| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Anthony, Richard, et al.
(författare)
-
Autonomic Middleware for Automotive Embedded Systems
- 2009
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Ingår i: Autonomic Communication. - Boston, MA : Springer US. - 9780387097527 ; , s. 169-210
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter describes DySCAS: an advanced autonomic platform-independent middleware framework for automotive embedded systems. The concepts and architecture are motivated and described in detail, focusing on the need for, and achievement of, high flexibility and automatic run-time reconfiguration. The design of the middleware is positioned with respect to the way it overcomes the specific technical, environmental, and performance challenges of the automotive domain. Self-management is achieved in terms of automatic configuration for context-aware behavior, resource-use efficiency, and self-healing to handle run-time detected faults. The self-management is governed by the use of policies distributed throughout the middleware components. The simulation techniques that have been used for extensive validation are described and some key results presented. A reference implementation is presented, illustrating the way in which the various concepts and mechanisms can be realized and orchestrated.
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| 3. |
- Edin Grimheden, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a curricula for Cyber-Physical Systems
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Workshop on Embedded Systems Education, WESE2014, New Delhi, India. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450330909
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems education faces several challenges as well as opportunities as every-"thing" becomes connected, and as technology development accelerates. Initiatives such as CDIO, as well as several other academic and industry initiatives to create new CPS programs illustrate strong interests and awareness of these challenges. We provide an overview of foreseen educational needs, existing state of the art in education and an analysis of the subject of CPS with the purpose of understanding the implications for education. The investigation points to key issues in curriculum design regarding balancing depth and breadth, theory and practices, academic and industrial needs, and core technical skills with complementary skills. Curricula in CPS could, if the right balance is achieved, educate CPS engineers of the future that are "ready to engineer".
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| 4. |
- Grimheden, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
How should Embedded Systems be taught? Experiences and snapshots from Swedish higher engineering education
- 2005
-
Ingår i: ACM SIGBED Review. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1551-3688. ; 2:4, s. 34-39
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents results from a previously published analysis performed on the subject of embedded systems using a didactical approach together with some educational implications. To illustrate the didactical analysis, examples from embedded systems education at KTH in Sweden are given where an exemplifying selection and an interactive communication have been adopted in embedded systems related courses.The exemplifying selection means that education in embedded systems would benefit from teaching 'everything of something' rather than 'something of everything', that is, depth rather than width. The interactive communication strongly motivates experimental work, hands-on approaches and problem based learning in general.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Papadopoulos, Yiannis, et al.
(författare)
-
Automatic allocation of safety integrity levels
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Critical Automotive applications. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781605589152 ; , s. 7-10
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we describe a concept for the automatic allocationof general Safety Integrity Levels (SILs) to subsystems andcomponents of complex hierarchical networked architectures thatdeliver sets of safety critical functions. The concept is generic andcan be adapted to facilitate the safety engineering approachdefined in several standards that employ the concept of integrityor assurance levels including ISO 26262, the emergingautomotive safety standard. SIL allocation is facilitated by HiPHOPS,an automated safety analysis tool, and can be performed inthe context of development using EAST-ADL2, an automotivearchitecture description language. The process rationalizescomplex risk allocation and leads to optimal/economic allocationof SILs.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Sanfridson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
A quality of control architecture and codesign method
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Proc 10th Real time and embedded technology and applications symposium.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An architecture and a method supportingcodesign of flexible computer control systems are proposedin this paper. We call this approach Quality of Controlto reflect the emphasis on control performance. Keycomponents of the architecture include negotiation to optimizeoverall quality, admission control, explicit specificationsof control characteristics and timing constraints,and on-line estimation of the control performance as afunction of the actual system timing. The purpose is togive flexibility in terms of scalability, maintainability,configurability and graceful degradation.
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| 11. |
- Sanfridson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
The effect of randomly time varying sampling and computational delay
- 2005
-
Ingår i: 16th Triennial World Congress of International Federation of Automatic Control, IFAC 2005.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A randomly time-varying sampling period or control delay affects the performance, robustness and stability of a control loop. The variation in sensing and actuation instants is caused by e.g. multitasking, interactions in distributed systems and varying processing time. The discretization of a continuous-time quadratic loss function and the process is here extended to the case of aperiodic systems, when the control signal exhibits multiple changes during a non-uniform sampling period.
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| 12. |
- Törngren, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Experiences from large embedded systems development projects in education, involving industry and research
- 2007
-
Ingår i: ACM SIGBED Review. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1551-3688. ; 4:1, s. 55-63
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experiences from a final year M.Sc.course. The overall aim of the course is to provide knowledge andskills to develop products in small or large development teams.The course is implemented in terms of large projects incooperation with external partners, in which the students, basedon a product specification, apply and integrate their accumulatedknowledge in the development of a prototype. This course, whichhas been running and further elaborated for 20 years, has beenproven successful in terms of being appreciated by the studentsand by the external partners. The course has during the recentyears more frequently been carried out in close connection toresearch groups. Our experiences indicate benefits by carrying outthese types of large projects in an educational setting, withexternal partners as project providers, and in close cooperationwith research groups.Having external partners as project providers feeds the course,students and faculty with many industrially relevant problems thatare useful for motivational purposes, and in other courses forexemplification and for case studies in research. Carrying out theprojects in close connection to research groups provides synergybetween research and education, and can improve the academiclevel of the projects. A further interesting dimension isaccomplished when the projects run in iterations, requiring newgroups of students to take over an already, partly developedcomplex system, and work incrementally on this system. Thestudents are then faced with a very typical industrial situation. Weadvocate that students should be exposed to a mixture of “buildfrom scratch” and “incremental” projects during the education.
