| 1. |
- Kliger, Robert, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Vibration response of long cable-stayed timber footbridge – case study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Conference on Timber Bridges 2013- Las Vegas, Nevada USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Timber footbridges with a span larger than 30 meters are sensitive to vibrations and dynamic factors must therefore be taken into considerations in the design. A case study of a cable-stayed footbridge, Älvsbacka Bridge, with a free span of 130 meters, is presented. The dynamic design of the bridge is compared, based on the old Swedish code, BRO 2004 and the Eurocode 5. Simplified force models presented in BRO 2004 and the ISO 10137 international standard are compared. Vertical and lateral accelerations are measured on the bridge with accelerometers attached to the bridge deck. According to the simplified force model, the vertical acceleration limit was met for a group of twenty pedestrians, which was regarded as a reasonable design situation. From the measured accelerations, the damping factor was calculated as 1.2% of critical damping, which is twice the value used in design.
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| 2. |
- Abdollahi Sani, Negar, et al.
(författare)
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All-printed diode operating at 1.6 GHz
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 111:33, s. 11943-11948
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Printed electronics are considered for wireless electronic tags and sensors within the future Internet-of-things (IoT) concept. As a consequence of the low charge carrier mobility of present printable organic and inorganic semiconductors, the operational frequency of printed rectifiers is not high enough to enable direct communication and powering between mobile phones and printed e-tags. Here, we report an all-printed diode operating up to 1.6 GHz. The device, based on two stacked layers of Si and NbSi2 particles, is manufactured on a flexible substrate at low temperature and in ambient atmosphere. The high charge carrier mobility of the Si microparticles allows device operation to occur in the charge injection-limited regime. The asymmetry of the oxide layers in the resulting device stack leads to rectification of tunneling current. Printed diodes were combined with antennas and electrochromic displays to form an all-printed e-tag. The harvested signal from a Global System for Mobile Communications mobile phone was used to update the display. Our findings demonstrate a new communication pathway for printed electronics within IoT applications.
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| 3. |
- Aggestam, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Where Are the Women in Peace Mediation?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiation. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783319586816 ; , s. 149-168
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Aurivillius, Samuel, 1721-1767
(författare)
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Dissertatio medica de erysipelate, quam, ex consensu nobiliss. et experient. facultatis medicæ in regia academia Upsaliensi, præside, Samuele Aurivillio, ... pro gradu doctoris obtinendo, examini publico subjicit stipendiarius regius, Isacus Svensson, Lincopia Ostro-Gothus. In aud. Carol. maj. ad diem IV. Decemb. anni MDCCLXII.
- 1762
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Bamber, Matthew, et al.
(författare)
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Resisting Radical Rebels : Variations in Islamist Rebel Governance and the Occurrence of Civil Resistance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Terrorism and Political Violence. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0954-6553 .- 1556-1836. ; 35:5, s. 1126-1146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the Syrian civil war, different types of Salafi-Jihadi rebel groups controlled territory and established governance over civilians. Their governing strategies have been markedly diverse. In this study, we explore how this governance variation can help to explain the occurrence of civil resistance. We suggest that different types of rebel governance structures provide political opportunities for civilians to mobilize against those rebel groups through public demonstrations. In particular, we argue that it is middle-ranged opportunity structures of rebel governance that strongest incentivizes civil resistance, by giving enough space for civilian mobilization but fewer alternative channels of expressing discontent. This argument is explored through an analysis of the variation between the three main Salafi-Jihadi rebel groups in Syria – IS, HTS and Ahrar al-Sham. We show how differences in the groups’ four rebel governance dimensions – rebel collaboration, civilian inclusion, alliance structure, and repression – impact the political opportunities for civilians to mobilize against these groups. We find that HTS, the group that is in the middle range across these four governance dimensions, provided greater opportunity for civilian protests. This study uses a new dataset of civilian resistance events in Syria as well as interviews with civilians governed by these groups.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bobekova, Elvira, et al.
(författare)
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Rivers of Peace : Institutionalized Mekong River Cooperation and The East Asian Peace
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of East Asian Studies. - : Brill. - 1568-0584 .- 1570-0615. ; 12, s. 7-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- East Asia represents a remarkable example of a region that has transformed from one of the most violent in the world, in terms of interstate wars and internationalised intrastate conflicts, towards a relatively peaceful region. What explains East Asian peace? This study adopts an institutional perspective, arguing that a crucial role in the creation and development of East Asia’s peace, and in the Mekong region in particular, has been the emergence of transnational river cooperation in the Mekong Basin. It examines the nature and drivers of such institutional cooperation. Explanations can be found in a combination of external support from third parties, and an internal economic growth imperative held by the Mekong states themselves. It provides useful policy lessons for the creation and development of peace and cooperation through institution-building.
