| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 3. |
- Thomas, HS, et al.
(författare)
-
- 2019
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Kurilshikov, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale association analyses identify host factors influencing human gut microbiome composition
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 53:2, s. 156-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study the effect of host genetics on gut microbiome composition, the MiBioGen consortium curated and analyzed genome-wide genotypes and 16S fecal microbiome data from 18,340 individuals (24 cohorts). Microbial composition showed high variability across cohorts: only 9 of 410 genera were detected in more than 95% of samples. A genome-wide association study of host genetic variation regarding microbial taxa identified 31 loci affecting the microbiome at a genome-wide significant (P < 5 x 10(-8)) threshold. One locus, the lactase (LCT) gene locus, reached study-wide significance (genome-wide association study signal: P = 1.28 x 10(-20)), and it showed an age-dependent association with Bifidobacterium abundance. Other associations were suggestive (1.95 x 10(-10) < P < 5 x 10(-8)) but enriched for taxa showing high heritability and for genes expressed in the intestine and brain. A phenome-wide association study and Mendelian randomization identified enrichment of microbiome trait loci in the metabolic, nutrition and environment domains and suggested the microbiome might have causal effects in ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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| 6. |
- Alfredson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Glutamate NMDAR1 receptors localised to nerves in human Achilles tendons. Implications for treatment?
- 2001
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Ingår i: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0942-2056 .- 1433-7347. ; 9:2, s. 123-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this investigation, we show the presence of both free glutamate (microdialysis) and glutamate NMDAR1 receptors (immunohistochemical analyses of tendon biopsies), in tendons from patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain (Achilles tendinosis) and in controls (pain-free tendons). The NMDAR1 immunoreaction was usually confined to acetylcholinesterase-positive structures, implying that the reaction is present in nerves. Glutamate is a potent pain mediator in the human central nervous system, and in animals it has been shown that peripherally administered glutamate NMDA receptor antagonists diminish the response to formalin-induced nociception. Our present finding of glutamate NMDA receptors in human Achilles tendons might have implications for pain treatment.
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| 7. |
- Alfredson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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High intratendinous lactate levels in painful chronic Achilles tendinosis. An investigation using microdialysis technique.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Orthopaedic Research. - 0736-0266 .- 1554-527X. ; 20:5, s. 934-938
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this investigation the microdialysis technique was used to study the concentrations of lactate in Achilles tendons with painful chronic tendinosis and in normal pain-free tendons. In four patients (mean age 40.7 years) with a painful thickening localized at the 2-6 cm level in the Achilles tendon (chronic Achilles tendinosis) and in five controls (mean age 37.2 years) with normal Achilles tendons the local concentrations of lactate were registered under resting conditions. All tendons were examined using ultrasonography. In the tendons with tendinosis the painful thickening corresponded to a widened tendon and structural tendinosis changes. Normal tendons showed no widening and a normal structure. A standard microdialysis catheter was inserted into the Achilles tendon under local anesthesia. Samplings were done every 15 min during a 4 h period. The results showed significantly higher mean concentrations of lactate in tendons with tendinosis compared to normal tendons (2.15 mmol/l vs. 1.14 mmol/l). The lactate concentrations in the tendons with tendinosis were stable, and approximately twofold higher than in the normal tendons during the whole 4 h investigation period. In conclusion, the higher concentrations of lactate in Achilles tendons with painful tendinosis indicate that there are anaerobic conditions in the area with tendinosis. The importance of this finding for the pathogenesis and pain mechanisms in this chronic condition needs to be further investigated.