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| 13. |
- Törngren, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Experiences from large embedded systems development projects in education, involving industry and research
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Workshop on Embedded Systems Education, WESE2006.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experiences from a final year M.Sc.course. The overall aim of the course is to provide knowledge andskills to develop products in small or large development teams.The course is implemented in terms of large projects incooperation with external partners, in which the students, basedon a product specification, apply and integrate their accumulatedknowledge in the development of a prototype. This course, whichhas been running and further elaborated for 20 years, has beenproven successful in terms of being appreciated by the studentsand by the external partners. The course has during the recentyears more frequently been carried out in close connection toresearch groups. Our experiences indicate benefits by carrying outthese types of large projects in an educational setting, withexternal partners as project providers, and in close cooperationwith research groups.Having external partners as project providers feeds the course,students and faculty with many industrially relevant problems thatare useful for motivational purposes, and in other courses forexemplification and for case studies in research. Carrying out theprojects in close connection to research groups provides synergybetween research and education, and can improve the academiclevel of the projects. A further interesting dimension isaccomplished when the projects run in iterations, requiring newgroups of students to take over an already, partly developedcomplex system, and work incrementally on this system. Thestudents are then faced with a very typical industrial situation. Weadvocate that students should be exposed to a mixture of “buildfrom scratch” and “incremental” projects during the education.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Törngren, Martin, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
-
Strategies and considerations in shaping cyber-physical systems education
- 2016
-
Ingår i: ACM SIGBED Review. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1551-3688. ; :1, s. 53-60
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems education faces several challenges as well as opportunities as every-“thing” becomes connected, and as technology development accelerates. Initiatives such as CDIO, as well as several other academic and industry initiatives to create new CPS programs illustrate strong interests and awareness of these challenges. We provide an overview of foreseen educational needs, existing state of the art in education and an analysis of the subject of CPS with the purpose of understanding the implications for education. The investigation points to key issues in curriculum design regarding balancing depth and breadth, theory and practices, academic and industrial needs, and core technical skills with complementary skills. Curricula in CPS could, if the right balance is achieved, educate CPS engineers of the future that are “ready to engineer”. We conclude by synthesizing high level guidelines in terms of strategies and considerations for CPS curriculum development.
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| 16. |
- Walker, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Semi-automatic FMEA supporting complex systems with combinations and sequences of failures
- 2009
-
Ingår i: SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems. - : Society of Automotive Engineers. - 1946-3995 .- 1946-4002. ; 2:1, s. 791-802
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a well established safety analysis technique used for the assessment of safety critical engineering systems in the automotive industry. Although FMEA has been shown to be useful, the analysis is typically restricted to the effects of single component failures; even partial analysis of combinations or sequences of multiple failures is in practice considered too complex, laborious and costly to perform. In this paper, we describe a new technique in which FMEAs are semi-automatically built from the topology of a system and component-level specifications of failure data. The proposed technique allows an extended form of combinatorial & sequential FMEA in which assessment of the effects of combinations and sequences of failures becomes feasible and cost effective. We show how this technique can address difficulties encountered in classical FMEA and, drawing from a simplified brake-by-wire example, we show how it can improve the assessment of safety critical automotive systems.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Adamsson, Niklas, 1977-
(författare)
-
Interdisciplinary integration in complex product development : managerial implications of embedding software in manufactured goods
- 2007
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Incorporating electronics and software systems into manufactured goods is becoming very common in manufacturing companies. New technical functions, increased flexibility, and compensation for mechanical design weaknesses are some key drivers of this technological change in our everyday products. The automotive industry exemplifies this trend, since approximately 80–90% of new functions in cars are based on electronics and software, and it is expected that at least a third of the total cost of a car will eventually be accounted for by electronics and software. However, one of the main downsides of this technological trend is the increasing number of quality issues related to these new technologies, something usually claimed to be a result of the increased product development complexity. Previous research into product development management has mainly concentrated on either physical products or software systems, but not concurrently on both. Additionally, much of the research has concentrated on issues of integrating marketing, R&D, and manufacturing in these companies, and has treated the engineering disciplines in R&D as a homogenous group. Motivated by this change in technology content and the lack of research into complex product development and especially into integration between engineering disciplines, the present work investigates how to increase operational performance in multidisciplinary engineering organizations. This work has especially focused on interdisciplinary integration and the feasibility of various so-called integration mechanisms, such as building common physical facilities, job rotation programs, the implementation and use of information and communications technology, and computer-aided engineering tools. Both qualitative and quantitative research has been performed, involving 11 different companies and over 300 respondents. Supported by the present findings, it is demonstrated that interdisciplinary integration is a crucial factor to consider, and it is concluded that certain integration mechanisms stand out as more important than others. Organizational structure, work procedures and methods, training, social systems, and computer-aided engineering were the five types of mechanisms that displayed the greatest potential for improvement. It is further concluded that the ability to successfully match the body of practices to current products is essential, since there is a high risk of current practices becoming out-dated with respect to the technology content. Furthermore, inadequate identification of or managerial ability to establish the currently most important interfaces complicate the choice of trade-offs between various technologies that are found to be essential to cope with the inherent dynamic complexity. The organizational powerbase is often re-positioned in the studied organizations, and the loss of decisive power can result in a demoralizing ignorance of newly established disciplines and their design practices. Additionally, rigid structures and counterproductive traditions can reduce the potential gains accruing from new boundary-spanning innovations, so organizational responsibilities and mandates must be declared unambiguously, in many cases differently from how they have been in the past. Based on these conclusions, it is suggested that managers in organizations like those studied must be able to do the following: cultivate software knowledge in all parts and levels of the product development organization; reassess their recruitment strategies; organize for interdisciplinary collaboration; articulate and communicate the technology fusion strategy to all disciplines; and realize and disseminate the fact that product launches do not only concern manufacturability.
