| 1. |
- Berger, Urs, et al.
(författare)
-
Fish consumption as a source of human exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances in Sweden : analysis of edible fish from Lake Vättern and the Baltic Sea
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 76:6, s. 799-804
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in muscle tissue from edible fish species caught in the second largest freshwater lake in Sweden, Lake Vättern (LV), and in the brackish water Baltic Sea (BS). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant PFAS found. PFOS concentrations were higher in LV (medians 2.9-12 ng g(-1) fresh weight) than in BS fish (medians 1.0-2.5 ng g(-1) fresh weight). Moreover, LV fish was more contaminated with several other PFAS than BS fish. This may be due to anthropogenic discharges from urban areas around LV. The PFAS pattern differed between LV and BS fish, indicating different sources of contamination for the two study areas. Human exposure to PFOS via fish intake was calculated for three study groups, based on consumption data from literature. The groups consisted of individuals that reported moderate or high consumption of BS fish or high consumption of LV fish, respectively. The results showed that PFOS intake strongly depended on individual fish consumption as well as the fish catchment area. Median PFOS intakes were estimated to 0.15 and 0.62 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) d(-1) for the consumers of moderate and high amounts of BS fish, respectively. For the group with high consumption of LV fish a median PFOS intake of 2.7 ng kg(-1)bw d(-1) was calculated. Fish consumption varied considerably within the consumer groups, with maximum PFOS intakes of 4.5 (BS fish) or 9.6 ng kg(-1)bw d(-1) (LV fish). Comparison of our results with literature data on PFOS intake from food suggests that fish from contaminated areas may be a significant source of dietary PFOS exposure.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bjerselius, Rickard, et al.
(författare)
-
Persistenta organiska miljöföroreningar i fisk från Östersjöregionen 2000-2002
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) are still an environmental problem in Sweden, although the use and production of PCBs have been banned for decades and the release of PCDD/DFs have decreased significantly. In general, the concentrations in food have declined since the 1970s. However, in fish from some parts of the Baltic Sea, the decline of PCBs and PCDD/DFs appears to have ceased in the 1990s (Bignert, 2002). For risk assessment purposes, the Swedish National Food Administration has conducted a fish survey 2000-2002 of levels of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs), PCBs, PCDD/DFs and persistent pesticides, in fish from the Baltic Sea region. Also polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), ubiquitously used flame retardants, have been added to this list because of results suggesting the PBDE group as candidate for a new environmental hazard. The aim is to get relevant data to be used in the continuous evaluation of the dietary recommendations and to follow changes in the levels of these environmental contaminants in fish. The ambition is to use the data as a basis for intake estimations for human body burdens and compare with internationally established tolerable weekly intakes (TWI). In addition, in November 2001, the European Commission (EC) published legislation aimed at achieving a reduction in human exposure to PCDD/DFs and PCBs (Council Regulation 2375/01/EC). One of the strategies to reduce the human exposure for PCDD/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs has been to set maximum levels for PCDD/DFs in foodstuffs. Sweden and Finland currently have a derogation from the Council regulation that allows national marketing of fish that exceed the maximum level for PCDD/DF. The legislation came into force from 1 July 2002. The Council Regulation also carries with it an obligation for Member States to monitor the levels of dioxin-like PCBs and PCDD/DFs in foodstuffs and to report the levels to the EC. These data will ultimately be used to both review the maximum limits and measure the effectiveness of the reduction strategy and set new maximum limits. For example, during 2004 the Commission is planning to set maximum levels for dioxin-like PCBs based on reported background levels from the member states. The following report includes results from parts of the sampling carried out in the Baltic Sea area in 2000-2002. Only results of PCBs, persistent pesticides, PBDEs and HBCD are reported here. The corresponding PCDD/DF levels are reported on www.slv.se in three interim reports.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bos (Sparén), Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
-
District nurses' experience of supervising nursing students in primary health care : A pre- and post-implementation questionnaire study.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Nurse Education in Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-5953 .- 1873-5223. ; 9:6, s. 361-366
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nursing students go through clinical supervision in primary health care settings but district nurses' (DNs) circumstances when supervising them are only briefly described in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate DNs experience of supervising nursing students before and after the implementation of a new supervision model. Ninety-eight (74%) DNs answered a questionnaire before and 84 (65%) after implementation of the new supervision model. The study showed that DNs in most cases felt that conditions for supervision in the workplace were adequate. But about 70% lacked training for the supervisory role and 20% had no specialist district nurse training. They also experienced difficulty in keeping up-to-date with changes in nurse education programmes, in receiving support from the university and from their clinic managers, and in setting aside time for supervision. Improvements after the implementation of a new model chiefly concerned organisation; more DNs stated that one person had primary responsibility for students' clinical practice, that information packages for supervisors and students were available at the health care centres, and that conditions were in place for increasing the number of students they supervised. DNs also stated that supervisors and students benefited from supervision by more than one supervisor. To conclude, implementation of a new supervision model resulted in some improvements.
