| 1. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Industrial City and Its People: Summary and Conclusion
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Lives. An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century. - 9780197761090 - 9780197761113 - 9780197761120 ; , s. 339-352
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter presents and discusses the main findings and conclusions of the volume and puts them into a broader perspective. Taken together, the different chapters contribute to closing the gap between historical studies based on parish records and contemporary research based on full-count registers or detailed surveys. The volume thereby fleshes out the narrative of twentieth-century demographic, social, and economic history by focusing on the individual level. This approach has rarely been taken in previous research over such a long period of time due to lack of high-quality micro-level data. The findings demonstrate how the behavior of individuals and families was conditioned by the larger societal transformations of the twentieth century; transformations broadly associated with industrialization, post-industrialization, and the emergence and culmination of the welfare state. The rise and fall of the industrial city had far-reaching effects on some patterns of behavior while leaving few traces in others.
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| 2. |
- Aradhya, Siddartha, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal age and the risk of low birthweight and pre-term delivery : a pan-Nordic comparison
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 52:1, s. 156-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Advanced maternal age at birth is considered a risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. A recent study applying a sibling design has shown, however, that the association might be confounded by unobserved maternal characteristics.Methods: Using total population register data on all live singleton births during the period 1999–2012 in Denmark (N = 580 133; 90% population coverage), Norway (N = 540 890) and Sweden (N = 941 403) and from 2001–2014 in Finland (N = 568 026), we test whether advanced maternal age at birth independently increases the risk of low birthweight (LBW) (<2500 g) and pre-term birth (<37 weeks gestation). We estimated within-family models to reduce confounding by unobserved maternal characteristics shared by siblings using three model specifications: Model 0 examines the bivariate association; Model 1 adjusts for parity and sex; Model 2 for parity, sex and birth year.Results: The main results (Model 1) show an increased risk in LBW and pre-term delivery with increasing maternal ages. For example, compared with maternal ages of 26–27 years, maternal ages of 38–39 years display a 2.2, 0.9, 2.1 and 2.4 percentage point increase in the risk of LBW in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, respectively. The same patterns hold for pre-term delivery.Conclusions: Advanced maternal age is independently associated with higher risk of poor perinatal health outcomes even after adjusting for all observed and unobserved factors shared between siblings.
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| 3. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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The Late Emergence of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Adult Mortality: An Urban Phenomenon?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Lives. An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century. - 9780197761090 - 9780197761113 - 9780197761120 ; , s. 281-306
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has shown that class differences in adult mortality in the study area emerged only in the mid-twentieth century. Such findings question a universal association between socioeconomic status and mortality. This chapter examines whether these class differences in adult mortality emerged at the same time in urban as in rural areas. The analysis shows that the social class gradient in mortality was more pronounced in the urban than in the rural area, and hence that it was primarily an urban phenomenon. The urban mortality penalty in the study area lasted considerably longer than has been found for Sweden as a whole, but presumably with changing explanations over time. In the early twentieth century, the higher urban mortality was probably connected to poor living conditions in the city, while in the late twentieth century it was likely more related to differences in lifestyle and possibly work-related stress.
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| 4. |
- Bevelander, Pieter, et al.