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| 20. |
- Alelyani, T., et al.
(författare)
-
A literature review on obsolescence management in COTS-centric cyber physical systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1877-0509. ; , s. 135-145
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)-centric cyber physical systems often contain software and hardware elements with life-spans shorter than the systems' intended life-span. Various studies have examined hardware obsolescence, although in most systems, software costs contribute as much, or more, to the total life cycle costs than hardware. The aim of our research effort is to explore, synthesize, and compile past research efforts on obsolescence in the context of COTS-based systems, and propose new ways to overcome related issues. This research effort suggests the need for systematic perspectives to streamline potentially overbearing acquisition processes while focusing on core critical aspects affecting systems sustainment and cost. Significant life cycle costs associated with obsolescence mitigation approaches, therefore, programmatic strategic planning should be adapted to include the context of obsolescence with the objective to improve the efficiency of new COTS-intensive CPS systems with enduring perspectives. The study reveals opportunities and challenges for obsolescence in COTS-based CPSs.
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| 21. |
- Andruetto, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
-
Adding Cyberphysical Systems to the Engineering Education "Pi"
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Computer. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9162 .- 1558-0814. ; 56:2, s. 116-120
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because many systems are evolving into cyberphysical systems, it is essential to examine their impact on society. This article introduces a multidisciplinary course that provides an overview of how these systems contribute to sociotechnical change.
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| 22. |
- Anthony, Richard, et al.
(författare)
-
A Future Dynamically Reconfigurable Automotive Software System
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Embedded software systems in vehicles are of rapidly increasing commercial importance for the automotive industry. Current systems employ a static run-time environment; due to the difficulty and cost involved in the development of dynamic systems in a high-integrity embedded control context. A dynamic system, referring to the system configuration, would greatly increase the flexibility of the offered functionality and enable customised software configuration for individual vehicles, adding customer value through plug-and-play capability, and increased quality due to its inherent ability to adjust to changes in hardware and software. We envisage an automotive system containing a variety of components, from a multitude of organizations, not necessarily known at development time. The system dynamically adapts its configuration to suit the run-time system constraints.This paper presents our vision for future automotive control systems that will be regarded in an EU research project, referred to as DySCAS (Dynamically Self-Configuring Automotive Systems). We propose a self-configuring vehicular control system architecture, with capabilities that include automatic discovery and inclusion of new devices, self-optimisation to best-use the processing, storage and communication resources available, self-diagnostics and ultimately self-healing. Such an architecture has benefits extending to reduced development and maintenance costs, improved passenger safety and comfort, and flexible owner customisation.Specifically, this paper addresses the following issues: The state of the art of embedded software systems in vehicles, emphasising the current limitations arising from fixed run-time configurations; and the benefits and challenges of dynamic configuration, giving rise to opportunities for self-healing, self-optimisation, and the automatic inclusion of users’ Consumer Electronic (CE) devices. Our proposal for a dynamically reconfigurable automotive software system platform is outlined and a typical use-case is presented as an example to exemplify the benefits of the envisioned dynamic capabilities.
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| 23. |
- Anthony, Richard, et al.
(författare)
-
A Middleware Approach to Dynamically Configurable Automotive Embedded Systems
- 2008
-
Ingår i: ISVCS 2008. - : EUDL - European Union Digital Library. - 9789639799271
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an advanced dynamically configurable middleware for automotive embedded systems. The layered architecture of the middleware, and the way in which core and optional services provide transparency and flexible platform independent support for portability, is described. The design of the middleware is positioned with respect to the way it overcomes the specific technical, environmental, performance and safety challenges of the automotive domain. The use of policies to achieve flexible run-time configuration is explained with reference to the core policy technology which has been extended and adapted specifically for this project. The component model is described, focussing on how the configuration logic is distributed throughout the middleware and application components, by inserting ‘decision points’ wherever deferred logic or run-time context-sensitive configuration is required. Included in this discussion are the way in which context information is automatically provided to policies to inform context-aware behaviour; the dynamic wrapper mechanism which isolates policies, provides transparency to software developers and silently handles run-time errors arising during dynamic configuration operations.
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| 24. |
- Anthony, Richard, et al.
(författare)
-
Context-Aware Adaptation in DySCAS
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Electronic Communications of the EASST. - Berlin : European Association of Software Science and Technology (EASST). - 1863-2122. ; 19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DySCAS is a dynamically self-configuring middleware for automotivecontrol systems. The addition of autonomic, context-aware dynamic configurationto automotive control systems brings a potential for a wide range of benefits in termsof robustness, flexibility, upgrading etc. However, the automotive systems representa particularly challenging domain for the deployment of autonomics concepts, havinga combination of real-time performance constraints, severe resource limitations,safety-critical aspects and cost pressures. For these reasons current systems are staticallyconfigured. This paper describes the dynamic run-time configuration aspectsof DySCAS and focuses on the extent to which context-aware adaptation has beenachieved in DySCAS, and the ways in which the various design and implementationchallenges are met.
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| 25. |
- Armengaud, Eric, et al.
(författare)
-
Introduction
- 2013
-
Ingår i: CESAR. - Vienna : Springer. - 9783709113868 - 9783709113875 ; , s. 1-14
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The embedded safety-critical system design and development industries are facing ever-increasing demands regarding the variety and flexibility of systems and devices from society. At a technical level, these demands result in more and more complex solutions that, at the same time, need to abide by stringent regulatory requirements and economic challenges, such as cost, performance and time to market.
