| 1. |
- Tran, K. B., et al.
(författare)
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The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10352, s. 563-591
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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| 2. |
- Alvarez, E. M., et al.
(författare)
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The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lancet Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-2045. ; 23:1, s. 27-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Sheena, B. S., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-1253. ; 7:9, s. 796-829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-ofsample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4 center dot 1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3 center dot 7 to 4 center dot 5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31 center dot 3% (29 center dot 0 to 33 center dot 9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76 center dot 8% (76 center dot 2 to 77 center dot 5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5 center dot 9% [-5 center dot 6 to 19 center dot 2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2 center dot 9% [-5 center dot 9 to 11 center dot 3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination.
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| 7. |
- Law, Andrew M. K., et al.
(författare)
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ALTEN: A High‐Fidelity Primary Tissue‐Engineering Platform to Assess Cellular Responses Ex Vivo
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2198-3844. ; 9:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To fully investigate cellular responses to stimuli and perturbations within tissues, it is essential to replicate the complex molecular interactions within the local microenvironment of cellular niches. Here, the authors introduce Alginate-based tissue engineering (ALTEN), a biomimetic tissue platform that allows ex vivo analysis of explanted tissue biopsies. This method preserves the original characteristics of the source tissue's cellular milieu, allowing multiple and diverse cell types to be maintained over an extended period of time. As a result, ALTEN enables rapid and faithful characterization of perturbations across specific cell types within a tissue. Importantly, using single-cell genomics, this approach provides integrated cellular responses at the resolution of individual cells. ALTEN is a powerful tool for the analysis of cellular responses upon exposure to cytotoxic agents and immunomodulators. Additionally, ALTEN's scalability using automated microfluidic devices for tissue encapsulation and subsequent transport, to enable centralized high-throughput analysis of samples gathered by large-scale multicenter studies, is shown.
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| 8. |
- Obers, Niels A., et al.
(författare)
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Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era—A review
- 2022
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Ingår i: Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0146-6410 .- 1873-2224. ; 125
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The exploration of the universe has recently entered a new era thanks to the multi-messenger paradigm, characterized by a continuous increase in the quantity and quality of experimental data that is obtained by the detection of the various cosmic messengers (photons, neutrinos, cosmic rays and gravitational waves) from numerous origins. They give us information about their sources in the universe and the properties of the intergalactic medium. Moreover, multi-messenger astronomy opens up the possibility to search for phenomenological signatures of quantum gravity. On the one hand, the most energetic events allow us to test our physical theories at energy regimes which are not directly accessible in accelerators; on the other hand, tiny effects in the propagation of very high energy particles could be amplified by cosmological distances. After decades of merely theoretical investigations, the possibility of obtaining phenomenological indications of Planck-scale effects is a revolutionary step in the quest for a quantum theory of gravity, but it requires cooperation between different communities of physicists (both theoretical and experimental). This review, prepared within the COST Action CA18108 “Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach”, is aimed at promoting this cooperation by giving a state-of-the art account of the interdisciplinary expertise that is needed in the effective search of quantum gravity footprints in the production, propagation and detection of cosmic messengers.
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| 9. |
- Hosseini, A., et al.
