| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Baker, Darren A., et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities in lignin based carbon fibre
- 2015
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Ingår i: NWBC 2015. - Espoo : VTT. - 9789513883539 ; , s. 244-251
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Innventia AB's LignoBoost process enables the extraction of high purity lignin efficiently from the black liquor in kraft mills. A stream of black liquor is taken from the evaporation plant and the lignin is precipitated by acidification and filtered. The filter cake is redispersed and acidified and the resulting slurry is filtered and washed. High purity lignin can be produced at several scales, namely 10g, 1kg, 10kg and over 1,000kg. Innventia has invested significantly to demonstrate the potential of lignin as a viable feedstock for carbon fibre manufacture. Initially, the fibre melt spinning performance of the lignin is assessed using single filament melt extrusion and then melt spinning is performed at the multifilament scale, where fine fibres can be produced for conversion to carbon fibre. Oxidative thermostabilisation of the lignin fibres is carried out so that carbonisation can proceed. The effects of thermal treatment programmes and tensioning have been studied by using either thermomechanical analysis or by using test equipment specially designed to monitor carbonisation profiles with either stress or strain control. In addition, continuous processes for the conversion of lignin fibre to carbon fibre are being developed.
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| 4. |
- Berghel, Jonas, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of kraft lignin additives on wood fuel pellet quality, energy use and shelf life
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 112:0, s. 64-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2011, the total consumption of pellets in Sweden amounted to 1.9 million tons, which represents an energy value of 9 TWh. The pellets are used in large-scale as well as in small-scale applications, and increased demands on pellet quality are likely to force pellet producers to improve on the pellet properties. One way of increasing pellet quality is by using additives. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to examine kraft lignin as an additive. Pelletswere produced in a small industrial pellet press located at KarlstadUniversity, Karlstad, Sweden, and 1–4% of kraft lignin was added to the pellets. The results indicate that the addition of an increased amount of kraft lignin to the pellets increases their mechanical durability and their lengths. The results also indicate that dry kraft lignin yields pellets with higher durability as compared to wet kraft lignin. The energy demand was unaffected by the increased use of kraft lignin. The general results presented in this paper are useful for producers of lignin, pellet producers and end-users of pellets, who are interested in developing their products and/or improving the production processes.
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| 5. |
- Berglin, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Experiences from feeding and co-firing of lignin powder in a lime kiln
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Chemical Recovery Conference. ; , s. 175-187
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A significant part of the fossil fuel oil consumption at a pulp mill today is related to combustion in the lime kiln. Therefore, replacing fuel oil with lignin in this application has been one of the most important issues in the FRAM2 (Future Resource-Adapted Mill) research program coordinated by Innventia (formerly STFl-Packforsk) and funded by Sodra and other partners. A full-scale trial to fire lignin powder in a lime kiln was carried out at the Sodra Cell Monsteras mill, as part of the research program. In total 37 tonnes of lignin was co-fired with fuel oil. For part of the trial the kiln was operated on 100 % lignin. The experiences from the trial imply that it is possible to achieve stable and continuous operation of a lime kiln when lignin is used as the main fuel. The temperature levels in the kiln are of the same order of magnitude as when firing fuel oil or wood powder. Sulfur capture by the lime is very efficient, but there is a threshold above which S02 emissions increase rapidly. In the trial this step change occurred when going from 90 % to 100 % lignin firing. Based on the trial results, it is possible to produce lime with consistent quality when firing lignin, and the temperature reached in the burner zone is sufficient for proper sintering of the lime nodules. White liquor can be produced from the lime with the same causticizing efficiency and at the same rate as during normal operation. The mill operators also commented that it was easier to control the performance of the kiln when co-firing lignin and oil compared to the normal operation with co-firing of bark and oil.
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| 6. |
- Berglin, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Pilot-scale combustion studies with kraft lignin as a solid biofuel
- 2008
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Ingår i: Engineering, Pulping and Environmental Conference 2008. - : TAPPI Press. - 9781605605081 ; , s. 2571-2580
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Processing of kraft lignin precipitated from black liquor to produce a solid biofuel with high energy density and low ash content has been developed in research programs by STFI-Packforsk and partners. In preparation for full-scale combustion trials, tests were carried out on pilot scale in a 150 kW powder burner and in a 12 MWfluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Lignin powder could be fired in a powder burner with good combustion performance after some trimming of the airflows to reduce swirl. Lignin dried to 10 % moisture content was easy to feed smoothly and had less bridging tendencies in the feeding system than wood/bark powder. In the CFB boiler lignin was easily handled and co-fired together with bark. Although the filter cake was broken into smaller pieces and fines the combustion was not disturbed. When co-firing lignin with bark, the sulfur emission increased compared to bark firing only, but most of the sulfur was captured by calcium in the bark ash. Conventional sulfur capture with addition of limestone to the bed was also demonstrated. The sulfur content in the lignin had a significantly positive effect on reducing the alkali chloride content in the deposits, thus reducing the high temperature corrosion risk.
