel approach in this regard may be provided by immunization against nicotine. <i>Objective:</i> The present study in male Wistar rats investigated if active immunization with a novel nicotine immunogen, IP18-KLH, may generate nicotine-selective antibodies and, furthermore, whether this treatment might prevent nicotine from exerting its stimulating effect on the mesolimbic, dopaminergic reward system in the brain. <i>Methods:</i> Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the titer of nicotine antibodies in plasma after immunization with IP18-KLH in Freund’s adjuvant. Competitive ELISA was used to assess the selectivity of the antibodies. Finally, we used in vivo voltammetry to investigate whether active immunization with IP18-KLH could prevent nicotine-induced dopamine release in the shell of nucleus accumbens (NAC<sub>shell</sub>). <i>Results:</i> The present study shows that active immunization with IP18-KLH generates antibodies that are highly selective for nicotine. Furthermore, immunization with IP18-KLH prevented the nicotine-induced increase in dopamine release in the NAC<sub>shell</sub>, a biochemical correlate to the rewarding properties of nicotine. <i>Conclusions:</i> Active immunization with IP18-KLH prevents a central effect of nicotine that is considered critical for the induction of nicotine dependence. Consequently, active immunization may provide long-term protection against initiation of tobacco dependence, an effect that may prove particularly advantageous in relapse prevention.
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- Hardeland, C, et al.
(författare)
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Description of call handling in emergency medical dispatch centres in Scandinavia: recognition of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and dispatcher-assisted CPR
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1757-7241. ; 29:1, s. 88-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundThe European resuscitation council have highlighted emergency medical dispatch centres as an important key player for early recognition of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) and in providing dispatcher assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before arrival of emergency medical services. Early recognition is associated with increased bystander CPR and improved survival rates. The aim of this study is to describe OHCA call handling in emergency medical dispatch centres in Copenhagen (Denmark), Stockholm (Sweden) and Oslo (Norway) with focus on sensitivity of recognition of OHCA, provision of dispatcher-assisted CPR and time intervals when CPR is initiated during the emergency call (NO-CPRprior), and to describe OHCA call handling when CPR is initiated prior to the emergency call (CPRprior).MethodsBaseline data of consecutive OHCA eligible for inclusion starting January 1st 2016 were collected from respective cardiac arrest registries. A template based on the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival definition catalogue was used to extract data from respective cardiac arrest registries and from corresponding audio files from emergency medical dispatch centres. Cases were divided in two groups: NO-CPRpriorand CPRpriorand data collection continued until 200 cases were collected in the NO-CPRprior-group.ResultsNO-CPRpriorOHCA was recognised in 71% of the calls in Copenhagen, 83% in Stockholm, and 96% in Oslo. Abnormal breathing was addressed in 34, 7 and 98% of cases and CPR instructions were started in 50, 60, and 80%, respectively. Median time (mm:ss) to first chest compression was 02:35 (Copenhagen), 03:50 (Stockholm) and 02:58 (Oslo). Assessment of CPR quality was performed in 80, 74, and 74% of the cases. CPRpriorcomprised 71 cases in Copenhagen, 9 in Stockholm, and 38 in Oslo. Dispatchers still started CPR instructions in 41, 22, and 40% of the calls, respectively and provided quality assessment in 71, 100, and 80% in these respective instances.ConclusionsWe observed variations in OHCA recognition in 71–96% and dispatcher assisted-CPR were provided in 50–80% in NO-CPRpriorcalls. In cases where CPR was initiated prior to emergency calls, dispatchers were less likely to start CPR instructions but provided quality assessments during instructions.
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| 35. |
- Jalde, FC, et al.