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| 8. |
- Brosché, Johan, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Nio punkter för global fred (Nine Points for Global Peace)
- 2015
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Insatserna för global fred måste stärkas skriver tolv företrädare för institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning apropå att världens ledare samlas i dag i New York för att anta 17 nya globala mål för en bättre värld och mer hållbar utveckling.
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| 9. |
- Butcher, Charles, et al.
(författare)
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Manufacturing Dissent : Modernization and the Onset of Major Nonviolent Resistance Campaigns
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Conflict Resolution. - Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications. - 0022-0027 .- 1552-8766. ; 60:2, s. 311-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing research field examines the conditions under which major nonviolent resistance campaigns—that is, popular nonviolent uprisings for regime or territorial change—are successful. Why these campaigns emerge in the first place is less well understood. We argue that extensive social networks that are economically interdependent with the state make strategic nonviolence more feasible. These networks are larger and more powerful in states whose economies rely upon organized labor. Global quantitative analysis of the onset of violent and nonviolent campaigns from 1960 to 2006 (NAVCO), and major protest events in Africa from 1990 to 2009 (SCAD) shows that the likelihood of nonviolent conflict onset increases with the proportion of manufacturing to gross domestic product. This study points to a link between modernization and social conflict, a link that has been often hypothesized, but, hitherto, unsupported by empirical studies.
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| 10. |
- Capel, Pierre, et al.
(författare)
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Effective field theory analysis of the Coulomb breakup of the one-neutron halo nucleus 19 C
- 2023
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal A. - 1434-601X .- 1434-6001. ; 59:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse the Coulomb breakup of 19 C measured at 67A MeV at RIKEN. We use the Coulomb-Corrected Eikonal (CCE) approximation to model the reaction and describe the one-neutron halo nucleus 19 C within Halo Effective Field Theory (Halo EFT). At leading order we obtain a fair reproduction of the measured cross section as a function of energy and angle. The description is insensitive to the choice of optical potential, as long as it accurately represents the size of 18 C. It is also insensitive to the interior of the 19 C wave function. Comparison between theory and experiment thus enables us to infer asymptotic properties of the ground state of 19 C: these data put constraints on the one-neutron separation energy of this nucleus and, for a given binding energy, can be used to extract an asymptotic normalisation coefficient (ANC). These results are confirmed by CCE calculations employing next-to-leading order Halo EFT descriptions of 19 C: at this order the results for the Coulomb breakup cross section are completely insensitive to the choice of the regulator. Accordingly, this reaction can be used to constrain the one-neutron separation energy and ANC of 19 C.
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| 11. |
- Demirel, Isak, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Nitric oxide activates IL-6 production and expression in human renal epithelial cells
- 2012
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Ingår i: American Journal of Nephrology. - Basel, Switzerland : S. Karger. - 0250-8095 .- 1421-9670. ; 36:6, s. 524-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aims: Increased nitric oxide (NO) production or inducible form of NO synthase activity have been documented in patients suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI), but the role of NO in this infection is unclear. We investigated whether NO can affect the host response in human renal epithelial cells by modulating IL-6 production and mRNA expression. Methods: The human renal epithelial cell line A498 was infected with a uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strain and/or the NO donor DETA/NO. The IL-6 production and mRNA expression were evaluated by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR. IL-6 mRNA stability was evaluated by analyzing mRNA degradation by real-time RT-PCR.Results: DETA/NO caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in IL-6 production. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling, but not JNK, were shown to significantly suppress DETA/NO-induced IL-6 production. UPEC-induced IL-6 production was further increased (by 73 ± 23%, p < 0.05) in the presence of DETA/NO. The IL-6 mRNA expression increased 2.1 ± 0.17-fold in response to DETA/NO, while the UPEC-evoked increase was pronounced (20 ± 4.5-fold). A synergistic effect of DETA/NO on UPEC-induced IL-6 expression was found (33 ± 7.2-fold increase). The IL-6 mRNA stability studies showed that DETA/NO partially attenuated UPEC-induced degradation of IL-6 mRNA.Conclusions: NO was found to stimulate IL-6 in renal epithelial cells through p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and also to increase IL-6 mRNA stability in UPEC-infected cells. This study proposes a new role for NO in the host response during UTI by modulating the transcription and production of the cytokine IL-6.
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| 12. |
- Dijulio, Douglas D., et al.
(författare)
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Simulating neutron transport in long beamlines at a spallation neutron source using Geant4
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Neutron Research. - 1023-8166. ; 22:2-3, s. 183-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transport of neutrons in long beamlines at spallation neutron sources presents a unique challenge for Monte-Carlo transport calculations. This is due to the need to accurately model the deep-penetration of high-energy neutrons through meters of thick dense shields close to the source and at the same time to model the transport of low- energy neutrons across distances up to around 150 m in length. Typically, such types of calculations may be carried out with MCNP-based codes or alternatively PHITS. However, in recent years there has been an increased interest in the suitability of Geant4 for such types of calculations. Therefore, we have implemented supermirror physics, a neutron chopper module and the duct-source variance reduction technique for low- energy neutron transport from the PHITS Monte-Carlo code into Geant4. In the current work, we present a series of benchmarks of these extensions with the PHITS software, which demonstrates the suitability of Geant4 for simulating long neutron beamlines at a spallation neutron source, such as the European Spallation Source, currently under construction in Lund, Sweden.