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| 7. |
- Berglin, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Pilot-scale combustion studies with kraft lignin in a powder burner and a CFB boiler
- 2010
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Ingår i: TAPPI Journal. - 0734-1415. ; 9:6, s. 24-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Processes have been developed to produce a solid biofuel with high energy density and low ash content from kraft lignin precipitated from black liquor. Pilot-scale tests of the lignin biofuel were carried out with a 150 kW powder burner and a 12 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Lignin powder could be fired in a powder burner with good combustion performance after some trimming of the air flows to reduce swirl. Lignin dried to 10% moisture content was easy to feed smoothly and had less bridging tendencies in the feeding system than did wood/ bark powder. In the CFB boiler, lignin was easily handled and cofired together with bark. Although the filter cake was broken into smaller pieces and fines, the combustion was not disturbed. When cof ¡ring lignin with bark, the sulfur emission increased compared with bark firing only, but most of the sulfur was captured by calcium in the bark ash. Conventional sulfur capture also occurred with addition of limestone to the bed. The sulfur content in the lignin had a significantly positive effect on reducing the alkali chloride content in the deposits, thus reducing the high temperature corrosion risk. Application: This research is of interest for pulp and paper and energy and utilities companies that want to understand how kraft lignin can be used to replace fuel oil or coal in many combustion applications.
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| 8. |
- da Silva, Paulo S P, et al.
(författare)
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Release of carbon and nitrogen during pylolysis of reduced lignin black liquors : experimental results
- 2017
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Ingår i: International chemical recovery conference, May 24-26, 2017, Halifax, Canada.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Removing lignin from black liquor is of increasing industrial interest. It has the potential to create a new product stream for pulp mills as well as being a method for reducing the load of over-loaded recovery boilers. Currently, there is very little information on the combustion properties of reduced lignin black liquors. Of particular importance is the split of carbon and nitrogen. The carbon split is especially important because it plays an important role in how much carbon reaches the char bed. This in turn affects the lower furnace temperature, which plays an important role in reduction efficiency; sulfur and alkali release; and NO and cyanate formation. The nitrogen split is of interest because a part of the black liquor nitrogen precipitates with the lignin, potentially changing the behavior of black liquor N. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of lignin removal on carbon and nitrogen distribution between volatiles and char during pyrolysis. In this work, black liquors (one SW and one eucalyptus) with different levels of lignin removal were pyrolysed in a single particle furnace for 2 seconds at temperatures from 900°C to 1100°. Additional softwood and hardwood liquors were also pyrolyzed in order to study liquor to liquor variability. The carbon and nitrogen splits were obtained by analyzing the chars from the pyrolysis experiments using a CHNS elemental analyzer. Results show a similar carbon split for liquors with up to 25% lignin removal. The nitrogen split was also found to be fairly consistent with approximately 45% of the nitrogen staying with the char. This information has partly been used in another study in the CFD modeling of the combustion of black liquor with different levels of lignin removal.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Lu, Huiran, et al.