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| 8. |
- Alfredson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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In situ microdialysis in tendon tissue : high levels of glutamate, but not prostaglandin E2 in chronic Achilles tendon pain
- 1999
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Ingår i: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0942-2056 .- 1433-7347. ; 7:6, s. 378-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This investigation was to our knowledge the first to use the microdialysis technique to study concentrations of substances in a human tendon. In four patients (mean age 40.7 years) with a painful nodule in the Achilles tendon (chronic Achilles tendinosis) and in five controls (mean age 37.2 years) with normal Achilles tendons (confirmed by ultrasonography) the local concentrations of glutamate and prostaglandin E2 were measured under resting conditions. A standard microdialysis catheter was inserted into the Achilles tendon under local anesthesia. Sampling was performed every 15 min over a 4-h period. The results showed significantly higher concentrations of glutamate in tendons with tendinosis than in normal tendons (196 +/- 59 vs. 48 +/- 27 mumol/l, P < 0.05), and there were no significant changes in glutamate concentration over the period of investigation. There were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (83 +/- 22 vs. 54 +/- 24 pg/ml) between tendons with tendinosis and normal tendons. In conclusion, in situ microdialysis appears a useful method to study certain metabolic events in tendon tissue. The higher concentrations of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in Achilles tendons with a painful nodule may possibly be involved in the pain mechanism in this chronic condition. Furthermore, there were no signs of inflammation in the tendons with painful nodules, as indicated by the normal prostaglandin E2 levels.
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| 9. |
- Alfredson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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In vivo investigation of ECRB tendons with microdialysis technique--no signs of inflammation but high amounts of glutamate in tennis elbow.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. - : Medical Journals Sweden AB. - 0001-6470. ; 71:5, s. 475-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We used the microdialysis technique to study concentrations of substances in the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon in patients with tennis elbow. In 4 patients (mean age 41 years, 3 men) with a long duration of localized pain at the ECRB muscle origin, and in 4 controls (mean age 36 years, 2 men) with no history of elbow pain, a standard microdialysis catheter was inserted into the ECRB tendon under local anesthesia. The local concentrations of the neurotransmitter glutamate and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were recorded under resting conditions. Samplings were done every 15 minutes during a 2-hour period. We found higher mean concentrations of glutamate in ECRB tendons from patients with tennis elbow than in tendons from controls (215 vs. 69 micromoL/L, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of PGE2 (74 vs. 86 pg/mL). In conclusion, in situ microdialysis can be used to study certain metabolic events in the ECRB tendon of the elbow. Our findings indicate involvement of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, but no biochemical signs of inflammation (normal PGE2 levels) in ECRB tendons from patients with tennis elbow.
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| 10. |
- Alfredson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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In vivo microdialysis and immunohistochemical analyses of tendon tissue demonstrated high amounts of free glutamate and glutamate NMDAR1 receptors, but no signs of inflammation, in Jumper's knee.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Orthopaedic Research. - 0736-0266 .- 1554-527X. ; 19:5, s. 881-886
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This investigation describes, to our knowledge, the first experiment where the microdialysis technique was used to study certain metabolic events in human patellar tendons in combination with immunohistochemical analyses of tendon biopsies. In five patients (four men and one woman) with a long duration (range 12-36 months) of pain symptoms from Jumper's knee (localized tenderness in the patellar tendon verified as tendon changes with ultrasonography or MRI), and in five controls (four men and one woman) with normal patellar tendons, a standard microdialysis catheter was inserted into the patellar tendon under local anestesia. The local concentrations of glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were registered under resting conditions. Samplings were done every 15 min during a 2 h period. In all individuals (patients and controls) biopsies were taken for immunohistochemical analyses. The results showed that it was possible to detect and measure the concentrations of glutamate and PGE2 in the patellar tendon with the use of microdialysis technique. There were significantly higher concentrations of free glutamate, but not PGE2, in tendons with tendinosis compared to normal tendons. In the biopsies, there were no inflammatory cell infiltrates, but, for the first time, it was shown that there was immunoreaction for the glutamate receptor NMDAR1 in association with nerve structures in human patellar tendons. These findings altogether indicate that glutamate might be involved in painful Jumper's knee, and further emphasizes that there is no chemical inflammation (normal PGE2 levels) in this chronic condition.