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| 26. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Qualifying Software Tools, a Systems Approach
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. ; , s. 340-351
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern safety standards designed to ensure safety in embedded system products often take a descriptive approach, focusing on describing appropriate requirements on management, processes, methods and environments during development. While the qualification of software tools has been included in several such standards, how to handle the safety implications of tools integrated into tool chains has been largely ignored. This problem is aggravated by an increase both in automation of tool integration and the size of development environments.In this paper we define nine safety goals for tool chains and suggest a qualification method that takes a systems approach on certifying software tools as parts of tool chains. With this method, software tools are developed and pre-qualified under the assumption that certain properties will be supported by the development environment they are to be deployed in. The proposed method is intended to (1) achieve a stronger focus on the relevant parts of tool chains in regard to safety and (2) separate the extra effort these parts imply from the effort already stipulated by safety standards.
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| 27. |
- Asplund, Fredrik
(författare)
-
Risks Related to the Use of Software Tools when Developing Cyber-Physical Systems : A Critical Perspective on the Future of Developing Complex, Safety-Critical Systems
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increasing complexity and size of modern Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) has led to a sharp decline in productivity among CPS designers. Requirements on safety aggravate this problem further, both by being difficult to ensure and due to their high importance to the public.Tools, or rather efforts to facilitate the automation of development processes, are a central ingredient in many of the proposed innovations to mitigate this problem. Even though the safety-related implications of introducing automation in development processes have not been extensively studied, it is known that automation has already had a large impact on operational systems. If tools are to play a part in mitigating the increase in safety-critical CPS complexity, then their actual impact on CPS development, and thereby the safety of the corresponding end products, must be sufficiently understood.An survey of relevant research fields, such as system safety, software engineering and tool integration, is provided to facilitate the discussion on safety-related implications of tool usage. Based on the identification of industrial safety standards as an important source of information and considering that the risks posed by separate tools have been given considerable attention in the transportation domain, several high-profile safety standards in this domain have been surveyed. According to the surveyed standards, automation should primarily be evaluated on its reliable execution of separate process steps independent of human operators. Automation that only supports the actions of operators during CPS development is viewed as relatively inconsequential.A conceptual model and a reference model have been created based on the surveyed research fields. The former defines the entities and relationships most relevant to safety-related risks associated with tool usage. The latter describes aspects of tool integration and how these relate to each other. By combining these models, a risk analysis could be performed and properties of tool chains which need to be ensured to mitigate risk identified. Ten such safety-related characteristics of tool chains are described.These safety-related characteristics provide a systematic way to narrow down what to look for with regard to tool usage and risk. The hypothesis that a large set of factors related to tool usage may introduce risk could thus be tested through an empirical study, which identified safety-related weaknesses in support environments tied both to high and low levels of automation. The conclusion is that a broader perspective, which includes more factors related to tool usage than those considered by the surveyed standards, will be needed.Three possible reasons to disregard such a broad perspective have been refuted, namely requirements on development processes enforced by the domain of CPS itself, certain characteristics of safety-critical CPS and the possibility to place trust in a proven, manual development process. After finding no strong reason to keep a narrow perspective on tool usage, arguments are put forward as to why the future evolution of support environments may actually increase the importance of such a broad perspective.Suggestions for how to update the mental models of the surveyed safety standards, and other standards like them, are put forward based on this identified need for a broader perspective.
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| 28. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Safety-Guided Design through System-Theoretic Process Analysis, Benefits and Difficulties
- 2012
-
Ingår i: 30th International System Safety Conference Proceedings.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development environments for embedded systems are moving towards increased automation between Commercial Of The Shelf (COTS) engineering tools. While automation provides new opportunities for e.g. verification, it also to some extent decreases the possibility of identifying and acting on safety issues that arise during development. To investigate the relationship between tool integration and safety we performed a System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) of a tool chain from an industrial case study. This tool chain was then reanalyzed and redesigned twice, in part motivated by identified hazards.This paper presents our experiences from applying STPA to safety-guided design in the context of integrating COTS engineering tools into tool chains. We discuss the benefits of and difficulties with applying STPA. We also suggest improvements that complement STPA with support methods and tools.The primary benefit was the support in categorizing risks and causes. The three difficulties we encountered were identifying context-specific causal factors, defining control structures across several domains (management, user, technical, etc.) and limiting the domains taken into account. The use of STPA during safety-guided design would be facilitated by the use of expert systems and simulation, especially in regard to relating different domains.
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| 29. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
The Discourse on Tool Integration Beyond Technology, A Literature Survey
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 106, s. 117-131
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tool integration research area emerged in the 1980s. This survey focuses on those strands of tool integration research that discuss issues beyond technology. We reveal a discourse centered around six frequently mentioned non-functional properties. These properties have been discussed in relation to technology and high level issues. However, while technical details have been covered, high level issues and, by extension, the contexts in which tool integration can be found, are treated indifferently. We conclude that this indifference needs to be challenged, and research on a larger set of stakeholders and contexts initiated. An inventory of the use of classification schemes underlines the difficulty of evolving the classical classification scheme published by Wasserman. Two frequently mentioned redefinitions are highlighted to facilitate their wider use. A closer look at the limited number of research methods and the poor attention to research design indicates a need for a changed set of research methods. We propose more critical case studies and method diversification through theory triangulation. Additionally, among disparate discourses we highlight several focusing on standardization which are likely to contain relevant findings. This suggests that open communities employed in the context of (pre-)standardization could be especially important in furthering the targeted discourse.
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| 30. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
The Need for a Confidence View of CPS Support Environments (Fast Abstract)
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of HASE 2015, The 16th IEEE International Symposium on High Assurance Systems Engineering. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781479981113 ; , s. 273-274
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multi-View Modelling Integration Frameworks (MVMIFs) may help mitigate complexity associated with the development of CPS, but may also have implications on safety. Safety-related standards do not provide guidance to mitigate this problem. We therefore suggest that MVMIFs are extended with a confidence view to support the creation of an assurance case that covers issues related to risks in the support environment.