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| 13. |
- Duursma, Allard, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing an Agenda-based Measurement of Mediation Success : The Divergent Effects of the Manipulation Strategy in African Civil Wars
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Negotiation. - : Brill. - 1382-340X .- 1571-8069. ; 24:2, s. 296-323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous quantitative mediation research has relied on generalized measurements of "mediation success," such as agreements, ceasefires or peace durability. However, these measurements of success do not take into account what mediators were mandated to achieve. We propose benchmarking outcomes against the explicit mandates of the interventions, a novel way of conceptualizing mediation success. Utilizing data on the agendas of mediated negotiations in intrastate armed conflicts in Africa between 1990 and 2010 as a proxy for mediation mandates, we examine the relative effectiveness of manipulation as a mediation strategy. The study shows, in contrast to previous research, that third party manipulation does not have a significant effect on whether the goal of a given round of negotiations is achieved and, that under some circumstances, may decrease the likelihood of mediation success. We discuss the opportunities as well as limitations of a mandate-based approach to the study of mediation success.
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| 14. |
- Engelsöy, Ulrik, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Estradiol Alters the Virulence Traits of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-302X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common bacteria to cause urinary tract infection (UTI). Postmenopausal women have an increased risk of recurrent UTI. This is partly explained by estrogenic effects on host defenses against UTI. Current research is mostly focused on how UPEC affects host factors, but not so much is known about how host factors like hormones affect UPEC virulence. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of estradiol exposure on the virulence of UPEC. We found that a postmenopausal concentration of estradiol increased CFT073 growth and biofilm formation, but not the premenopausal concentrations. Real-time qPCR showed that estradiol altered the expression of genes associated with the iron acquisition system and metabolic pathways in CFT073. We also found that estradiol in a dose-dependent manner increased the expression of fimH and papC adhesins and increased colonization and invasion of bladder epithelial cells. The premenopausal concentration of estradiol also suppressed cytokine release from bladder epithelial cells. Additionally, we also showed using a Caenorhabditis elegans killing assay that estradiol increased the survival of CFT073-infected C. elegans worms. Taken together, our findings show that estradiol has the ability to alter the virulence traits of UPEC.
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| 15. |
- Engvall, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Peace Talks and Valid Spokespersons : Explaining the Onset of Negotiations in Southern Thailand
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Negotiation. - : Brill. - 1382-340X .- 1571-8069. ; 25:3, s. 495-518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There have been several attempts to find negotiated solutions to the armed conflicts in Southern Thailand. Yet, these attempts of accommodation and mediated peace negotiations were aborted without any concrete results, with the exception of a formal peace process being officially launched in 2013. What explains the readiness of the parties to the conflict to enter negotiations at this stage, but not at earlier attempts? We argue that the political context can help to explain why some negotiation attempts result in negotiations, whereas others do not. We analyze the factors behind the readiness of the two sides - the Thai state and the Patani separatist insurgency - to sit down for official peace negotiations, focusing on the presence of valid spokespersons, which is an understudied element of 'ripeness'. This case demonstrates that the problem of finding valid spokespersons may be an obstacle for peace processes especially in religiously defined conflicts.
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| 16. |
- Felton, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Correction to: Keeping pace with forestry : Multi-scale conservation in a changing production forest matrix (vol 49, pg 1050, 2020)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 49:5, s. 1065-1066
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the original published article, the sentence “Nevertheless, semi-natural forest remnants continue to be harvested and fragmented (Svensson et al. 2018; Jonsson et al. 2019), and over 2000 forest-associated species (of 15 000 assessed) are listed as threatened on Sweden’s red-list, largely represented by macro-fungi, beetles, lichens and butterflies (Sandström 2015).”under the section Introduction was incorrect. The correct version of the sentence is “Nevertheless, semi-natural forest remnants continue to be harvested and fragmented (Svensson et al. 2018; Jonsson et al. 2019), and approximately 2000 forest-associated species (of 15 000 assessed) are on Sweden’s red-list, largely represented by macro-fungi, beetles, lichens and butterflies (Sandström 2015).”