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| 11. |
- Alfredson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of tear of the anterior cruciate ligament combined with localised deep cartilage defects in the knee with ligament reconstruction and autologous periosteum transplantation.
- 1999
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Ingår i: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. - : Springer. - 0942-2056 .- 1433-7347. ; 7:2, s. 69-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An acute tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is frequently associated with injuries to the joint cartilage and subchondral bone. These injuries may progress to deep cartilage defects, causing disabling pain, and represent a therapeutic challenge in patients with the combination instability and pain. At our clinic we treat patients with the combined injury with simultaneous ACL reconstruction and autologous periosteum transplantation of the cartilage defect. This report describes the technique for periosteum transplantation of full-thickness cartilage defects in the medial femoral condyle. Our clinical report includes the first 7 patients (6 men and 1 woman, mean age 29.1 years at operation) who have been followed for 2 years or longer of 14 consecutive patients (12 men and 2 women). All patients had suffered a total tear of the ACL and a full-thickness defect of the cartilage at the medial femoral condyle. The cartilage defects had a mean area of 7.3 cm2 (range 1.0-13.5 cm2). All patients had disabling instability and medial knee pain when walking. The anterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed with a bone-tendon-bone graft of the central third of the patellar ligament. After preparation of the cartilage lesion, the periosteum transplant was anchored to the underlying bone with suture anchors and fibrin glue. Postoperatively, these patients (n = 7) were initially treated with continuous passive motion, followed by active flexibility training and slowly progressing strength training and weight-bearing activities. At follow-up a mean of 31.3 months (range 24-38 months) later, 6 patients evidenced subjectively stable knees, no pain during rest or when walking, and had returned to not too heavy knee-loading work. One patient had a subjectively stable knee, but felt medial knee pain. Meticulous surgical technique and rigorous postoperative rehabilitation are probably of the greatest importance in this procedure. With the use of suture anchors and fibrin glue, the periosteum transplant can be well adapted to the condylar subchondral bone bed.
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| 12. |
- Balazy, Kaja, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular tools prove little auks from Svalbard are extremely selective for Calanus glacialis even when exposed to Atlantification
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two Calanus species, C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus, due to different life strategies and environmental preferences act as an ecological indicators of Arctic Atlantification. Their high lipid content makes them important food source for higher trophic levels of Arctic ecosystems including the most abundant Northern Hemisphere's seabird, the little auk (Alle alle). Recent studies indicate a critical need for the use of molecular methods to reliably identify these two sympatric Calanus species. We performed genetic and morphology-based identification of 2600 Calanus individuals collected in little auks foraging grounds and diet in summer seasons 2019-2021 in regions of Svalbard with varying levels of Atlantification. Genetic identification proved that 40% of Calanus individuals were wrongly classified as C. finmarchicus according to morphology-based identification in both types of samples. The diet of little auks consisted almost entirely of C. glacialis even in more Atlantified regions. Due to the substantial bias in morphology-based identification, we expect that the scale of the northern expansion of boreal C. finmarchicus may have been largely overestimated and that higher costs for birds exposed to Atlantification could be mostly driven by a decrease in the size of C. glacialis rather than by shift from C. glacialis to C. finmarchicus.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Gilenstam, Kajsa, 1974-
(författare)
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Gender and physiology in ice hockey : a multidimensional study
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background That men are prioritised over women has been called the “gender regime in sport”, and has in part been explained by the gender difference in performance. However, gender differences in physical performance between women and men can be debated to depend on how comparisons are made and on the fact that there are many different confounders that may influence the results. Even if attempts are made to overcome this and the groups of women and men are stated to be matched, there are still often differences in training experience in years, or differences in training load. Women tend to have less experience in ice hockey in relation to age and differences in training conditions have also been reported. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how female and male ice hockey players position themselves in their sport and to visualise the interactions between society and biology that may affect performance. Theoretical approach and methods Harding’s three perspectives (Symbolic, Structural and Individual) were applied on information from team administration as well as on results from questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and tests of puck velocity, anthropometrics, body composition, isokinetic muscle strength, ergospirometry and on-ice tests from female and male ice hockey players. Results Vast differences in structural conditions were found, for example in hockey history and in the financial situation within the teams and both women and men were aware of the gender differences in structural conditions. However these differences were not even considered when comparisons of the ice hockey performance of women and men were made. Nine out of ten female players increased puck velocity when a more flexible stick and a lighter puck were used thus indicating that poorly adjusted equipment may affect performance. Male ice hockey players were taller, heavier and stronger, had more lean body mass and a higher aerobic capacity compared to the women in absolute values as well as in relation to body weight. However, the differences diminished or disappeared when the values were expressed in relation to lean body mass. Men had higher expectations on their situation as athletes and the interviewed women described men’s ice hockey as superior to theirs and consequently male ice hockey players deserved better conditions. Conclusions The views of women and men may affect structural conditions in sport which in turn may affect possibilities in sport for the individual. Gender differences in conditions thus risk confirming the traditional views of femininity and masculinity. However, by moving outside the normal gender boundaries individuals may change the traditional views of femininity and masculinity.
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| 15. |
- Gilenstam, Kajsa, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of stick stiffness and puck weight on puck velocity during slap shots in women's ice hockey
- 2009
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Ingår i: Sports Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1369-7072 .- 1460-2687. ; 11:3, s. 103-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have found that reduced stick stiffness increases puck velocity in young male ice hockey players. This study investigates the hypothesis that female players are disadvantaged by using equipment that is designed for taller and stronger players. The purpose of this study was to investigate if stick flexibility and puck weight affect puck velocity in standing slap shots performed by female ice hockey players. There was a significant increase in puck velocity (4.1% p=0.037) when stick stiffness and puck weight were reduced. ANOVA revealed that there was a significant correlation between stick, puck and the participant herself (R2=0.987). Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that participants with higher puck velocities benefitted the most when the stick flexibility and puck weight were reduced (r=0.648; p=0.043). It was concluded that decreased stick stiffness and puck weight increased puck velocity in standing slap shots for female ice hockey players.
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| 16. |
- Gilenstam, Kajsa M., 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological Correlates of Skating Performance in Women's and Men's Ice Hockey
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - : National Strength and Conditioning Association. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 25:8, s. 2133-2142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the current investigation was to identify relationships between physiological off-ice tests and on-ice performance in female and male ice hockey players on a comparable competitive level. Eleven women, 24 ± 3.0 years, and 10 male ice hockey players, 23 ± 2.4 years, were tested for background variables: height, body weight (BW), ice hockey history, and lean body mass (LBM) and peak torque (PT) of the thigh muscles, [latin capital V with dot above]o2peak and aerobic performance (Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation [OBLA], respiratory exchange ratio [RER1]) during an incremental bicycle ergometer test. Four different on-ice tests were used to measure ice skating performance. For women, skating time was positively correlated (p < 0.05) to BW and negatively correlated to LBM%, PT/BW, OBLA, RER 1, and [latin capital V with dot above]o2peak (ml O2·kg-1 BW-1·min-1) in the Speed test. Acceleration test was positively correlated to BW and negatively correlated to OBLA and RER 1. For men, correlation analysis revealed only 1 significant correlation where skating time was positively correlated to [latin capital V with dot above]o2peak (L O2·min-1) in the Acceleration test. The male group had significantly higher physiological test values in all variables (absolute and relative to BW) but not in relation to LBM. Selected off-ice tests predict skating performance for women but not for men. The group of women was significantly smaller and had a lower physiological performance than the group of men and were slower in the on-ice performance tests. However, gender differences in off-ice variables were reduced or disappeared when values were related to LBM, indicating a similar capacity of producing strength and aerobic power in female and male hockey players. Skating performance in female hockey players may be improved by increasing thigh muscle strength, oxygen uptake, and relative muscle mass.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Kim, Keunho J., et al.