|
|
| 4. |
- Glynn, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Nonylfenol och bisfenol A i blod från ammande kvinnor från Uppsalatrakten
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kroppsbelastningen av industrikemikaliernanonylfenol (NP) och bisfenol A (BPA) bland unga kvinnor i Sverige. BPA, NP, och ennärbesläktat substans (oktylfenol, OP), samt NP- och OP-etoxylater, analyserades med hjälpav LC-MS-MS i blodserum från 100 ammande förstföderskor från Uppsalatrakten. Fritt NPöver analysmetodens kvantifieringsgräns (LOD: 0,5 ng/g serum) hittades hos 43 % avstudiedeltagarna, medan mätbara halter av totalt NP observerades hos 39 % (LOD: 0,8 ng/gserum). Motsvarande procenttal för BPA var 27 % och 22 %. Andelen fritt NP i förhållandetill totalt NP var 84 % (median, range: 42-112 %) bland deltagarna som hade kvantifierbarahalter av både fritt och totalt NP (N=35). För BPA var motsvarande siffra 76 % (49-109 %)(N=17). Ett parvist t-test visade att halterna av fritt NP och BPA var signifikant lägre änhalterna av totalt NP (p<0,001) och BPA (p<0,001). En stark korrelation mellan halten av frittoch totalt NP (Spearmans r=0,86, p<0,001) och BPA (r=0,75, p<0,001) observerades. Frittoch totalt OP detekterades hos endast 5 kvinnor i nivåer mellan 0,56 ng/g serum och 1,07 ng/gserum. Alla kvinnor hade halter av etoxylater av NP och OP som låg under LOD (OPE1O: 0,2ng/g; OPE2O:0,02 ng/g; NPE1O:0,7 ng/g; NPE2O:0,1 ng/g). En signifikant högretotalkonsumtion av frukt och grönt observerades bland deltagare med NP-halter på eller överLOD. Fler deltagare än förväntat med halter av BPA på eller över LOD bodde i bostäder sombyggts senare än 1999. Sammanfattningsvis så antyder resultaten att det finns en pågåendeexponering av konsumenterna för NP och BPA som är tillräckligt hög för att fritt NP ochBPA ska kunna detekteras hos en del konsumenter. Svaren på enkätfrågorna pekar ut nyarebostadshus som en möjlig exponeringskälla för BPA, medan konsumtion av frukt ochgrönsaker kan vara en källa för NP-exponering. Resultaten får dock anses varahypotesbildande eftersom studien är liten och att NP- och BPA-halterna i de flesta fallen lågunder eller endast lite över analysmetodens LOD.
|
|
| 5. |
- Koivisto, P., et al.
(författare)
-
Separation of L-DOPA and four metabolites in plasma using a porous graphitic carbon column in capillary liquid chromatography
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Chromatographia. - 0009-5893 .- 1612-1112. ; 55:1-2, s. 39-42
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Porous graphitic carbon has been successfully used for the separation of L-DOPA and four metabolites (dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl-acetic acid, homovanillic acid and 3-O-methyl-L-DOPA) and with a volatile mobile phase of relatively high percentage organic modifier (methanol-ammonium formate pH 2.9, 60∶40, v/v). The substances were analysed in plasma. Ultrafiltration was used to remove the proteins from the sample and a coupled column system to enrich and perform on-line sample clean up. Both precolumn and separation column of i. d. 0.2 mm were packed with porous graphitic carbon.