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| 17. |
- Felton, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Keeping pace with forestry : Multi-scale conservation in a changing production forest matrix
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 49:5, s. 1050-1064
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The multi-scale approach to conserving forest biodiversity has been used in Sweden since the 1980s, a period defined by increased reserve area and conservation actions within production forests. However, two thousand forest-associated species remain on Sweden's red-list, and Sweden's 2020 goals for sustainable forests are not being met. We argue that ongoing changes in the production forest matrix require more consideration, and that multi-scale conservation must be adapted to, and integrated with, production forest development. To make this case, we summarize trends in habitat provision by Sweden's protected and production forests, and the variety of ways silviculture can affect biodiversity. We discuss how different forestry trajectories affect the type and extent of conservation approaches needed to secure biodiversity, and suggest leverage points for aiding the adoption of diversified silviculture. Sweden's long-term experience with multi-scale conservation and intensive forestry provides insights for other countries trying to conserve species within production landscapes.
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| 18. |
- Fernández-Calle, Rosalía, et al.
(författare)
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APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases : impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases
- 2022
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Ingår i: Molecular Neurodegeneration. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1750-1326. ; 17:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell-cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Finnbogason, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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The missing jihad : Why have there been no jihadist civil wars in Southeast Asia?
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Pacific Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0951-2748 .- 1470-1332. ; 31:1, s. 96-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why has there been no jihadist civil war in Southeast Asia? Although there has been a global surge in armed conflicts where at least one side fights for self-proclaimed Islamist aspirations, the region of Southeast Asia stands out by not having experienced a single jihadist civil war after 1975. Yet, so far, there have been no systematic comparisons of the frequency and nature of the Islamist violence in Southeast Asia and the rest of the world. This study therefore contributes by exploring the empirical trajectories in the region and situating Southeast Asia to global developments, utilizing new and unique data on religiously defined armed conflicts 1975-2015. We find that whereas the number of people killed in Islamist violence has increased in the rest of the world, it has decreased in Southeast Asia. We argue that Southeast Asia has prevented outbreaks of jihadist civil wars, and contained and partially resolved ongoing Islamist conflicts before they have escalated, due to three interrelated factors: the lack of internationalization of Islamist conflicts in the region, the openness of political channels for voicing Islamist aspirations, and government repression. This article suggests insights from the region that can be valuable from a global perspective.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Holmerin, Isak, et al.
(författare)
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Benthic food web structures as an explanation for prolonged ecological half-life of Cs-137 in flatfish species in the Fukushima coastal area
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0265-931X .- 1879-1700. ; 246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP), Japan, in March 2011, Cs-137 in demersal fish had, between 2011 and 2015, a prolonged ecological half-life when compared to pelagic fish. Using stable isotope mixing models combined with gut content analysis and Cs-137 activity concentrations, this study investigated the hypothesis that an unexplored food web structure could be a contributing factor explaining the ecological half-life of Cs-137 in benthic flatfish. Benthic invertebrates and demersal fish species sampled in 2015 still showed Cs-137 activity concentrations higher than pre-accident. The mixing models of stable N and C isotopes and gut content analysis identified deposit, suspension and filter feeders to be the main flatfish food items in the benthos. There was a significant correlation between Cs-137 activity concentrations in specific flatfish species and benthos, and between Cs-137 activity concentrations in benthos and surface sediment. The results of this study partially explained the Cs-137 activity concentrations found in the analysed demersal fish, suggesting that the benthos can be a continuous source of Cs-137 for the demersal fish during this period of time. Extending monitoring programmes to include invertebrates that are not food species for humans would greatly improve our ability to understand the role of trophic transfer pathways and take appropriate management actions.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Höglund, Kristine, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Schizophrenic Soothers : The International Community and Contrast Strategies for Peace-making in Sri Lanka
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cooperation and Conflict. - : SAGE Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 46:2, s. 166-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can the international community influence belligerents in internal armed conflict to movetowards peace? Research on influence strategies in international relations commonly stressesthe importance of a combined ‘carrot-and-sticks’ approach, yet little is known about how thismixed strategy is best applied in the context of internal armed conflict. The article addresses thisquestion by developing a theoretical framework exploring the conditions under which the mixedapproach is successful in influencing conflict actors and by focusing specifically on non-state actors.It is argued that the effectiveness of the contrast strategy in dealing with non-state actors dependson the balance between the ‘good cop’ approach and the ‘bad cop’ approach, the perceptions ofthe targets and contextual adoption of the sequencing of strategies. We apply this framework tothe case of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka between 2002 and 2008,when the international community’s initial success later turned into a failed attempt to influencethe LTTE in the direction of respect for human rights, in ending the violation of the ceasefire andin preventing a return to the battlefield.
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| 30. |
- Höglund, Kristine, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Should I Stay or Should I Go? : Termination as a Tactic and Norwegian Mediation in Sri Lanka
- 2011
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Ingår i: Negotiation and Conflict Management Research. - : Wiley. - 1750-4708 .- 1750-4716. ; 4:1, s. 12-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What explains a mediator’s choice of tactic when faced with a situation of crisis? This article focuses on mediation in internal armed conflicts and on one particular mediation tactic: the use of the exit option as a means to pressure the parties to enter into negotiations and make concessions to end the war. We examine the conditions under which the exit option—here referred to as the termination tactic—is likely to be used. Utilizing a cost–benefit approach, we develop a theoretical framework for understanding when mediators will employ the termination tactic. The framework is applied to four crises in the Sri Lankan peace process (2000–2006), during which Norway acted as a mediator. The analysis indicates that the termination tactic is employed when mediators (a) expect few rewards from involvement in the process, (b) deem other tactics as being ineffective, and (c) perceive that the parties have incentives for mediation.