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| 31. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, 1977-
(författare)
-
Tool Integration and Safety : A Foundation for Analysing the Impact of Tool Integrationon Non-functional Properties
- 2012
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increasing complexity of embedded systems development is becoming difficult to handle with development environments based on disjoint engineering tools. Support for interactions between various engineering tools, especially through automated means, has therefore received an increased amount of attention during the last few years. The subsequent increase in the amount of tool integration is leading to an increased impact of tool integration on non-functional properties of development efforts, development environments and end products. At the same time there is a lack of methods and tools for analysing the relationship between these properties and tool integration. To establish a foundation for analysing this generic relationship, the specific relationship between tool integration and the safety of end products is analysed in this thesis.A survey was conducted to analyze the State of the Art of tool integration as related to safety. This survey specifically identified the lack of an efficient handling of tool integration by modern safety standards as an important concern. In relation to this survey, three theories were identified as of specific importance. These are the school of thought known as Systems Thinking, the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) causality model and the System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) hazard analysis technique.Building on these theories, this thesis provides original contributions intended to (1) describe concepts and models related to tool integration and safety (the first and second contribution), (2) link tool integration to safety in a way that reduces complexity during analysis (the third contribution) and (3) propose how to interpret and make use of the implications of the presented theories and the first three contributions (the fourth and fifth contribution).• The first contribution is a new conceptual model of a development effort that emphasizes tool integration.• The second contribution is a new reference model for tool integration in highly heterogeneous environments.• The third contribution consists of nine safety-related tool chain properties, i.e. properties of tool chains that could mitigate at least part of the risks introduced by tool integration.• The fourth contribution is a proposition on how to identify safety implications due to a high level of automation of tool integration.• The fifth contribution is a proposition for a new software tool qualification process.
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| 32. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Tool Integration Beyond Wasserman
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Advanced Information Systems Engineering Workshops. - Berlin : Springer-Verlag. - 9783642220555 ; , s. 270-281
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The typical development environment today consists of many specialized development tools, which are partially integrated, forming a complex tool landscape with partial integration. Traditional approaches for reasoning about tool integration are insufficient to measure the degree of integration and integration optimality in today’s complex tool landscape. This paper presents a reference model that introduces dependencies between, and metrics for, integration aspects to overcome this problem. This model is used to conceive a method for reasoning about tool integration and identify improvements in an industrial case study. Based on this we are able to conclude that our reference model does not detract value from the principles that it is based on, instead it highlights improvements that were not well visible earlier. We conclude the paper by discussing open issues for our reference model, namely if it is suitable to use during the creation of new systems, if the used integration aspects can be subdivided further to support the analysis of secondary issues related to integration, difficulties related to the state dependency between the data and process aspects within the context of developing embedded systems and the analysis of non-functional requirements to support tool integration.
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| 33. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Tool Integration, from Tool to Tool Chain with ISO 26262
- 2012
-
Ingår i: SAE Technical Paper Series. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of innovative power sources in future cars has long-ranging implications on vehicle safety. We studied these implications in the context of the guidance on software tool qualification in the then current ISO 26262 draft, when building an urban concept vehicle to participate in the 2011 Shell Eco-Marathon. While the guidance on tool qualification is detailed, the guidance in regard to tools integrated into tool chains is limited. It only points out that the environment that tools execute in needs to be taken into consideration.In this paper we clarify the implications of tool chains on tool qualification in the context of ISO 26262 by focusing on answering two questions; first, are there parts of the development environment related to tool integration that are likely to fall outside of tool qualification efforts as currently defined by ISO 26262; secondly, can we define if, and -if so- how, tool integration is affected by ensuring functional safety.We conclude by identifying two areas related to tool integration that are likely to fall outside the tool qualification efforts (data integrity and process logic) and describing how different constraints imposed by ISO 26262 in relation to tool qualification conflict when tool integration is improved (improvements aimed at supporting completeness, consistency and the safety lifecycle vs. tool qualification cost).We are able to make additional conclusions in relation to the State of the Art discussion on software tool qualification according to ISO 26262. First, reference tool chains and guidelines on which characteristics tool qualification should ensure for tool chains are needed to complement ISO 26262. Secondly, guidance on tool integration can be found in the completeness characteristic, the consistency characteristic and the ISO 26262 safety lifecycle process. Finally, qualification efforts should ideally target tool chains rather than individual tools.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Axelsson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Notes On Agile and Safety-Critical Development
- 2016
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Ingår i: Software Engineering Notes. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 0163-5948 .- 1943-5843. ; 41:2, s. 23-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agile approaches have been highly influential to the software engineering practices in many organizations, and are increasingly being applied in larger companies, and for developing systems outside the pure software domain. To understand more about the current state of agile, its applications to safety-critical systems, and the consequences on innovation and large organizations, a seminar was organized in Stockholm in 2014. This paper gives an overview of the topics discussed at that seminar, a summary of the main results and suggestions for future work as input to a research agenda for agile development of safety-critical software.
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| 36. |
- Baranowska, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between medical therapy after surgical aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis and long-term mortality: a report from the SWEDEHEART registry.