|
|
| 6. |
- Lignell, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Persistenta halogenerade organiska miljöföroreningar i modersmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala 2008. : Sakrapport till Naturvårdsverkets hälsorelaterade miljöövervakning (HÄMI):
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sedan 1996 har Livsmedelsverket regelbundet samlat in modersmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala för analys av persistenta, halogenerade organiska miljöföroreningar (POP, persistent organic pollutants). Tidstrender för POP i modersmjölk mellan 1996 och 2006 har rapporterats tidigare (Glynn et al. 2007a, Lignell et al. 2008). I följande rapport redovisas halterna av mono- och di-orto PCBer, klorerade pesticider och bromerade flamskyddsmedel i modersmjölk från den senaste insamlingen som genomfördes 2008 (N=31). För några av substanserna uppdateras även de tidstrender som redovisats tidigare med nya data från 2008. Under 2009 och 2010 tas en metod för analys av dioxiner (PCDD/F) och non-orto PCB fram vid Livsmedelsverket. Dessa substanser kommer också att analyseras i proverna från 2008 och redovisas 2011.Medianåldern hos de kvinnor som deltog i insamlingen 2008 var 29,3 år. Bland PCBerna var mediankoncentrationen i modersmjölk högst för PCB 153 (28 ng/g fett), följt av PCB 180 (14 ng/g fett) och PCB 138 (13 ng/g fett).p,p´-DDE hade högst mediankoncentration (39 ng/g fett) av samtliga analyserade substanser. Medianhalten hos övriga klorerade pesticider var ≥5 gånger lägre. Bland de polybromerade difenyletrarna (PBDE) uppvisade BDE-47 den högsta mediankoncentrationen (0,76 ng/g fett) följt av BDE-153 (0,57 ng/g fett).Utvärdering av tidstrender för perioden 1996-2008 (multipel linjär regression) visade att halterna av PCB 28, PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 180, HCB ochp,p´-DDE har minskat med i medeltal4,6-8,7% per år. Halterna minskade snabbast förp,p´-DDE och långsammast för PCB 28. Minskningshastigheterna för PCBer, HCB och p,p´-DDE stämmer överens med de trender som observerades för perioden 1996-2006 (Glynn et al. 2007a). Resultaten för PBDEer stämmer också överens med det som rapporterats tidigare för perioden 1996-2006 (Lignell et al. 2008), dvs. halterna av BDE-47 och BDE-100 har minskat, medan nivåerna av BDE-153 har ökat. Tidigare var dock inte trenden för BDE-100 signifikant. Osäkerheten i resultaten för BDE-100 och BDE-153 är dock stor eftersom den tid det beräknas ta för halterna att halveras/dubbleras är mycket längre än studieperioden.
|
|
| 7. |
- Lignell, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Persistenta organiska miljöföroreningar i bröstmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala, 2002-2003
- 2003
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For risk assessment purposes, the Swedish National Food Administration has made recurrent measurements of levels of selected persistent organic pollutants (POP), chiefly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and persistent pesticides, in human breast milk. Also polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and HBCD (hexabromocyclododecane), ubiquitously used flame retardants, have been added to this list because of results suggesting the PBDE group as candidate for a new environmental hazard. The ambition is to follow changes in the levels of these environmental contaminants in human breast milk and to establish a time trend. The aim is also to evaluate possible health risks for the mother and in particular for the breastfed infant. The first sampling of breast milk took part in Uppsala County in 1996-1998. About 300 primiparae participated in this large study that to some parts was financially supported by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The second sampling took part in Uppsala in 2000-2001 (N=31) and the third sampling was performed in Uppsala in 2002-2003 (N=31). The investigations in 2000-2001 and 2002-2003 were partly financed by the Swedish EPA. Possible regional trends are also going to be investigated by sampling of breast milk from different parts of Sweden. Samples have been obtained from Gothenburg mothers and sampling activities are proceeding in Lund (southern Sweden) and Lycksele (northern Sweden), also financially supported by the Swedish EPA. The following report summarises results from the sampling carried out in Uppsala in 2002-2003.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Lignell, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Polyklorerade bifenyler och klorerade bekämpningsmedel/metaboliter i bröstmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala, tidstrend 1996-2003
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under perioden 1996-2003 har Livsmedelsverket samlat in bröstmjölk från förstföderkor i Uppsala län. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om halten av vissa polyklorerade bifenyler (PCBer) och klorerade bekämpningmedel/metaboliter förändrats med tiden. Eftersom livsmedel är den stora källan till mödrarnas halter av PCBer och bekämpningsmedel/metaboliter kommer resultaten också att utnyttjas vid riskvärdering av miljöföroreningar i livsmedel, samt vid riskvärdering av spädbarns exponering under fosterstadiet och amning. Mellan åren 1996 och 2003 minskade medianhalten av PCB (CB 28, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 167, 180), hexaklorbensen (HCB), -hexaklorocyklohexan (-HCH), trans-nonaklor, oxyklordan, p,p’-DDT och p,p´-DDE med 5-14% per år. Minskningen var långsammast för vissa PCB-föreningar och snabbast för DDT-föreningar. En jämförelse av halveringtid för PCB-halterna i bröstmjölk mellan Uppsala-studien och en tidigare studie från Stockholm (1972-1997), visar att de uppskattade halveringtiderna är kortare i Uppsala än i Stockholm. De längre halveringstiderna i Stockholm beror troligen framförallt på att man i denna studie inte tagit hänsyn till en ökande medelålder bland kvinnorna som donerade mjölk mellan 1972 och 1997.
|
|
| 10. |
- Liu, Chen, et al.