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| 31. |
- Höglund, Kristine, et al.
(författare)
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"Sticking one's neck out" : Reducing mistrust in Sri Lanka's peace negotiations
- 2006
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Ingår i: Negotiation journal. - : Wiley. - 0748-4526 .- 1571-9979. ; 22:4, s. 367-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lack of trust has been widely used as an explanation for the failure of peace negotiations. However, we know little about how mistrust can be reduced between belligerents involved in negotiating peace. Why are some confidence-building strategies more successful than others? For theory-building purposes, this article explores how a party can send conciliatory signals to the other party that increase trust by exposing itself to three different kinds of political risks. More specifically, it compares the variables that reduced mistrust - or failed to reduce mistrust - during two peace negotiations in Sri Lanka: in 1994-1995 and in 2002. Using a theoretical framework that combines social psychology and rational choice approaches, this article examines the communicative signaling process between the parties. In addition, by drawing out the implications from this argument, we offer some insight into why the peace process in Sri Lanka became politically stalemated in 2003. We also use our comparison of Sri Lanka's peace processes to develop general propositions about the dynamics that can reduce mistrust. The main proposition that remains to be tested empirically is whether obstacles to peace can be transformed into important catalysts for the reduction of mistrust.
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| 32. |
- Johnstone, Naomi, et al.
(författare)
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Believers and Belligerents : Exploring Faith-Based Mediation in Internal Armed Conflicts
- 2013
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Ingår i: Politics, Religion & Ideology. - London : Taylor & Francis. - 2156-7689 .- 2156-7697. ; 14:4, s. 556-577
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores faith-based mediation in armed conflict, that is, diplomatic initiatives taken by explicitly religious organisations in order to settle or manage armed conflicts through some process of dialogue with the warring parties. Whereas previous research on religious peacemaking in general, and on faith-based mediation in particular, have been dominated by case analysis, anecdotal evidence and conceptual work, this study presents the first global cross-country dataset on faith-based mediations in armed conflicts. In this descriptive analysis, we map the empirical landscape of faith-based mediation in armed conflicts around the world, during the time period 1989–2008. Utilising and developing a typology from Cynthia Sampson [‘Religion and Peacebuilding’ in I.W. Zartman and L.J. Rasmussen (eds) Peacemaking in International Conflict (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2002)], this study generates three major findings, (1) faith-based mediation primarily occurs in situations where religion is not part of the conflict itself; (2) the organisation of faith-based mediation are significantly different in the Christian and the Islamic contexts; and (3) there is decrease in frequency of faith-based mediation over the studied time period, which could indicate a trend of decreasing international peacemaking engagement from the faith-based communities. Our descriptive analysis opens up new avenues for future empirical work on the occurrence, dynamics and effects of faith-based mediation.
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| 33. |
- Karakus, Dogukan Cansin, et al.
(författare)
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Between the Bombs : Exploring Partial Ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017
- 2020
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Ingår i: Terrorism and Political Violence. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0954-6553 .- 1556-1836. ; 32:4, s. 681-700
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research on ceasefires in armed conflicts has primarily focused on the aggregated country-level of analysis. By contrast, this article contributes by examining the local-level dynamics of local ceasefire arrangements. In particular, this study examines a novel set of 106 local-level ceasefire arrangements in the Syrian Civil War, reached between the years 2011 to 2017. Most (72 percent), but not all, of the ceasefire arrangements were respected during the stipulated time period. We argue that informal and domestic peacemaking should outperform formal and external approaches in managing conflicts with multiple rebel groups, ongoing violence, and different fronts such as in Syria. We find that the presence of insider mediators (“insider-partial”) as well as confidence-building measures between the belligerents are positively associated with successful ceasefire arrangements, whereas explanations emphasized by previous research—external third-party mediation as well as various indicators of quality of agreement—fail to explain outcomes of ceasefires. Yet, we also find some evidence indicative of a selection effect in that external mediators are associated with more difficult conflict situations. The study of local ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War can stimulate further examinations of the micro-dynamics of peacemaking in civil wars, including the causes and consequences of local ceasefires.
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| 34. |
- Krause, Dino, et al.