(författare)
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Lignin as a Binder Material for Eco-Friendly Li-Ion Batteries
- 2016
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 9:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The industrial lignin used here is a byproduct from Kraft pulp mills, extracted from black liquor. Since lignin is inexpensive, abundant and renewable, its utilization has attracted more and more attention. In this work, lignin was used for the first time as binder material for LiFePO4 positive and graphite negative electrodes in Li-ion batteries. A procedure for pretreatment of lignin, where low-molecular fractions were removed by leaching, was necessary to obtain good battery performance. The lignin was analyzed for molecular mass distribution and thermal behavior prior to and after the pretreatment. Electrodes containing active material, conductive particles and lignin were cast on metal foils, acting as current collectors and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. Good reversible capacities were obtained, 148 mAhg(-1) for the positive electrode and 305 mAhg(-1) for the negative electrode. Fairly good rate capabilities were found for both the positive electrode with 117 mAhg(-1) and the negative electrode with 160 mAhg(-1) at 1C. Low ohmic resistance also indicated good binder functionality. The results show that lignin is a promising candidate as binder material for electrodes in eco-friendly Li-ion batteries.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Lundqvist, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Removal of non-process elements from hardwood chips prior to kraft cooking
- 2006
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Ingår i: Appita journal. - 1038-6807. ; 59:6, s. 493-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The major part of the intake of non-process elements (NPEs) to the pulp mill is via the wood chips. Some of the problems associated with NPEs are for example, precipitation of sparingly soluble calcium salts in the fibre line and in the recovery department. In order to investigate the possibilities of reducing the intake of NPEs via hardwood chips to the pulp mill, laboratory studies on the acidic leaching of birch and eucalypt chips were carried out. The results showed that potassium, magnesium and manganese were removed from both wood species at similar rates. The removal of calcium was however significantly slower from eucalypt than from birch. Removal of NPEs from birch wood chips prior to cooking resulted in a higher rate of delignification, a higher unbleached brightness and a higher viscosity. In the case of eucalypt, acidic leaching had no effect on the rate of delignification. The positive effect of acidic leaching of birch chips was found to be due to a lower content of calcium in the cooking stage.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Mikeš, P., et al.
(författare)
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The Mass Production of Lignin Fibres by Means of Needleless Electrospinning
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Polymers and the Environment. - : Springer. - 1566-2543 .- 1572-8919. ; 29:7, s. 2164-2173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract: Lignin, a cheap renewable natural polymer, can be used as a precursor for the production of carbon fibres, its conversion into which is significantly faster than that of polyacrylonitrile. Lignin can be fractionated in various solvents via dissolution to decrease its polydispersity. Fractions with a higher molecular weight distribution can then be used in solvent-based spinning technologies such as electrospinning. We selected several solvent systems according to the Hansen solubility theory and subsequently tested them for solubility and electro-spinability. The selected solvent systems were then successfully tested for use in the needleless electrospinning process due to their potential for mass production. The solutions used in the electrospinning process needed high concentrations of lignin, which led to a high degree of viscosity. Therefore, we measured the relaxation times and viskosity for selected solutions, a factor that plays a pivotal role in terms of the production of smooth fibres. Finally, these solutions were tested for electrospinning using alternating current. This technology brings a new possibility in mass production of lignin fibres due to its high productivity and ease of use. Such materials can be used in a number of applications such as batteries, supercapacitors or for the production of composite materials. They provide a cheap and renewable natural polymer source which can easily be transformed into a carbon nanofibrous layer. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
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| 16. |
- Nowak, Andrzej, et al.
(författare)
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Lignin-based carbon fibers for renewable and multifunctional lithium-ion battery electrodes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Holzforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 0018-3830 .- 1437-434X. ; 72:2, s. 81-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs) from the renewable resource softwood kraft lignin were synthesized via oxidative thermostabilization of pure melt-spun lignin and carbonization at different temperatures from 1000 degrees C to 1700 degrees C. The resulting LCFs were characterized by tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and confocal Raman spectroscopy. The microstructure is mainly amorphous carbon with some nanocrystalline domains. The strength and stiffness are inversely proportional to the carbonization temperature, while the LCFs carbonized at 1000 degrees C exhibit a strength of 628 MPa and a stiffness of 37 GPa. Furthermore, the application potential of LCFs was evaluated as negative electrodes in a lithium-ion battery (LIB) by electrochemical cycling at different current rates in a half-cell setup. The capacity drops with the carbonization temperature and the LCFs carbonized at 1000 degrees C have a capacity of 335 mAh g(-1). All LCFs showed good cycling stability. Because of the mechanical integrity and conductivity of the LCFs, there is no need to apply current collectors, conductive additives or binders. The advantage is an increased gravimetric energy density compared to graphite, which is the most common negative electrode material. LCFs show a promising multifunctional behavior, including good mechanical integrity, conductivity and an ability to intercalate lithium for LIBs.