(författare)
-
Establishment of Proximity-Dependent Biotinylation Approaches in Different Plant Model Systems([OPEN])
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Plant Cell. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1040-4651 .- 1532-298X. ; 32, s. 3388-3407
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proximity labeling is a powerful approach for detecting protein-protein interactions. Most proximity labeling techniques use a promiscuous biotin ligase or a peroxidase fused to a protein of interest, enabling the covalent biotin labeling of proteins and subsequent capture and identification of interacting and neighboring proteins without the need for the protein complex to remain intact. To date, only a few studies have reported on the use of proximity labeling in plants. Here, we present the results of a systematic study applying a variety of biotin-based proximity labeling approaches in several plant systems using various conditions and bait proteins. We show that TurboID is the most promiscuous variant in several plant model systems and establish protocols that combine mass spectrometry-based analysis with harsh extraction and washing conditions. We demonstrate the applicability of TurboID in capturing membrane-associated protein interactomes using Lotus japonicus symbiotically active receptor kinases as a test case. We further benchmark the efficiency of various promiscuous biotin ligases in comparison with one-step affinity purification approaches. We identified both known and novel interactors of the endocytic TPLATE complex. We furthermore present a straightforward strategy to identify both nonbiotinylated and biotinylated peptides in a single experimental setup. Finally, we provide initial evidence that our approach has the potential to suggest structural information of protein complexes.A systematic study applying a variety of biotin-based proximity labeling approaches in several plant systems using various conditions and bait proteins.
|
|
| 11. |
- Löfmark, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Nursing students' views on learning opportunities in primary health care
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Nursing Standard. - : RCN Publishing Ltd.. - 0029-6570 .- 2047-9018. ; 23:13, s. 35-43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To evaluate a new supervision model for nursing students' placements in primary care in Sweden and to document students' opinions on their learning experiences in this setting. METHOD: Nursing students' (n=238) opinions were collected using a questionnaire administered before and after implementation of a new supervision model for student placements in primary care. RESULTS: Respondents were generally satisfied with their placements and rated factors that supported the new model: distinct structure for following students during the placement period; continuous caring experiences with some patients; having more than one district nurse as a mentor during the period; and seminars in primary care settings. However, just one third of respondents felt that they gained insight into how nursing research could be used in patient care. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the new supervision model and learning opportunities in primary care were positively rated by respondents. Application of nursing research and planned time for reflection were ranked low, findings that are noteworthy and should be investigated further.
|
|
| 12. |
- Rafiei, Vahideh, et al.
(författare)
-
A Verticillium longisporum pleiotropic drug transporter determines tolerance to the plant host β-pinene monoterpene
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Molecular plant pathology. - : Wiley. - 1464-6722 .- 1364-3703. ; 23:2, s. 291-303
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Terpenes constitute a major part of secondary metabolites secreted by plants in the rhizosphere. However, their specific functions in fungal–plant interactions have not been investigated thoroughly. In this study we investigated the role of monoterpenes in interactions between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the soilborne pathogen Verticillium longisporum. We identified seven monoterpenes produced by B. napus, and production of α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, and camphene was significantly increased upon fungal infection. Among them, β-pinene was chosen for further analysis. Transcriptome analysis of V. longisporum on exposure to β-pinene resulted in identification of two highly expressed pleotropic drug transporters paralog genes named VlAbcG1a and VlAbcG1b. Overexpression of VlAbcG1a in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased tolerance to β-pinene, while deletion of the VlAbcG1a homologous gene in Verticillium dahliae resulted in mutants with increased sensitivity to certain monoterpenes. Furthermore, the VlAbcG1a overexpression strain displayed an increased tolerance to β-pinene and increased virulence in tomato plants. Data from this study give new insights into the roles of terpenes in plant–fungal pathogen interactions and the mechanisms fungi deploy to cope with the toxicity of these secondary metabolites.