(författare)
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Vem blir medborgare och vad händer sen? : Naturalisering i Danmark, Norge och Sverige
- 2015
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här studien undersöker två separata, men relaterade, frågor om naturalisering bland utrikes födda i Danmark, Norge och Sverige. Avsikten är såväl att belysa likheter som skillnader mellan de skandinaviska länderna vad gäller bestämningsfaktorerna för och konsekvenserna av naturalisering. I den första delen ställer vi frågan om varför utrikesfödda personer blir medborgare i ett nytt land. Detta gör vi genom att undersöka i vilken grad utrikes födda personer erhåller medborgarskap och i vilken utsträckning kontextuella faktorer i ursprungs- och destinationslandet påverkar individens benägenhet att naturalisera. I rapportens andra del ställer vi istället frågan om huruvida förvärvet av det nya medborgarskapet påverkar utrikesföddas ekonomiska integration. Data för studien är både på individ- och landnivå, det vill säga på kontextuell nivå. Våra individdata består av registerdata från respektive lands statistiska centralbyrå, där individer kontinuerligt följs under sin vistelse i respektive land, från mitten av 1980-talet och framöver. Resultaten visar, å ena sidan, tydliga skillnader i naturaliseringsfrekvens mellan Danmark, Norge och Sverige. I Sverige observeras en högre naturaliseringsfrekvens för samtliga grupper av ursprungsländer än i Norge och Danmark. Med undantag för utrikesfödda från Västeuropa och Norden, har Norge en högre naturaliseringsgrad för samtliga grupper migranter än Danmark har. Å andra sidan visar resultaten i alla tre länder att personer från Norden och Västeuropa har en relativt låg benägenhet att bli naturaliserade i sitt nya hemland medan Asien, Afrika och Östeuropa, har en mycket högre naturaliseringsgrad. Individer från Latinamerika placerar sig någonstans i mitten. Granskningen av kontextuella faktorer – som rör såväl sociala och ekonomiska förhållanden samt naturaliseringsregelverk i både ursprungslandet och destinationslandet – visar att skillnader mellan ursprungslandets och destinationslandets ekonomiska utveckling har ett genomgående samband med människors benägenhet att söka medborgarskap i det nya landet. Om en migrant kommer från ett land med en lägre ekonomisk utvecklingsnivå, är sannolikheten för naturalisering i Sverige, Norge och Danmark högre. Ett annat mönster som dock enbart framgår i Sverige är att migranter vars hemländer tillåter dubbelt medborgarskap mer eller mindre genomgående observeras med en förhöjd sannolikhet att naturaliseras. Att detta mönster enbart kan observeras i Sverige tolkas som ett resultat av att det formella förbud mot dubbelt medborgarskap som före 2001 existerade i Sverige tillämpades i mycket liten utsträckning. Detta till skillnad från Norge och Danmark som har sådana förbud som också efterlevs. I detta samband är det vidare en viktig observation att den nya lagstiftning som ägde laga kraft i Sverige 2001, som innebar ett formellt tillåtande av dubbelt medborgarskap, hade en överlag positiv effekt på migranters naturaliseringsgrad. I synnerhet är detta fallet för migranter från länder som typiskt kännetecknas av en låg naturaliseringsgrad. Analysen visar även att personer från mer ofria länder söker medborgarskap Bevelander, Helgertz, Bratsberg, Tegunimataka vi i sitt nya land i högre grad än andra. Även i Sverige finns detta samband, om än mindre tydligt. Vad gäller analysen av medborgarskapets effekter på sysselsättning och inkomster, är det främst bland migranter från länder som överlag präglas av sämre arbetsmarknadsintegration i Danmark, Norge och Sverige, där ett samband mellan naturalisering och bättre integration på arbetsmarknaden kan observeras. Naturaliserade individer från dessa länder är klart bättre integrerade på arbetsmarknaden än vad de icke-naturaliserade är. Det är dock endast i ett fåtal fall där det förbättrade utfallet på arbetsmarknaden direkt kan kopplas till naturaliseringstillfället. Därför finns det skäl att avstå från att dra slutsatsen att det finns ett kausalt orsakssamband mellan naturalisering och förbättrad arbetsmarknadsintegration för migrantgruppen i stort. Analysen har dock indikerat vissa undantag till denna mer generella slutsats, i Sveriges fall bland mer marginaliserade grupper på arbetsmarknaden. Den avslutande delen av rapporten diskuterar resultaten både i förhållande till tidigare nationella och internationella studier och i förhållande till dagens medborgarskapslagstiftningar i Danmark, Norge och Sverige.