(författare)
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Why Is There So Little Shia-Sunni Dialogue? : Understanding the Deficit of Intra-Muslim Dialogue and Interreligious Peacemaking
- 2019
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Ingår i: Religions. - : MDPI AG. - 2077-1444. ; 10:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite a growth in fatalities resulting from organized violence with Shia-Sunni dimensions over the last two decades, in this study, we show, using existing data-bases on interreligious dialogue and peacemaking, that only less than two percent of the interreligious peacemaking organizations in the world are specialized in dialogue between Shias and Sunnis. Why is there so little institutionalized Shia-Sunni dialogue occurring when the need for such dialogue is evident? This study identifies and discusses this lack of institutional initiatives designed to prevent violence, manage conflicts and facilitate processes of intra-Muslim de-sectarianization. We discuss what we see as the three seemingly most obvious explanations-(1) the dismissal of the relevance of a Shia-Sunni cleavage, (2) the inappropriateness of the interreligious dialogue concept in the Muslim context, and (3) the substitution of institutional interreligious dialogue by other channels. Although we suggest that the third is the most potent explanation to pursue, we do not aim to provide a comprehensive explanation for the Shia-Sunni religious dialogue deficit. Instead, our aspiration is mainly to present and substantiate a puzzle that has not been identified or discussed in previous research. This can set an agenda for a reinvigorated research endeavor into the contemporary challenges for interreligious peacemaking.
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| 35. |
- Kreutz, Joakim, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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The East Asian Peace : will it last?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Debating the East Asian Peace. - Copenhagen : NIAS Press. - 9788776942199 ; , s. 281-296
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 36. |
- Larsson Gebre-Medhin, David, 1985-
(författare)
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Compliance with Territorial Awards : Territorial Concessions, Domestic Constraints, and International Legal Rulings
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under what conditions do states engaged in interstate territorial disputes comply with unfavorable international legal awards? Interstate territorial disputes have proven to be a major threat to international peace and security. Of the available options for the peaceful resolution of territorial claims, legal dispute resolution has proven to be very effective, as states overwhelmingly comply with international awards. However, despite the relevance of legal dispute resolution, we have limited knowledge about it, especially concerning how and when states choose to comply with unfavorable legal rulings. This dissertation examines the extent to which one of the most influential approaches to legal dispute resolution – domestic-constraints theory – is able to explain the compliance behavior of states which have “lost in court.” Extant research has suggested that international legal processes facilitate the reduction of domestic constraints on territorial concessions, enabling dispute resolution through compliance with international rulings. Yet no study so far has systematically traced whether legal processes indeed influence the domestic politics of territorial concession-making, or the extent to which compliance behavior is linked to domestic constraints. Employing a qualitative case-study design, this dissertation traces three implementation processes of awards that required salient territorial concessions. The cases examined are Israel, 1984–1989 (concerning the Taba dispute with Egypt); Nigeria, 1994–2008 (concerning the Bakassi dispute with Cameroon); and Ethiopia, 1998–2007 (concerning the Badme dispute with Eritrea). This study finds support for domestic-constraints theory as an explanation for compliance behavior. The findings show that domestic constraints pose a sufficient obstacle to compliance with territorial concessions, but that legal processes can facilitate attempts by governments to overcome such domestic obstacles, thereby enabling the implementation of legally ruled territorial losses. This study contributes to the research on territorial dispute resolution in particular by confirming and developing our understanding of how legal dispute resolution helps to solve high-salience territorial claims, specifically as a remedy for domestic obstacles to settlement. On a more general level, the results also speak to the ability of international law to influence state behavior in foreign relations.
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| 37. |
- Larsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Towards an Indoor Testbed for Mobile Networked Control Systems
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we consider the design of an indoor testbed composed of multiple aerial and ground unmanned vehicles for experimentation in Mobile Networked Control Systems. Taking several motivational aspects from both research and education into account, we propose an architecture to cope with the scale and mobility aspects of the overall system. Currently, the testbed is composed of several low-cost ARdrones quadrotors, small-scale heavy duty vehicles, wireless sensor nodes and a vision-based localization system. As an example, the automatic control of an ARdrone is shown.
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| 38. |
- Lindgren, Tomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Violence
- 2024. - 1
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Ingår i: The study of religion in Sweden. - London : Bloomsbury Academic. - 9781350413283 - 9781350413290 - 9781350413306 - 9781350413313 ; , s. 257-267
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 39. |
- Lindgren, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Violence
- 2024
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Ingår i: The Study of Religion in Sweden: Past, Present and Future / edited by Henrik Bogdan and Göran Larsson.. - London : Bloomsbury. - 9781350413283 ; , s. 257-267
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 40. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976-
(författare)
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International organizations as peacemakers : The evolution and effectiveness of intergovernmental instruments to end civil war
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Across four self-contained essays, this dissertation seeks to identify which features make international organizations (IOs) effective peacemakers in modern civil wars. The first essay introduces an original dataset on the institutional design of 21 peace-brokering IOs between 1945 and 2010. The second essay contains a statistical study of 122 IO civil war mediation episodes, examining how variation in institutional design affects outcomes. The third essay presents an in-depth case study, comparing interventions by the Arab League and the United Nations in Syria in 2011 and 2012. The fourth essay is a statistical examination of how IO member state biases influence mediation effectiveness. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that the performance of peace-brokering IOs cannot be accurately evaluated without taking institutional variation into account. IOs display considerable heterogeneity in design and capabilities and this variation has implications for the nature and effectiveness of IO interventions. Quantitative evidence reveals that IOs with strongly centralized instruments for supporting mediation and, in particular, peacekeeping operations are more likely to end civil wars. Qualitative evidence shows that IOs with such capabilities can engage in interventions of greater scope and credibility, enhancing their ability to shape the calculations of civil war disputants. Combined, the studies suggest that although institutional capabilities are necessary for sustained intervention effectiveness, they are conditioned on other organizational attributes. IOs with high preference homogeneity can signal intervention durability, giving them an edge over IOs with divided memberships. IOs that contain member states that have provided direct support to civil war disputants outperform IOs that lack such member states.