- 2022
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Ingår i: European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2055-6837 .- 2055-6845. ; 8:8, s. 837-846
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The association between use of statins, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors and/or β-blockers and long-term mortality in patients with aortic stenosis who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is unknown.All patients with aortic stenosis who underwent isolated first time SAVR in Sweden from 2006 to 2017 and survived six months after discharge were included. Individual patient data from four mandatory nationwide registries were merged. Cox proportional hazards models, with time-updated data on medication status and adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, type of prosthesis, and year of surgery, were used to investigate associations between dispensed statins, RAS inhibitors, and β-blockers, and all-cause mortality. In total, 9553 patients were included, and median follow-up time was 4.9 years (range 0-11); 1738 patients (18.2%) died during follow-up. Statins were dispensed to 49.1% and 49.0% of the patients within six months of discharge from hospital and after ten years, respectively. Corresponding figures were 51.4% and 53.9% for RAS inhibitors, and 79.3% and 60.7% for β-blockers. Ongoing treatment was associated with lower mortality risk for statins [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.60-0.74), p<0.001] and RAS inhibitors [aHR 0.84 (0.76-0.93), p<0.001] but not for β-blockers [aHR 1.17 (1.05-1.30), p=0.004]. The associations were robust in subgroups based on age, sex, and comorbidities (p for interactions>0.05).The results of this large population-based real-world study support the use of statins and RAS inhibitors for patients who underwent SAVR due to aortic stenosis.
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| 37. |
- Behere, Sagar, et al.
(författare)
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A functional architecture for autonomous driving
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) of self-driving vehicles increase, it is necessary to investigate the Electrical/Electronic(E/E) system architectures for autonomous driving, beyond proof-of-concept prototypes. Relevant patterns and anti-patterns need to be raised into debate and documented. This paper presents the principal components needed in a functional architecture for autonomous driving, along with reasoning for how they should be distributed across the architecture. A functional architecture integrating all the concepts and reasoning is also presented.
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| 38. |
- Behere, Sagar, et al.
(författare)
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A Functional Brake Architecture for Autonomous Heavy Commercial Vehicles
- 2016
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Ingår i: SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heavy commercial vehicles constitute the dominant form of inland freight transport. There is a strong interest in making such vehicles autonomous (self-driving), in order to improve safety and the economics of fleet operation. Autonomy concerns affect a number of key systems within the vehicle. One such key system is brakes, which need to remain continuously available throughout vehicle operation. This paper presents a fail-operational functional brake architecture for autonomous heavy commercial vehicles. The architecture is based on a reconfiguration of the existing brake systems in a typical vehicle, in order to attain dynamic, diversified redundancy along with desired brake performance. Specifically, the parking brake is modified to act as a secondary brake with capabilities for monitoring and intervention of the primary brake system. A basic fault tree analysis of the architecture indicates absence of single points of failure, and a reliability analysis shows that it is reasonable to expect about an order of magnitude improvement in overall system reliability.
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| 39. |
- Behere, Sagar, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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A Functional Reference Architecture for Autonomous Driving
- 2016
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Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 73, s. 136-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ContextAs autonomous driving technology matures towards series production, it is necessary to take a deeper look at various aspects of electrical/electronic (E/E) architectures for autonomous driving.ObjectiveThis paper describes a functional architecture for autonomous driving, along with various considerations that influence such an architecture. The functionality is described at the logical level, without dependence on specific implementation technologies.MethodEngineering design has been used as the research method, which focuses on creating solutions intended for practical application. The architecture has been refined and applied over a five year period to the construction of protoype autonomous vehicles in three different categories, with both academic and industrial stakeholders.ResultsThe architectural components are divided into categories pertaining to (i) perception, (ii) decision and control, and (iii) vehicle platform manipulation. The architecture itself is divided into two layers comprising the vehicle platform and a cognitive driving intelligence. The distribution of components among the architectural layers considers two extremes: one where the vehicle platform is as "dumb" as possible, and the other, where the vehicle platform can be treated as an autonomous system with limited intelligence. We recommend a clean split between the driving intelligence and the vehicle platform. The architecture description includes identification of stakeholder concerns, which are grouped under the business and engineering categories. A comparison with similar architectures is also made, wherein we claim that the presence of explicit components for world modeling, semantic understanding, and vehicle platform abstraction seem unique to our architecture.ConclusionThe concluding discussion examines the influences of implementation technologies on functional architectures and how an architecture is affected when a human driver is replaced by a computer. The discussion also proposes that reduction and acceleration of testing, verification, and validation processes is the key to incorporating continuous deployment processes.
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| 40. |
- Behere, Sagar, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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A reference architecture for cooperative driving
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of systems architecture. - : Elsevier BV. - 1383-7621 .- 1873-6165. ; 59:10: Part C, s. 1095-1112
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cooperative driving systems enable vehicles to adapt their motion to the surrounding traffic situation by utilizing information communicated by other vehicles and infrastructure in the vicinity. How should these systems be designed and integrated into the modern automobile? What are the needed functions, key architectural elements and their relationships? We created a reference architecture that systematically answers these questions and validated it in real world usage scenarios. Key findings concern required services and enabling them via the architecture. We present the reference architecture and discuss how it can influence the design and implementation of such features in automotive systems.