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| 5. |
- Brea-Martinez, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Inequality and Social Mobility
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Lives. An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century. - 9780197761090 - 9780197761113 - 9780197761120 ; , s. 82-114
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter analyzes the long-term development of income inequality and social mobility. During the twentieth century Landskrona experienced a dramatic socioeconomic transformation that shaped economic inequality and social mobility. There were three main phases in the development of socioeconomic disparities, which reflect development at the national level. The first phase (1905–1930) saw high and fluctuating levels of economic inequality resulting from economic fluctuations relating to industrialization. During the second phase (1930–1969), inequality declined, following national development in terms of social and economic policy. During the last phase (1970–2015), Landskrona experienced economic crisis and deindustrialization marked by an increase in unemployment and a negative migratory balance. When the whole country was affected by new economic policies and a financial crisis in the early 1990s, inequality started to increase steadily until the 2010s, when it reached the same level as before World War II.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Elwert, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Cohabitation Premiums in Denmark : Income Effects in Immigrant–Native Partnerships
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 32:3, s. 383-383
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intermarriage with natives has the potential to enhance immigrant integration, as intermarried immigrants gain access to resources such as language skills, information about institutions and customs, and native networks. Due to these spillover effects, immigrants in intermarriages are more likely to be successful in the labour market. However, a positive relationship between intermarriage and economic integration can also be caused by selection based on unobserved characteristics. In previous studies, spillover effects have only been studied from the time of marriage but could occur in a period of cohabitation before marriage. Using unique register data from Denmark, we are able to identify cohabiting couples to analyse both intermarriage and exogamous cohabitation premiums. We study these effects and address selection in a panel data framework, obtaining a time profile of income in relation to the start of cohabitation. Results show comparatively high premiums for male and female immigrants from countries with lower levels of overall economic development and these income increases are directly related to relationship formation.
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| 8. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Migration in Times of Economic Growth and Recession
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Lives. An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century. - 9780197761090 - 9780197761120 ; , s. 115-145
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The industrial cities of the twentieth century were intimately dependent on and characterized by migration. This chapter focuses on describing and analyzing migration flows and migrant characteristics in relation to the general economic development of the industrial city of Landskrona. During the first decades of the century, migration tended to be circular between the city and the countryside. Migrants were predominantly young, and the flows reflected volatile industrial development. After World War II, expanding industries required laborers, and inflow from Sweden was supplemented by labor immigration from abroad. At the same time, middle-class families moved to suburbs outside the city. With the industrial crises of the 1970s, out-migration was larger than in-migration. It was mainly white-collar groups that left the town since unskilled and lower-skilled workers had few alternatives. From the mid-1990s, an economic recovery took place resulting in a positive net-migration. This time, in-migrants increasingly came from non-Western countries.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Helgertz, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Naturalization and Earnings: A Denmark-Sweden Comparison
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-6577 .- 1572-9885. ; 30:3, s. 337-359
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The determinants and consequences of the naturalization of immigrants is a hot topic in the political debate in Europe. This article compares the effect of naturalization on the income attainment of immigrants in two Scandinavian countries, Denmark and Sweden, using longitudinal register data from 1986 and onward. Sweden is characterized by low obstacles to naturalization, and existing studies provide inconclusive evidence regarding the impact of naturalization on labor market outcomes. Denmark is instead characterized by higher barriers to naturalization, as well as a virtual inexistence of previous studies on the topic. Results, obtained through individual fixed-effect regression analysis, suggest similar effects in both countries. A consistent naturalization premium is detected for immigrants of Asian and African descent, but not for any other immigrant group. The similarity across contexts arguably questions the use of more stringent naturalization laws to promote the economic integration of immigrants.