(författare)
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Small Region, Big Impact : Highly Anisotropic Lyman-continuum Escape from a Compact Starburst Region with Extreme Physical Properties
- 2023
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - 2041-8205 .- 2041-8213. ; 955:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extreme, young stellar populations are considered to be the primary contributor to cosmic reionization. How the Lyman continuum (LyC) escapes these galaxies remains highly elusive, and it is challenging to observe this process in actual LyC emitters without resolving the relevant physical scales. We investigate the Sunburst Arc, a strongly lensed LyC emitter at z = 2.37 that reveals an exceptionally small-scale (tens of parsecs) region of high LyC escape. The small (<100 pc) LyC-leaking region has extreme properties: a very blue UV slope (β = −2.9 ± 0.1), a high ionization state ([O iii] λ5007/[O ii] λ3727 = 11 ± 3 and [O iii] λ5007/Hβ = 6.8 ± 0.4), strong oxygen emission (EW([O iii]) = 1095 ± 40 Å), and a high Lyα escape fraction (0.3 ± 0.03), none of which are found in nonleaking regions of the galaxy. The leaking region's UV slope is consistent with approximately "pure" stellar light that is minimally contaminated by the surrounding nebular continuum emission or extinguished by dust. These results suggest a highly anisotropic LyC escape process such that LyC is produced and escapes from a small, extreme starburst region where the stellar feedback from an ionizing star cluster creates one or more "pencil-beam" channels in the surrounding gas through which LyC can directly escape. Such anisotropic escape processes imply that random sight-line effects drive the significant scatters between measurements of galaxy properties and LyC escape fraction, and that strong lensing is a critical tool for resolving the processes that regulate the ionizing budget of galaxies for reionization.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Lindahl, Magnus S., et al.
(författare)
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Increased cortisol responsivity to adrenocorticotropic hormone and low plasma levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
- 2007
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Ingår i: Fertility and Sterility. - : Elsevier BV. - 0015-0282 .- 1556-5653. ; 87:1, s. 136-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis at all levels, to determine the origin of the previously reported hypercortisolism in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. A secondary aim was to evaluate factors outside the central nervous system which are known to affect the HPA axis, i.e., circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and fat mass-adjusted leptin levels, in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and healthy controls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. PATIENTS: Fifteen subjects with hypothalamic amenorrhea, and 14 age- and weight-matched controls. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We collected blood samples four times during a 24-hour interval for analysis of cortisol, leptin, IL-1Ra, and IL-6 levels. We performed a low-dose oral dexamethasone test and a low-dose ACTH test. We measured body-fat percentage using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer. RESULTS: Patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea had increased diurnal cortisol levels (P<.001). The cortisol response to intravenous low-dose ACTH was increased in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea patients compared to control subjects (P<.01), but they had similar rates of dexamethasone suppression. Patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea also had decreased diurnal leptin (P<.05), and decreased diurnal IL-1Ra levels (P<.05), compared to controls. Body-fat percentage was the main predictor of leptin levels. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests novel links for the development of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, including increased adrenal responsiveness and impairments in proinflammatory cytokine pathways.