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| 41. |
- Behere, Sagar, 1981-
(författare)
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Architecting Autonomous Automotive Systems : With an emphasis on Cooperative Driving
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increasing usage of electronics and software in a modern automobile enables realization of many advanced features. One such feature is autonomous driving. Autonomous driving means that a human driver’s intervention is not required to drive the automobile; rather, theautomobile is capable of driving itself. Achieving automobile autonomyrequires research in several areas, one of which is the area of automotive electrical/electronics (E/E) architectures. These architectures deal with the design of the computer hardware and software present inside various subsystems of the vehicle, with particular attention to their interaction and modularization. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how automotive E/E architectures should be designed so that 1) it ispossible to realize autonomous features and 2) a smooth transition canbe made from existing E/E architectures, which have no explicit support for autonomy, to future E/E architectures that are explicitly designed for autonomy.The thesis begins its investigation by considering the specific problem of creating autonomous behavior under cooperative driving condi-tions. Cooperative driving conditions are those where continuous wireless communication exists between a vehicle and its surroundings, which consist of the local road infrastructure as well as the other vehicles in the vicinity. In this work, we define an original reference architecture for cooperative driving. The reference architecture demonstrates how a subsystem with specific autonomy features can be plugged into an existing E/E architecture, in order to realize autonomous driving capabilities. Two salient features of the reference architecture are that it isminimally invasive and that it does not dictate specific implementation technologies. The reference architecture has been instantiated on two separate occasions and is the main contribution of this thesis. Another contribution of this thesis is a novel approach to the design of general, autonomous, embedded systems architectures. The approach introduces an artificial consciousness within the architecture, that understands the overall purpose of the system and also how the different existing subsystems should work together in order to meet that purpose.This approach can enable progressive autonomy in existing embedded systems architectures, over successive design iterations.
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| 42. |
- Behere, Sagar, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Architecture challenges for intelligent autonomous machines : An industrial perspective
- 2014
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Ingår i: Intelligent Autonomous Systems 13. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319083377 ; , s. 1669-1681
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Machines are displaying a trend of increasing autonomy. This has a far reaching impact on the architectures of the embedded systems within the machine. The impact needs to be clearly understood and the main obstacles to autonomy need to be identified. The obstacles, especially from an industrial perspective, are not just technological but also relate to system aspects like certification, development processes and product safety. In this paper, we identify and discuss some of the main obstacles to autonomy from the viewpoint of technical specialists working on advanced industrial product development. The identified obstacles cover topics like world modeling, user interaction, complexity and system safety.
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| 43. |
- Behere, Sagar, et al.
(författare)
-
Educating embedded systems hackers : A practitioner's perspective
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 Workshop on Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems Education, WESE 2014 - Proceedings. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450330909
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents some practical skills which bridge the gap between a sound theoretical education in embedded systems and the skillset acquired by experienced practitioners in the field. The presentation of each skill is accompanied by common solution patterns, state-of-practice technologies, and a set of exercises to provide practical uptake of each skill.
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| 44. |
- Behere, Sagar, 1981-
(författare)
-
Reference Architectures for Highly Automated Driving
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Highly automated driving systems promise increased road traffic safety, as well as positive impacts on sustainable transportation by means of increased traffic efficiency and environmental friendliness. The design and development of such systems require scientific advances in a number of areas. One area is the vehicle's electrical/electronic (E/E) architecture. The E/E architecture can be presented using a number of views, of which an important one is the functional view. The functional view describes the decomposition of the system into its main logical components, along with the hierarchical structure, the component inter-connections, and requirements. When this view captures the principal ideas and patterns that constitute the foundation of a variety of specific architectures, it may be termed as a reference architecture. Two reference architectures for highly automated driving form the principal contribution of this thesis. The first reference architecture is for cooperative driving. In a cooperative driving situation, vehicles and road infrastructure in the vicinity of a vehicle continuously exchange wireless information and this information is then used to control the motion of the vehicle. The second reference architecture is for autonomous driving, wherein the vehicle is capable of driver-less operation even without direct communication with external entities. The description of both reference architectures includes their main components and the rationale for how these components should be distributed across the architecture and its layers. These architectures have been validated via multiple real-world instantiations, and the guidelines for instantiation also form part of the architecture description. A comparison with similar architectures is also provided, in order to highlight the similarities and differences. The comparisons show that in the context of automated driving, the explicit recognition of components for semantic understanding, world modeling, and vehicle platform abstraction are unique to the proposed architecture. These components are not unusual in architectures within the Artificial Intelligence/robotics domains; the proposed architecture shows how they can be applied within the automotive domain. A secondary contribution of this thesis is a description of a lightweight, four step approach for model based systems engineering of highly automated driving systems, along with supporting model classes. The model classes cover the concept of operations, logical architecture, application software components, and the implementation platforms. The thesis also provides an overview of current implementation technologies for cognitive driving intelligence and vehicle platform control, and recommends a specific setup for development and accelerated testing of highly automated driving systems, that includes model- and hardware-in-the-loop techniques in conjunction with a publish/subscribe bus. Beyond the more "traditional" engineering concepts, the thesis also investigates the domain of machine consciousness and computational self-awareness. The exploration indicates that current engineering methods are likely to hit a complexity ceiling, breaking through which may require advances in how safety-critical systems can self-organize, construct, and evaluate internal models to reflect their perception of the world. Finally, the thesis also presents a functional architecture for the brake system of an autonomous truck. This architecture proposes a reconfiguration of the existing brake systems of the truck in a way that provides dynamic, diversified redundancy, and an increase in the system reliability and availability, while meeting safety requirements.
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| 45. |
- Behere, Sagar, et al.
(författare)
-
Systems Engineering and Architecting for Intelligent Autonomous Systems
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Automated Driving. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319318950 ; , s. 313-351
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter provides an overview of architecture and systems engineeringfor autonomous driving system, through a set of complementaryperspectives. For practitioners, a short term perspective uses the state of theart to dene a three layered functional architecture for autonomous driving,consisting of a vehicle platform, a cognitive driving intelligence, and o-board supervisory and monitoring services. The architecture is placed withina broader context of model based systems engineering (MBSE), for which wedene four classes of models: Concept of Operations, Logical Architecture,Application Software Components, and Platform Components. These classesaid an immediate or subsequent MBSE methodology for concrete projects.Also for concrete projects, we propose an implementation setup and technologiesthat combine simulation and implementation for rapid testing of autonomousdriving functionality in physical and virtual environments. Futureevolution of autonomous driving systems is explored with a long term perspectivelooking at stronger concepts of autonomy like machine consciousnessand self-awareness. Contrasting these concepts with current engineering practicesshows that scaling to more complex systems may require incorporatingelements of so-called constructivist architectures. The impact of autonomy onsystems engineering is expected to be mainly around testing and verication,while implementations shall continue experiencing an in ux of technologiesfrom non-automotive domains.