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| 11. |
- Helgertz, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Stepfamily formation and the educational outcomes of children in Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Marriage and Family. - 1741-3737. ; 86:1, s. 72-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectiveWe examine the impact of stepfamily exposure on the educational outcomes of children, considering factors such as age at stepfamily formation, gender of the stepparent, presence of step/half-siblings, and the stepparent's socioeconomic resources.BackgroundThe prevalence of stepfamilies across the Global North highlights the urgency of the issue. Despite a sizeable existing empirical literature, much research has been conducted on small datasets, characterized by a limited ability to examine heterogeneities in the stepfamily experience.MethodWe analyze Swedish register data, examining a population of 1.1 million individuals born between 1973 and 1998. Examining four separate school outcomes, we investigate the influence of different aspects of the individual's stepfamily experience, measured continuously throughout the individual's childhood and adolescence using OLS regression.ResultsExamining hypotheses based on the risk and resilience framework, there are few indications that children exposed to a stepfamily during childhood or adolescence perform worse in school than a child with parents who divorce but without remarrying. Additionally, the results highlight differences between the consequences of exposure to a stepfather or a stepmother as well as due to the socioeconomic resources possessed by stepparent.ConclusionThe results demonstrate the complexities that characterize the stepfamily experience, with challenges particularly affecting the stepmother. Despite these, the study highlights the absence of negative effects on children's education, also emphasizing the considerable importance of both intellectual and financial resources brought by stepparents.
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| 12. |
- Hillbom, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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How do Small Island Developing States Meet the Sustainable Development Goals?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Sustainable Development. - : Canadian Center of Science and Education. - 1913-9063 .- 1913-9071. ; 16:1, s. 17-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- States in the Global South are facing a double challenge of achieving socio-economic development while adapting to climate change impacts. This study maps to what extent Small Island Developing States (SIDS) manage to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SIDS are at the front line of climate change and while they share numerous challenges, the SIDS are also a heterogeneous group containing a great variation in terms of economic development, institutional structures, and factor endowments. This paper complements the existing broader international evaluation of SDG outcomes by highlighting SIDS specifically, a group that has been only sporadically covered in the literature. By improving our understanding of different SIDS’s development status and challenges we hope both to make the group more visible in the global debate and to contribute useful knowledge to the ongoing development work in and between the SIDS themselves. We compare the SIDS development performance, defined as meeting the SDGs, to a Global Average (GA), in the three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social, and environmental. Our investigation confirms that the SIDS are overrepresented among the countries in the world with the poorest data coverage and shows the magnitude of the problem. Further, in our global comparison, we find that they stand out in three aspects – having relatively low levels of poverty, high levels of adult obesity, and low levels of gender equality especially manifested in the share of women in parliament.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Tegunimataka, Anna
(författare)
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Does First Language training matter for Immigrant children’s School Achievement? Evidence from a Danish school reform
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Migration Research. - : Helsinki University Press. - 1799-649X. ; 11:3, s. 316-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores municipal variation in the implementation of a Danish educational reform. The aim of the reform was to increase the assimilation of immigrants, and removing mother-tongue training for first- and second-generation immigrants was believed to increase their proficiency in Danish. This article uses a difference-in-differences method to explore the effect of this removal on children’s educational outcomes in terms of grades in standardised tests in class nine, assessing both grades in the majority language Danish and grades in mathematics. This study, furthermore, takes potential heterogeneities in terms of gender and immigrant generation into consideration. This study shows that the expected results of the reform were not obtained. Rather the opposite that the removal of mother-tongue training leads to lower grades in Danish for boys and in mathematics for both boys and girls.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Tegunimataka, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Oceans Apart - Internal Migration in a Small Island Developing State: the case of Fiji
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fiji is a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) in the Pacific Ocean, with relatively population mobility. In this context, we study the individual-level characteristics of Fijian internal migration. Hence, our contribution lies in investigating migrant selectivity and differences in migratory behavior of different subgroups of the Fijian population. Specifically, we focus on factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and socio-economic status (measured by education and occupation). We utilize information on Fijian internal migration from four waves of census data collected between 1976 and 2007. Our findings indicate that remote and rural-urban migrants are positively selected in terms socio-economic status. We also confirm that migrants between the age of 16 and 29 are more likely to migrate than any other age group, and we find women to be more likely to migrate than men, which can be linked to Fijian marriage traditions and increasing returns to education available for women in the urban areas incentivizing them to migrate. We also observe apparent ethnic differences in migratory behavior, with indigenous Fijians more likely to migrate than the other ethnic groups. However, this result is not stable over time, and in the latest census, remote Indo-Fijians have the highest likelihood of (remote)migration. This finding can be related to land leases not being renewed and ethnic tensions.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Tegunimataka, Anna