(författare)
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Widespread Parenchymal Abnormalities and Pulmonary Embolism on Contrast-Enhanced CT Predict Disease Severity and Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in medicine. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-858X. ; 8, s. 666723-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Severe COVID-19 is associated with inflammation, thromboembolic disease, and high mortality. We studied factors associated with fatal outcomes in consecutive COVID-19 patients examined by computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA).Methods: This retrospective, single-center cohort analysis included 130 PCR-positive patients hospitalized for COVID-19 [35 women and 95 men, median age 57 years (interquartile range 51–64)] with suspected pulmonary embolism based on clinical suspicion. The presence and extent of embolism and parenchymal abnormalities on CTPA were recorded. The severity of pulmonary parenchymal involvement was stratified by two experienced radiologists into two groups: lesions affecting ≤50% or >50% of the parenchyma. Patient characteristics, radiological aspects, laboratory parameters, and 60-day mortality data were collected.Results: Pulmonary embolism was present in 26% of the patients. Most emboli were small and peripheral. Patients with widespread parenchymal abnormalities, with or without pulmonary embolism, had increased main pulmonary artery diameter (p < 0.05) and higher C-reactive protein (p < 0.01), D-dimer (p < 0.01), and troponin T (p < 0.001) and lower hemoglobin (p < 0.001). A wider main pulmonary artery diameter correlated positively with C-reactive protein (r = 0.28, p = 0.001, and n = 130) and procalcitonin. In a multivariant analysis, D-dimer >7.2 mg/L [odds ratio (±95% confidence interval) 4.1 (1.4–12.0)] and ICU stay were significantly associated with embolism (p < 0.001). The highest 60-day mortality was found in patients with widespread parenchymal abnormalities combined with pulmonary embolism (36%), followed by patients with widespread parenchymal abnormalities without pulmonary embolism (26%). In multivariate analysis, high troponin T, D-dimer, and plasma creatinine and widespread parenchymal abnormalities on CT were associated with 60-day mortality.Conclusions: Pulmonary embolism combined with widespread parenchymal abnormalities contributed to mortality risk in COVID-19. Elevated C-reactive protein, D-dimer, troponin-T, P-creatinine, and enlarged pulmonary artery were associated with a worse outcome and may mirror a more severe systemic disease. A liberal approach to radiological investigation should be recommended at clinical deterioration, when the situation allows it. Computed tomography imaging, even without intravenous contrast to assess the severity of pulmonary infiltrates, are of value to predict outcome in COVID-19. Better radiological techniques with higher resolution could potentially improve the detection of microthromboses. This could influence anticoagulant treatment strategies, preventing clinical detoriation.
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| 38. |
- Ladds, MJGW, et al.
(författare)
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Publisher Correction: A DHODH inhibitor increases p53 synthesis and enhances tumor cell killing by p53 degradation blockage
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 9:1, s. 2071-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The original PDF version of this Article listed the authors as “Marcus J.G.W. Ladds,” where it should have read “Marcus J. G. W. Ladds, Ingeborg M. M. van Leeuwen, Catherine J. Drummond et al.#”.Also in the PDF version, it was incorrectly stated that “Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S. Lín.”, instead of the correct “Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S. Laín.”This has been corrected in the PDF version of the Article. The HTML version was correct from the time of publication.
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| 43. |
- Lindblom, N, et al.
(författare)
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Active immunization against nicotine prevents reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats
- 2002
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Ingår i: Respiration. - : S. Karger AG. - 0025-7931 .- 1423-0356. ; 69:3, s. 254-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <i>Background:</i> The presently available pharmaceutical aids in smoking cessation possess a rather limited effectiveness. Therefore, we have synthesized a series of immunoconjugates that stimulate the induction of antibodies which may bind nicotine in the blood, thereby preventing it from passing the blood-brain barrier. Thus, the reinforcing action of nicotine in the brain, which is the driving force in tobacco smoking, should be abolished. <i>Objective:</i> The present study was undertaken to test this notion in a long-term relapse model in rats, measuring the reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior, following active immunization with IP18-KLH, one of our immunoconjugates. <i>Methods:</i> Male Wistar rats were immunized with a nicotine-KLH conjugate (nicotine immunogen) and Freund’s adjuvant after having been trained to meet the criteria of stable nicotine self-administration on a fixed ratio (FR3) schedule. The rats were subsequently extinguished from nicotine self-administration behavior and finally, as extinction was completed, they were exposed to small, priming doses of nicotine, which previously have been shown to reinstate the nicotine-seeking behavior. The antibody titers were measured by ELISA. <i>Results:</i> It was found that rats with high titers (>1:10,000) of antibodies against nicotine, in contrast to those with low/no nicotine selective antibodies, do not reinstate nicotine self-administration behavior when they are exposed to nicotine. <i>Conclusions:</i> Our findings indicate that active immunization against nicotine may effectively abolish the reinforcing action of nicotine in brain, an effect which is critical for relapse in nicotine dependence. These data suggest the potential utility of active immunization in smoking cessation programs.
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| 48. |
- Rahman, I, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic dominance influences blood biomarker levels in a sample of 12,000 Swedish elderly twins
- 2009
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Ingår i: Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1832-4274. ; 12:3, s. 286-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In twin studies of cardiovascular disease biomarkers the dizygotic correlations are often estimated to be less than half of monozygotic correlations indicating a potential influence of nonadditive genetic factors. Using a large and homogenous sample, we estimated the additive and dominance genetic influences on levels of high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, hemoglobin Alc and c-reactive protein, all of which are biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease. The blood biomarkers were measured on 12,000 Swedish twins born between 1911 and 1958. The large sample allowed us to obtain heritability estimates with considerable precision and provided adequate statistical power for estimation of dominance genetic components. Our study showed complete absence of the shared environment component for the investigated traits. Dominant genetic component was shown to be significant for low density lipoprotein (0.18), glucose (0.31), Hemoglobin Alc (0.55), and c-reactive protein (0.27). To our knowledge, this is the first statistically significant evidence for dominance genetic variance found for low density lipoprotein, glucose, hemoglobin Alc, and c-reactive protein in a population based twin sample. The study highlights the importance of acknowledging nonadditive genes underlying the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
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