|
|
| 13. |
- Törnkvist, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of catecholamines and related substances using porous graphitic carbon as separation media in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of Chromotography B. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-0232. ; 801:2, s. 323-329
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capillary porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns have been utilized for separation of several catecholamines and related compounds (i.e. l-tyrosine, l-DOPA, 3-O-methyl-DOPA, dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid, noradrenaline, vanillomandelic acid and adrenaline) on-line with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI–MS/MS). The use of a mobile phase without ion-pairing agents and with high content of organic modifier facilitated the coupling to the selective and sensitive mass spectrometric detection. Minimum detectable sample concentration (MDC sample) for noradrenaline, dopamine and l-tyrosine in a standard solution was estimated to 3, 10 and 30 nM, respectively (3 S/N corresponds to MDQ for l-tyrosine of approximately 8×10−14 mol). The developed strategy was applied for analysis of brain tissue, i.e. a substantia nigra (ns) sample.
|
|
| 14. |
- Törnkvist, Anna, 1973-
(författare)
-
Aspects of Porous Graphitic Carbon as Packing Material in Capillary Liquid Chromatography
- 2003
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) has been used as packing material in packed capillary liquid chromatography. The unique chromatographic properties of PGC has been studied in some detail and applied to different analytical challenges using both electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ultra violet (UV) absorbance detection.The crucial importance of disengaging the conductive PGC chromatographic separation media from the high voltage mass spectrometric interface has been shown. In the absence of a grounded point between the column and ESI emitter, a current through the column was present, and changed retention behaviors for 3-O-methyl-DOPA and tyrosine were observed. An alteration of the chromatographic properties was also seen when PGC was chemically oxidized with permanganate, possibly due to an oxidation of the few surface groups present on the PGC material.The dynamic adsorption of the chiral selector lasalocid onto the PGC support resulted in a useful and stable chiral stationary phase. Extraordinary enantioselectivity was observed for 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine, and enantioseparation was also achieved for other amines, amino acids, acids and alcohols.Finally, a new strategy for separation of small biologically active compounds in plasma and brain tissue has been developed. With PGC as stationary phase it was possible to utilize a mobile phase of high content of organic modifier, without the addition of ion-pairing agents, and still selectively separate the analytes.
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Törnkvist, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Interference of the electrospray voltage on chromatographic separations using porous graphitic carbon columns
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of Mass Spectrometry. - : Wiley. - 1076-5174 .- 1096-9888. ; 39:2, s. 216-222
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrospray ionization (ESI) voltage is shown to interfere with liquid chromatographic separations performed with packed porous graphitic carbon (PGC) capillary columns. This interference is ascribed to the presence of an electric field over the conductive column in the absence of an earth point between the column and the ESI emitter. The current evolved alters the chromatographic behavior of the catecholamine metabolite 3-O-methyl-DOPA significantly, as both peak splitting and a dramatic decrease in the retention time were observed. Furthermore, the response from the mass spectrometer was decreased by 33% at the same time. A related compound, tyrosine, exhibited decreased retention times but no peak splitting, whereas no shifts in the retention times (or peak splitting) were seen for the less retained dopamine and noradrenaline. When the current through the PGC column was eliminated by the use of an earth point between the column and the ESI emitter, the chromatographic behavior of the column was found to return slowly to normal after hours of equilibration with 60 : 40 (v/v) methanol-ammonium formate buffer of pH 2.9. The behavior of the PGC column with and without the earth point was found to be highly reproducible during a period of 1 month. We propose that the effect of the ESI voltage on the chromatographic behavior of the PGC column is due to associated redox reactions affecting both the PGC particles and the analytes. It is concluded that (for analytical reasons), care should be taken to ensure that no current is flowing through the chromatographic system when interfacing PGC columns, and conducting parts in general, to ESI mass spectrometry.
|
|
| 17. |
- Törnkvist, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Proteolysis and nitrogen: emerging insights
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Botany. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-0957 .- 1460-2431. ; 70, s. 2009-2019
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitrogen (N) is a core component of fertilizers used in modern agriculture to increase yields and thus to help feed a growing global population. However, this comes at a cost to the environment, through run-off of excess N as a result of poor N-use efficiency (NUE) by crops. An obvious remedy to this problem would therefore be the improvement of NUE, which requires advancing our understanding on N homeostasis, sensing, and uptake. Proteolytic pathways are linked to N homeostasis as they recycle proteins that contain N and carbon; however, emerging data suggest that their functions extend beyond this simple recycling. Here, we highlight roles of proteolytic pathways in non-symbiotic and symbiotic N uptake and in systemic N sensing. We also offer a novel view in which we suggest that proteolytic pathways have roles in N homeostasis that differ from their accepted function in recycling.
|
|