(författare)
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The Health of Immigrant Youth in Denmark : Examining Immigrant Generations and Origin
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of International Migration and Integration. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1874-6365 .- 1488-3473. ; 24:2, s. 659-694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First-generation migrants tend to have better health than those of native ancestry, while second-generation migrants often are affected by negative health assimilation. Less is known about immigrants arriving before their teens, the 1.5 generation, or those with one native and one immigrant parent, the 2.5 generation. We apply logistic regression models to study physical and mental health outcomes for immigrant youth across generations using Danish register data. We take heterogeneities into account studying gender and origin differences. Our analysis shows that first- and 1.5-generation immigrants have better physical health than natives, while the physical health of the second and 2.5 generations is the same or worse than natives. For mental health, the 2.5 generation is the only group with worse outcomes than natives, which we relate to identification struggles translating into poorer mental health. When studying potential heterogeneities, we find that males belonging to the second generation with an African background have a higher likelihood of hospitalization for a mental health issue.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Tegunimataka, Anna
(författare)
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The Intergenerational Effects of Intermarriage
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of International Migration and Integration. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1874-6365 .- 1488-3473. ; 22:1, s. 311-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study closely examines long-term outcomes of intermarriage in Denmark in terms of children’s educational performance, studying grades from final examinations. The study uses rich register data, where families are linked across generations, and contributes to the migration literature by providing new insights into the human capital formation in inter-ethnic families. The outcomes of children of intermarriage are very much in line with the outcomes of children with two native-born Danish parents. Compared to second-generation immigrants, children of intermarriage perform substantially better, and these differences remain even when school and family-level confounders are taken into account. Moreover, this paper explores the heterogeneous character of the 2.5 generation in Denmark and studies the importance of parental country of origin. Parental country of origin is of significance for the educational performance of children from intermarriage in Denmark, as the performance of children with a non-native parent originating from countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America is closer to that of second-generation immigrants, rather than natives. This association remains (for certain groups) when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity at the school and family level.
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| 23. |
- Tegunimataka, Anna
(författare)
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Trajectories of Integration : Naturalization, Intermarriage and Education in Denmark, 1980-2015
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation examines socio-economic outcomes of first and second generation immigrants in Denmark and adds to our understanding of different trajectories of immigrant integration by studying policy and family relatedfactors. The association between family composition and socio-economic outcomes of the individual is in this thesis examined by studying the effects of intermarriage. Comparably high intermarriage premiums are found for foregin born who experience limited possibilities in the Danish labor market. Positive effects of intermarriage are also found when comparing the educational performance of children of intermarriage to the educational performance of children with two foreign born parents, also when taking school and family level characteristics into account.Policy and legislation constitute other factors that can either stimulate or hinder immigrant integration. Rules and regulations concerning naturalization is one such policy area. Consistent naturalization premiums are found in this dissertation, but only for immigrants who are more marginalized in the Danish labor market. Also education policies matter. An educational reform with the aim of enhancing immigrant integration by increasing school children’s Danish language proficiency is studied. The assumption was that by removing supplementary mother tongue education, the focus on learning the Danish language would be strengthened. The results, however, rather show negative effects of the reform, as the removal led to lower grades in Danish, thus the results support the argument that mother-tongue proficiency matters for second language acquisition.Common findings in all studies included in this dissertation are the large group differences in terms of results. For immigrants who originate from countries that are more culturally and geographically proximate to Denmark, naturalization and intermarriage are less important as integration tools. These groups already tend to be economically and socially integrated in Danish society, and they seem to be less in need of an additional boost from changing citizenship or marrying a Dane. Instead groups with more distant countries of origin are benefitingfrom intermarriage and naturalization. Children of intermarriage indeed tend to perform better in school than children belonging to the second generation of immigrants, and their performance is more in line with the performance of native Danes. But when taking parental heterogeneity into account differences emerge, and children with a non-native parent originating from a country more culturally and geographically distant from Denmark, tend to have an educational performance more in line with the second generation of immigrants.