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| 21. |
- Ljunggren Ribom, Eva, 1966-
(författare)
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Muscles, Estrogen, and Bone
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden has one of the highest incidences of osteoporotic fractures in the world. A more sedentary lifestyle is one of several proposed reasons for the increase in osteoporosis seen in the developed countries. The aim of this thesis was primarily to study the influence of muscle strength, and body composition, on bone mineral density, BMD, in young adults. The second aim was to evaluate the possible influence of estrogen on muscle strength in women.A population-based study of 113 subjects (53 men and 60 women) aged 22-85 showed associations for premenopausal, but not postmenopausal women, between isometric quadriceps muscle strength and BMD in the total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck. In men there was only an association between muscle strength and BMD in the total body. Another population-based study of 125 randomly selected young adults (64 women and 61 men) showed that total body BMD, TBMD, is influenced by isokinetic knee flexion and extension strength in women but not in men where body composition influenced TBMD. In 159 randomly selected young adult women (20-39 years) knee flexion and extension strength influenced not only TBMD but also total hip BMD, and heel BMD. However, lean body mass and body weight were better predictors for BMD at these skeletal sites. An extension of this study involving 335 women again demonstrated that lean body mass is the best predictor of BMD. This study also showed that Uppsala women aged 20-39 years have a BMD that is approximately 0.1-1.2 SD (2-12 %) above international/national references. In addition marked variations in BMD T-scores between various skeletal sites were noted. In Conclusion: The association between muscle strength and BMD is evident in women in their early twenties but with age lean body mass and body weight becomes better predictors for BMD. In men lean body mass and body composition but not muscle strength predicted BMD. Hormone replacement therapy does not influence muscle strength and there is no association between allelic variations in the estrogen receptor alpha and muscle strength in women.
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| 22. |
- Mainali, Ramesh, et al.
(författare)
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The Connection Between Galactic Outflows and the Escape of Ionizing Photons
- 2022
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 940:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze spectra of a gravitationally lensed galaxy, known as the Sunburst Arc, that is leaking ionizing photons, also known as the Lyman continuum (LyC). Magnification from gravitational lensing permits the galaxy to be spatially resolved into one region that leaks ionizing photons and several that do not. Rest-frame UV and optical spectra from Magellan target 10 different regions along the lensed Arc, including six multiple images of the LyC leaking region and four regions that do not show LyC emission. The rest-frame optical spectra of the ionizing photon emitting regions reveal a blueshifted (ΔV = 27 km s−1) broad emission component (FWHM = 327 km s−1), comprising 55% of the total [O iii] line flux, in addition to a narrow component (FWHM = 112 km s−1), suggesting the presence of strong highly ionized gas outflows. This is consistent with the high-velocity ionized outflow inferred from the rest-frame UV spectra. In contrast, the broad emission component is less prominent in the nonleaking regions, comprising ∼26% of total [O iii] line flux. The high-ionization absorption lines are prominent in both the leaker and the nonleaker, but the low-ionization absorption lines are very weak in the leaker, suggesting that the line-of-sight gas is highly ionized in the leaker. Analyses of stellar wind features reveal that the stellar population of the LyC leaking regions is considerably younger (∼3 Myr) than that of the nonleaking regions (∼12 Myr), emphasizing that stellar feedback from young stars may play an important role in ionizing photon escape.
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| 23. |
- Nordström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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A 3-year longitudinal study of the effect of physical activity on the accrual of bone mineral density in healthy adolescent males.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0171-967X .- 1432-0827. ; 73:2, s. 108-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has previously been suggested that physical activity predominantly influences the accumulation of bone density before puberty. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of physical activity on the accumulation of bone mass in male athletes between 16 and 19 years of age. The cohort studied consisted of 12 badminton players (aged 16.1 +/- 0.5), 20 ice hockey players (aged 16.1 +/- 0.5), and 24 age-matched controls (aged 16.1 +/- 0.6). The bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) of the total body, spine, dominant and nondominant humerus, head and femoral neck was measured twice with a 3-year interval by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, at the femoral neck, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD, mg/cm3) was estimated. At baseline, the athletes as a whole group had significantly higher BMD at the total body (P = 0.03), dominant (P = 0.006) and nondominant humerus (P = 0.009) and femoral neck (P = 0.007) compared to the controls. At the 3-year followup, the athletes had significantly higher BMD at all sites (total body; P = 0.003, spine; P = 0.02, dominant humerus; P = 0.001, nondominant humerus; P = < 0.001, femoral neck; P = 0.001) except for the head (P = 0.91) compared with controls. The athletes also had higher vBMD at the femoral neck compared with the controls (P = 0.01). Furthermore, to be an athlete was found to be independently associated with a higher increase in nondominant humerus BMD (beta = 0.24; P < 0.05) and femoral neck BMD (beta = 0.30; P < 0.05) compared with the controls, during the study period. In summary, these results suggests that it is possible to achieve continuous gains in bone mass in sites exposed to osteogenic stimulation after puberty in males by engaging in weight-bearing physical activity.