(författare)
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Performance prediction of a hard-chine planing hull by employing different cfd models
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. - : MDPI AG. - 2077-1312. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations of the performance of a planing hull in a calm-water condition, aiming to evaluate similarities and differences between results of different CFDmodels. The key differences between thesemodels are the ways they use to compute the turbulent flow and simulate themotion of the vessel. The planingmotion of a vessel on water leads to a strong turbulent fluid flowmotion, and themovement of the vessel fromits initial position can be relatively significant, which makes the simulation of the problem challenging. Two different frameworks including k-" and DES (Detached Eddy Simulation) methods are employed to model the turbulence behavior of the fluid motion of the air–water flow around the boat. Vertical motions of the rigid solid body in the fluid domain, which eventually converge to steady linear and angular displacements, are numerically modeled by using two approaches, including morphing and overset techniques. All simulations are performed with a similar mesh structure which allows us to evaluate the differences between results of the applied mesh motions in terms of computation of turbulent air–water flow around the vessel. Through quantitative comparisons, themorphing technique has been seen to result in smaller errors in the prediction of the running trim angle at high speeds. Numerical observations suggest that a DES model can modify the accuracy of the morphing mesh simulations in the prediction of the trim angle, especially at high-speeds. The DES model has been seen to increase the accuracy of the model in the computation of the resistance of the vessel in a high-speed operation, as well. This better level of accuracy in the prediction of resistance is a result of the calculation of the turbulent eddies emerging in the water flow in the downstream zone, which are not captured when a k-" framework is employed. The morphing approach itself can also increase the accuracy of the resistance prediction. The oversetmethod, however, overpredicts the resistance force. This overprediction is caused by the larger vorticity, computed in the direction of the waves, generated under the bow of the vessel. Furthermore, the overset technique is observed to result in larger hydrodynamic pressure on the stagnation line, which is linked to the greater trimangle, predicted by this approach. The DESmodel is seen to result in extra-damping of the second and third crests of transomwaves as it calculates the stronger eddies in the wake of the boat. Overall, a combination of themorphing and DESmodels is recommended to be used for CFDmodeling of a planing hull at high-speeds. This combined CFD model might be relatively slower in terms of computational time, but it provides a greater level of accuracy in the performance prediction, and can predict the energy damping, developed in the surrounding water. Finally, the results of the present paper demonstrate that a better level of accuracy in the performance prediction of the vessel might also be achieved when an oversetmeshmotion is used. This can be attained in future bymodifying themesh structure in such away that vorticity is not overpredicted and the generated eddies, emerging when a DESmodel is employed, are captured properly.
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| 10. |
- Huang, Luofeng, et al.
(författare)
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Offshore COVID-19 risk assessment based on a fishing vessel
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ocean Engineering. - 0029-8018. ; 285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Offshore crews often work near each other due to limited space, signifying a complex environment for the airborne transmission of the coronavirus (COVID-19). During offshore operations, a fishing vessel can be subjected to miscellaneous airflow conditions and will respond dynamically to ocean waves. To understand the risk of COVID-19 contagion, this research establishes a new computational model to analyse the airborne transmission of COVID-19 and develops effective mitigation strategies where possible. The concentration and coverage of coronavirus are scrutinised, considering typical airflows and wave-induced vessel motions. Furthermore, the COVID-19 infection risk is quantified using a probability index. The results show that the overall infection risk of a ship in tailwind is lower than in head or beam wind. Structural motions are for the first time coupled with the virus transmission, and it was found that the vessel's oscillating movement in waves can reinforce the virus concentration in close proximity to the infected person and may help diffuse the virus outside the proximal region. The presented findings can inform the airborne contagion risks and corresponding hygienic measures for maritime and offshore operations, facilitating long-term human health in seas.i
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Marcouille, O., et al.
(författare)
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Production of high energy photons with in vacuum wigglers : From SOLEIL wiggler to MAXIV wiggler
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, SRI 2018. - : Author(s). - 9780735417823 ; 2054
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small gap wigglers become more and more attractive to produce high photon fluxes in the hard X-ray photon range. They use magnet blocks of high magnetization which resists much better to heating (baking, synchrotron radiation) than in the past, produce high magnetic field with numerous periods and are very compact. They also are a very good alternative to superconducting technology which requires special infrastructure, heavy maintenance and is not running cost free. SOLEIL, operating presently at 2.75 GeV has designed and built an in-vacuum wiggler of 38 periods of 50 mm producing 2.1 T at a minimum gap of 5.5 mm to delivered photon beam between 20 keV and 50 keV. Already in operation, further improvements are presently in progress to push photons towards higher energy, in particular thanks to the operation at lower gap (4.5 mm). MAX IV and SOLEIL, in the frame of collaboration, ave built an upgraded version of the existing SOLEIL wiggler with the target to extend the spectral range at high energy (above 50 keV) but also at low energy (4 keV) with the same insertion device. The design of the existing magnetic system has been modified to reach 2.4 T at a minimum gap of 4.2 mm and includes taper operation to avoid undulator structure in the radiated spectrum at low energy.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Tavakoli, S., et al.