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| 24. |
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Urban Lives. An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century
- 2024
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban Lives emphasizes the importance of a micro-level approach in examining the lives of individuals and families in an industrial city, spanning over a century. The work deepens the understanding of major societal shifts and how they are intertwined with demographic behavior over the past 120 years. These societal transformations encompassed groundbreaking advancements in living standards, a relocation of rural populations to urban hubs, and significant alternations in the fabric of everyday working life, ultimately reshaping people’s lives. In conjunction, there were changes in individual life courses, particularly how individuals experienced basic demographic events: births, deaths, marriage, and migration. The volume explores family dynamics, the evolution of health disparities and mortality inequality, the paths of social and economic mobility, and the changing landscapes of immigration and residential segregation. It fills a void in the narrative of twentieth-century demographic, social, and economic history and paints a portrait of how personal choices and behavior were shaped by societal transformation. These shifts, closely linked with industrialization and post-industrialization, coincided with the emergence and culmination of the welfare state. Through the lens of the Swedish industrial city of Landskrona, the volume closes the gap between historical studies and contemporary research, offering original insights into a period seldom explored with a micro-level perspective.
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| 25. |
- van Dijk, Ingrid Kirsten, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal and Infant Health: Understanding the Role of Institutions and Medical Innovations
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Lives : An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century - An Industrial City and Its People During the Twentieth Century. - 9780197761090 - 9780197761113 - 9780197761120 ; , s. 243-280
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines the development of maternal and infant mortality and its connection to changes in medical and healthcare treatment of mothers and infants in the city of Landskrona, Sweden, and its rural hinterland between 1905 and 2015. The authors show that maternal mortality, stillbirth rates, and infant mortality declined strongly in this period. In parallel, hospitals began to admit more women for childbirth and modernized their facilities, offering first more space and later neonatal intensive care. In addition, new medicines arrived, such as sulfa antibiotics against infant pneumonia and penicillin against most infections, and these proved efficient in surgical intervention around childbirth. Newly opened infant healthcare centers provided preventive care. The authors apply intervention analysis to the time series of mortality rates and find that most of these institutional reforms in medical and health care were related to lower stillbirth rates and higher survival of infants.
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| 26. |
- Vink, Maarten, et al.
(författare)
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Long-Term Heterogeneity in Immigrant Naturalization : The Conditional Relevance of Civic Integration and Dual Citizenship
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 37:5, s. 751-765
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What are the long-term differences in the propensity of immigrants to acquire destination country citizenship under different institutional contexts and how do these vary between migrant groups? This article draws on micro-level longitudinal data from administrative registers in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden-three countries with widely different and changing requirements for the acquisition of citizenship-to track the naturalization propensity of eight complete migrant cohorts (1994-2001) up to 21 years after migration. We find that after two decades in the destination country, cumulative naturalization rates vary remarkably with over 80 per cent of migrants in Sweden, two-thirds in the Netherlands, and only around a third in Denmark having acquired citizenship. We observe lower rates and delayed naturalization for migrants, especially among those with lower levels of education, after language requirements and integration tests were introduced in Denmark and the Netherlands. Dual citizenship acceptance in the Netherlands and Sweden, by contrast, is associated with durably higher citizenship acquisition rates, especially, among migrants from EU and highly developed countries. These findings highlight the long-term but conditional relevance of citizenship policy for immigrant naturalization.
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