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| 24. |
- Sharon, Keren, et al.
(författare)
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The Cosmic Telescope That Lenses the Sunburst Arc, PSZ1 G311.65-18.48 : Strong Gravitational Lensing Model and Source Plane Analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 941:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a strong-lensing analysis of the cluster PSZ1 G311.65−18.48, based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging, archival VLT/MUSE spectroscopy, and Chandra X-ray data. This cool-core cluster (z = 0.443) lenses the brightest lensed galaxy known, dubbed the "Sunburst Arc" (z = 2.3703), a Lyman continuum (LyC) emitting galaxy multiply imaged 12 times. We identify in this field 14 additional strongly lensed galaxies to constrain a strong-lens model and report secure spectroscopic redshifts of four of them. We measure a projected cluster core mass of M(<250 kpc) = M⊙. The two least magnified but complete images of the Sunburst Arc's source galaxy are magnified by ∼13×, while the LyC clump is magnified by ∼4–80×. We present time delay predictions and conclusive evidence that a discrepant clump in the Sunburst Arc, previously claimed to be a transient, is not variable, thus strengthening the hypothesis that it results from an exceptionally high magnification. A source plane reconstruction and analysis of the Sunburst Arc finds its physical size to be 1 × 2 kpc and that it is resolved in three distinct directions in the source plane, 0°, 40°, and 75° (east of north). We place an upper limit of r ≲ 50 pc on the source plane size of unresolved clumps and r ≲ 32 pc for the LyC clump. Finally, we report that the Sunburst Arc is likely in a system of two or more galaxies separated by ≲6 kpc in projection. Their interaction may drive star formation and could play a role in the mechanism responsible for the leaking LyC radiation.
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| 25. |
- Weeland, CJ, et al.
(författare)
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The thalamus and its subnuclei-a gateway to obsessive-compulsive disorder
- 2022
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Ingår i: Translational psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2158-3188. ; 12:1, s. 70-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Larger thalamic volume has been found in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and children with clinical-level symptoms within the general population. Particular thalamic subregions may drive these differences. The ENIGMA-OCD working group conducted mega- and meta-analyses to study thalamic subregional volume in OCD across the lifespan. Structural T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 2649 OCD patients and 2774 healthy controls across 29 sites (50 datasets) were processed using the FreeSurfer built-in ThalamicNuclei pipeline to extract five thalamic subregions. Volume measures were harmonized for site effects using ComBat before running separate multiple linear regression models for children, adolescents, and adults to estimate volumetric group differences. All analyses were pre-registered (https://osf.io/73dvy) and adjusted for age, sex and intracranial volume. Unmedicated pediatric OCD patients (<12 years) had larger lateral (d = 0.46), pulvinar (d = 0.33), ventral (d = 0.35) and whole thalamus (d = 0.40) volumes at unadjusted p-values <0.05. Adolescent patients showed no volumetric differences. Adult OCD patients compared with controls had smaller volumes across all subregions (anterior, lateral, pulvinar, medial, and ventral) and smaller whole thalamic volume (d = −0.15 to −0.07) after multiple comparisons correction, mostly driven by medicated patients and associated with symptom severity. The anterior thalamus was also significantly smaller in patients after adjusting for thalamus size. Our results suggest that OCD-related thalamic volume differences are global and not driven by particular subregions and that the direction of effects are driven by both age and medication status.
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