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| 41. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Leanings and Dealings : Exploring Bias and Trade Leverage in Civil War Mediation by International Organizations
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Negotiation. - Leiden : Brill Academic Publishers. - 1382-340X .- 1571-8069. ; 19:2, s. 315-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two characteristics of mediators – bias and leverage – are discussed intensively in the research on international mediation. However, whereas bias and leverage have been examined in mediation by states, relatively little is known about their role in mediation by international organizations (ios). This study provides new ways of conceptualizing io bias and leverage and utilizes unique data to measure the impact of io bias and leverage on mediation outcomes. Exploring all cases of civil war mediation by ios in the period 1975–2004, we find that ios where member states provide support to both sides in a conflict outperform ios whose member states remain disinterested. ios with significant trade leverage also increase the likelihood of mediation success. The study demonstrates that ios rarely have a neutral relationship to civil war combatants, that mediation by ios is laden with member state interests, and that such interests shape outcomes.
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| 42. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Local Ceasefires and De-escalation : Evidence From the Syrian Civil War
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Conflict Resolution. - : Sage Publications. - 0022-0027 .- 1552-8766. ; 67:7-8, s. 1350-1375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local ceasefire agreements are prevalent in modern civil wars, but we know little about their impact. This study analyzes geo-referenced data on 145 local ceasefire agreements declared during the Syrian Civil War, 2011-2019, exploring their short- and long-term effects on the intensity of armed violence. Drawing on scholarship on gradual confidence-building processes, we theorize the conditions under which local ceasefire agreements may generate trust and reduce conflict intensity. Using interrupted time-series analysis and spatial panel regression, we examine factors relating to the design and strategic context of ceasefire agreements. We find that local ceasefire agreements can trigger both escalation and de-escalation in the short term. De-escalatory outcomes are more likely in the long-term, when ceasefire signatories share a history of previous interaction, and when ceasefires are implemented in a stepwise fashion. We also find evidence of spatial diffusion: local ceasefire agreements in one area reduce conflict intensity in neighboring areas.
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| 43. |
- Lundgren, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The surprising decline of international mediation in armed conflicts
- 2020
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Ingår i: Research & Politics. - : SAGE Publications. - 2053-1680 .- 2053-1680. ; 7:2, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We identify and investigate a fundamental puzzle in contemporary mediation of armed conflicts. Although the preparedness of international mediators has increased, the proportion of armed conflicts that receive mediation has not increased, but decreased. Using quantitative data on the occurrence of mediation between 1989 and 2013, our analysis suggests that this puzzling contradiction cannot be explained by conflicts being more fragmented, intractable or internationalized. Instead, we argue that the puzzling decline of mediation can be explained by a mismatch between supply and demand in the international mediation ‘market’. Although there are more mediators available, the rise in the number of conflicts involving Islamist armed actors, coupled with increased reliance on terror-listing, especially since 2001, has placed a growing number of conflicts beyond the reach of international mediators. Our findings challenge the conventional belief that the post-Cold War era is characterized by high mediation rates and point to the need to develop the practice of mediation to maintain its relevance in the contemporary conflict landscape.
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| 44. |
- Meding, Isak, et al.
(författare)
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You can have your ensemble and run it too - Deep Ensembles Spread Over Time
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCVW 2023. - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. ; , s. 4022-4031
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ensembles of independently trained deep neural networks yield uncertainty estimates that rival Bayesian networks in performance. They also offer sizable improvements in terms of predictive performance over single models. However, deep ensembles are not commonly used in environments with limited computational budget - such as autonomous driving - since the complexity grows linearly with the number of ensemble members. An important observation that can be made for robotics applications, such as autonomous driving, is that data is typically sequential. For instance, when an object is to be recognized, an autonomous vehicle typically observes a sequence of images, rather than a single image. This raises the question, could the deep ensemble be spread over time?In this work, we propose and analyze Deep Ensembles Spread Over Time (DESOT). The idea is to apply only a single ensemble member to each data point in the sequence, and fuse the predictions over a sequence of data points. We implement and experiment with DESOT for traffic sign classification, where sequences of tracked image patches are to be classified. We find that DESOT obtains the benefits of deep ensembles, in terms of predictive and uncertainty estimation performance, while avoiding the added computational cost. Moreover, DESOT is simple to implement and does not require sequences during training. Finally, we find that DESOT, like deep ensembles, outperform single models for out-of-distribution detection.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Melin, Molly M., et al.