(författare)
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A hybrid empirical–analytical model for predicting the roll motion of prismatic planing hulls
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment (Part M). - : SAGE Publications Ltd. - 1475-0902 .- 2041-3084. ; 232:2, s. 155-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last 5 years, there have been some major advances in roll motion modeling of planing boats. In this article, previous studies have been reviewed, and an attempt has been made to propose a relatively straightforward method for computing roll motion coefficients and thus predicting the roll response of a planing vessel in calm water on a straight path with constant speed. The proposed method has been developed by modifying, combining, and using previous empirical and analytical methods. Roll restoring moment is determined by implementing an asymmetric parameter in previous relations of lift of planing hulls. Also, an empirical method is proposed for computing righting arm of this moment. Roll damping is computed using previous relations related to damping of lift force and considering the asymmetrical effects. Roll added mass is obtained by utilizing an analytical approach for the roll of a flat plate. However, an effective half-wetted beam computed by asymmetrical effects has been proposed for this purpose. Finally, it has been suggested that current hypothesis be used for time-domain simulation. Validity of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the obtained righting moment, response amplitude operator, and roll hydrodynamic coefficients against previously published experimental data. This comparison confirms that the proposed method has relatively good accuracy against experimental results. Using the current method, the influence of Froude beam number on roll hydrodynamic coefficients and roll responses has been investigated. It is observed that increase in Froude beam number results in a decrease in roll added mass and an increase in the roll damping. It has also been concluded that for larger load coefficients, the roll hydrodynamic coefficients are larger. Results associated with roll response indicate that an increase in Froude beam number would yield an increase in the amplitude of the response. However, an increase in load coefficient results in a decrease in the response.
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| 15. |
- Tavakoli, S., et al.
(författare)
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Determination of hydrodynamic coefficients in roll motion of high-speed planing hulls
- 2015
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Ingår i: SNAME 13th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation, FAST 2015. - : The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observations by crew of high-speed planing boats and sea trial tests have indicated that high-speed planing hulls suffer poor longitudinal and transverse instabilities, and boat may experience unfavorable motions due to any small environmental excitation. In this regard, dynamic motions of planing boats have been investigated over the last thirty years, during which innovative linear and nonlinear methods have been developed .In these studies, different method s have been developed by various authors to determine forces and moments acting on the hull. However, majority of investigators have focused on vertical motions of planning boats in waves (such as Zarnick [1978], Hicks and Troesch [1994] etc.) and few researchers have only attempted to model motions in transverse and horizontal planes including sway, yaw and roll motions. Furthermore, most of researches dealing with transverse and horizontal planning motions, were experimentally conducted (such as Judge [2010], Morabito et al [2014] etc). There exist only few articles, in which mathematical models for transverse motion have been developed. Therefore, it is needed to develop as implemathematical models for prediction of transverse motions of planing boats for use in conceptual design phase. During the last five years, there has been an increased interesting study of transverse motions, and in the current paper, an attempt has been made for a mathematical study of roll motion of planning hulls.
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| 16. |
- Tavakoli, S., et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of hydrodynamic coefficients of coupled heave and pitch motions of heeled planing boats by asymmetric 2D+T theory
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE. - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper attempts to present a mathematical model to predict hydrodynamic coefficients of a heeled planing hull in vertical plane. This model has been developed by using 2D+T theory and theoretical solution of the water entry of wedge section bodies. Sectional hydrodynamic force acting on the vessel is determined and then extended over the entire length of the vessel. By simplifying final equations of heave force and pitch moment acting on a heeled planing hull, equations for prediction of hydrodynamic coefficients of the vessel are developed. Accuracy of the method is evaluated by comparing its results against previous empirical methods. It is seen that current method has reasonable accuracy in prediction of different hydrodynamic coefficients. Also, effects of heel angle on added mass, damping and stiffness coefficients are studied and discussed.
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