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| 46. |
- Berezovskyi, Andrii, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient state update exchange in a CPS environment for linked data-based digital twins
- 2019
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728129273 ; , s. 983-989
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the problem of reducing the number of messages needed to exchange state updates between the Cyber-Physical System (CPS) components that integrate with the rest of the CPS through Digital Twins in order to maintain uniform communication interface and carry out their tasks correctly and safely. The main contribution is a proposed architecture and the discussion of its suitability to support correct execution of complex tasks across the CPS. A new State Event Filtering component is presented to provide event-based communication among Digital Twins that are based on the Linked Data principles while keeping the fan-out limited to ensure the scalability of the architecture.
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| 47. |
- Berntsson, Lars-Olof, et al.
(författare)
-
EAST-ADL 2.0 Specification
- 2008
-
Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- This specification of the EAST ADL 2.0 is based on the EAST-ADL developed in the EAST EEA projectand has been further refined and harmonized with on-going modelling appraches in the automotiveindustry. It presents the modeling infrastructure, i.e. how the modeling elements should be represented inthe language and the UML representation. For each package a usage example is provided.The EAST-ADL 2.0 is harmonized with AUTOSAR.The metamodel and UML profile of EAST ADL 2.0 is defined in two steps: A domain (automotive)metamodel is defined, capturing only the domain specific needs of the language, without adding the UML2details. The basic concepts of UML are used for this purpose, such as classes, compositions andassociations. Based on the domain metamodel, a UML2 profile for the domain metamodel is defined,specifying stereotypes with properties and constraints.Comments on the content of this document are welcomed, and should be directed to .Please download the latest available specification and the XMI file ready for use in UML2 tools from the website.
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| 48. |
- Biehl, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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A cost-efficiency model for tool chains
- 2012
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Ingår i: Global Software Engineering Workshops (ICGSEW), 2012 IEEE Seventh International Conference on. - : IEEE. - 9780769547886 ; , s. 6-11
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The seamless integration of development tools can help to improve the productivity of software development and reduce development costs. When tool chains are used in the context of global software engineering, they are deployed as globally distributed systems. Tool chains have the potential to bring productivity gains but they are also expensive to realize. The decision to introduce a tool chain is often made based only on a qualitative analysis of the situation. More precise analysis of the trade-offs would be possible if a quantitative model describing the cost-efficiency of tool chains would be available. We apply the COCOMO model for cost analysis in combination with the TIL model for tool chain design to create a generic quantitative estimation model for predicting the cost-efficiency of tool chains. We validate the cost-efficiency model with a case study of an industrial tool chain.
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| 49. |
- Biehl, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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A Domain Specific Language for Generating Tool Integration Solutions
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Model-based development of complex systems requires toolsupport for the dierent phases of the system life cycle. To allow for anecient development process, the involved tools need to be integrated.Despite the availability of modern tool integration platforms and frameworks,it is complex, labor-intensive and costly to build tool integrationsolutions. For managing the growing complexity of tool integration solutions,a need for systematic engineering arises. A missing piece is thehigh-level architectural description of tool integration solutions. We proposethe domain specic language TIL for describing tool integrationsolutions at a high level of abstraction. We propose an approach thattakes advantage of modeling technologies to systematize and automatethe process of building tool integration solutions. By automatically generatingintegration solutions from a TIL model, we can reduce the manualimplementation eort.
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| 50. |
- Biehl, Matthias
(författare)
-
A Modeling Language for the Description and Development of Tool Chains for Embedded Systems
- 2013
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development of embedded systems is typically supported by a number of diverse development tools. To achieve seamless tool support throughout the embedded systems development process, tool chains are constructed as software solutions that integrate the development tools. Tool chains have grown from ad-hoc solutions to complex software systems, since they need to support distributed engineering, integration conventions, a specific set of tools and the complete product development process used in a company. In practice, the development of tool chains that fulfill these needs is difficult and time-consuming, since it is a largely unsupported, manual engineering task. In addition, tool chains are typically described using general purpose modeling languages or languages borrowed from other domains, which contributes to the accidental complexity of tool chain development. Due to the increasing sophistication and size of tool chains, there is a need for a systematic, targeted description and development approach for tool chains.This thesis contributes with a language for the systematic description of tool chains and semi-automated techniques to support their development.The Tool Integration Language (TIL) is a domain-specific modeling language (DSML) for tool chains that allows describing tool chains explicitly, systematically and at an appropriate level of abstraction. TIL concepts are from the domain of tool integration and express the essential design decisions of tool chains at an architectural level of abstraction. A TIL model serves as a basis for the development of a tailored tool chain.Semi-automated techniques for the specification, analysis and synthesis support the development of tool chains that are described as TIL models. Specification techniques support the creation and refinement of a tool chain model that is aligned to a given development process and set of tools. Domain-specific analysis techniques are used to check the alignment of the tool chain model with the supported process. Synthesis techniques support the efficient realization of the specified tool chain model as a software solution that conforms to integration conventions.Experiences from case studies are presented which apply TIL to support the creation of tool chains. The approach is evaluated, both qualitatively and quantitatively, by comparing it to traditional development methods for tool chains. The approach enables the efficient development of tailored tool chains, which have the potential to improve the productivity of embedded systems development.
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