(författare)
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Incentives for Talking : Accepting Mediation in International and Civil Wars
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Interactions. - London : Gordon and Breach. - 0305-0629 .- 1547-7444. ; 35:3, s. 249-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the conditions under which warring parties will accept an outside party's offer to mediate. Specifically, we explore variation in the incentives for accepting third-party offers in interstate conflicts as compared to civil wars. We argue that since mediation in civil wars transfers legitimacy to the non-state actor and can generate a precedent of exceptions to the norm of sovereignty, the political cost associated with accepting international mediation will be substantially higher in civil wars compared to international conflicts. States should therefore only accept mediation in the most serious disputes, or when the costs of legitimizing an opponent are outweighed by the benefits of conflict resolution. Building on this theoretical reasoning, the paper analyzes the implications of differences in incentive structures between inter- and intrastate conflicts for offer and acceptance of mediation. We find an empirical discrepancy between interstate and civil wars in regard to demand-side (acceptance) of mediation, and to a somewhat lesser extent the supply-side (offer) of international mediation. In line with our argument, we find that the historical ties between the potential intermediary and at least one of the disputants play different roles in regard to acceptance of mediation in interstate compared to civil wars. This is important to take into consideration in the emerging debate on mediation bias.
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| 47. |
- Mustasilta, Katariina, et al.
(författare)
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Divided We Fall : Ethnic Cleavages, Movement Cohesion, and the Risk of Escalation to Civil War in Non-Violent Uprisings
- 2023
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Ingår i: Civil Wars. - : Routledge. - 1369-8249 .- 1743-968X. ; 25:1, s. 103-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why do some non-violent uprisings escalate into armed violence while others do not? We suggest that horizontal polarisation contributes to the escalation of non-violent campaigns. We examine the effect of ethnic cleavages between the campaign and its opponent and movement cohesion as explanatory factors for escalation into civil war and non-state violence. Statistical analysis of all major non-violent campaigns (1970-2014) shows that non-violent conflicts with ethnic cleavages have a higher risk of escalating into armed violence in particular, when the conflict takes place over governmental aims. The results also indicate that movement cohesion alleviates the risk of armed escalation.
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| 48. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
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Civil society protests and inclusive peace talks
- 2023
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- What are the drivers of inclusion in peace negotiations? How can meaningful participation in peace processes be ensured? This research brief shows that civil society engagement, in the form of non-violent protests, demonstrations, or other forms of street action can help shape the conditions for inclusive peace talks in civil wars. We also present trends and patterns based on data on civil society engagement across civil wars in Africa, the Americas, and the Middle East. We propose three recommendations directed at international peacebuilding actors who strive to promote inclusive peace processes.This brief is part of a research brief series generated by a joint initiative by the Folke Bernadotte Academy (FBA) and the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD). The aim of the series is to contribute to policy development by bringing cutting-edge research on key issues within mediation to the attention of policy makers and practitioners. The topics to be explored in the series were selected during joint discussions within the FBA initiative “Improving Mediation Effectiveness” throughout 2021-2023. The Initiative brought together policymakers, practitioners, and researchers within the mediation field to discuss challenges and opportunities for greater effectiveness in mediation. The editorial committee has consisted of Dr. Niklas Hultin, Agnes Cronholm, Dr. Johanna Malm and Maja Jakobsson from FBA, and Andrea Prah from ACCORD. We would like to thank the members of the Mediation Support Network for comments. The views and opinions expressed in the brief series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the collaborating partners.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
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In the Streets and at the Table : Civil Society Coordination during Peace Negotiations
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Negotiation. - : Brill. - 1382-340X .- 1571-8069. ; 25:2, s. 225-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When bringing armed conflicts to a peaceful end, the inclusion of civil society in peacemaking is a vital task. However, whereas previous research on civil society inclusion has made significant advancements, surprisingly little attention has been paid to analyzing how civil resistance and mass action may interact with more elite-driven approaches during peace processes. This study addresses this research gap by examining the interplay between elite and mass-based civil society approaches in three different peace processes in civil wars in Africa in the post-Cold War period: Liberia, the Central African Republic (CAR), and Burundi. We advance the literature by developing a framework that focuses on coordination of these different efforts and we explore this interplay empirically. With this study, we aim to broaden the research agenda, allowing for future synergies at the research frontier of mass action and the inclusion of civil society in peace processes.
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