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| 17. |
- Peuvot, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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Lignin based electrospun carbon fiber anode for sodium ion batteries
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : Electrochemical Society Inc.. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 166:10, s. A1984-A1990
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as an alternative battery technology to lithium ion batteries because they have the potential of having a similar energy density and the advantage of sodium being more environmentally friendly than lithium. Hard carbon has been shown to be one of the best candidates as anode material for SIBs. However, several challenges need to be solved before commercializing SIBs such as finding cheaper and more efficient precursors to produce hard carbon and increasing the stability of hard carbon electrodes with the electrolyte. Herein, we report a new bio-based free standing electrode made from lignin based electrospun carbon fibers (LCFs) with a high specific capacity of 310 mAh.g−1 and a first coulombic efficiency of 89%. By using high precision coulometry on the LCFs at different carbonization temperatures, it was found that the cycling stability was dependent on the carbonization temperature. The results show that LCFs are a viable and renewable source to be used as anodes in future SIBs. © The Author(s) 2019.
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| 18. |
- Ribadeneyra, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Lignin-derived electrospun freestanding carbons as alternative electrodes for redox flow batteries
- 2020
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Ingår i: Carbon. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0008-6223 .- 1873-3891. ; 157, s. 847-856
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Redox flow batteries represent a remarkable alternative for grid-scale energy storage. They commonly employ carbon felts or carbon papers, which suffer from low activity towards the redox reactions involved, leading to poor performance. Here we propose the use of electrospun freestanding carbon materials derived from lignin as alternative sustainable electrodes for all-vanadium flow batteries. The lignin-derived carbon electrospun mats exhibited a higher activity towards the VO2 +/VO2+ reaction than commercial carbon papers when tested in a three-electrode electrochemical cell (or half-cell), which we attribute to the higher surface area and higher amount of oxygen functional groups at the surface. The electrospun carbon electrodes also showed performance comparable to commercial carbon papers, when tested in a full cell configuration. The modification of the surface chemistry with the addition of phosphorous produced different effect in both samples, which needs further investigation. This work demonstrates for the first time the application of sustainably produced electrospun lignin-derived carbon electrodes in a redox flow cell, with comparable performance to commercial materials and establishes the great potential of biomass-derived carbons in energy devices.
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| 19. |
- Schlee, Philipp, et al.
(författare)
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Free-standing supercapacitors from kraft lignin nanofibers with remarkable volumetric energy density
- 2019
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Ingår i: Chemical Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2041-6539. ; 10:10, s. 2980-2988
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have discovered a very simple method to address the challenge associated with the low volumetric energy density of free-standing carbon nanofiber electrodes for supercapacitors by electrospinning Kraft lignin in the presence of an oxidizing salt (NaNO3) and subsequent carbonization in a reducing atmosphere. The presence of the oxidative salt decreases the diameter of the resulting carbon nanofibers doubling their packing density from 0.51 to 1.03 mg cm−2 and hence doubling the volumetric energy density. At the same time, the oxidative NaNO3 salt eletrospun and carbonized together with lignin dissolved in NaOH acts as a template to increase the microporosity, thus contributing to a good gravimetric energy density. By simply adjusting the process parameters (amount of oxidizing/reducing agent), the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of the resulting lignin free-standing carbon nanofiber electrodes can be carefully tailored to fit specific power to energy demands. The areal capacitance increased from 147 mF cm−2 in the absence of NaNO3 to 350 mF cm−2 with NaNO3 translating into a volumetric energy density increase from 949 μW h cm−3 without NaNO3 to 2245 μW h cm−3 with NaNO3. Meanwhile, the gravimetric capacitance also increased from 151 F g−1 without to 192 F g−1 with NaNO3.
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| 20. |
- Schlee, Philipp, et al.
(författare)
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From waste to wealth : From kraft lignin to free-standing supercapacitors
- 2019
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Ingår i: Carbon. - : Elsevier BV. - 0008-6223 .- 1873-3891. ; 145, s. 470-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pure eucalyptus Kraft lignin derived carbon fiber mats were produced based on a model workflow. It covers the preparation and characterization of the lignin precursor and the carbon materials and its testing in the final application (supercapacitor). Sequential solvent extraction was employed to produce a eucalyptus Kraft lignin precursor which could be electrospun into lignin fibers without any additives. The fiber formation from low molecular weight lignin is assigned to strong intermolecular interactions via hydrogen bonding and π-π-stacking between individual lignin macromolecules which gives rise to association complexes in the electrospinning solution. By stabilization in air, carbonization in N2 and an activation step in CO2, free-standing microporous carbon fiber mats could be produced. These fiber mats possess mainly basic oxygen functional groups which proved to be beneficial when tested as free-standing electrodes in symmetric supercapacitors. Consequently, the CO2-activated fiber mats showed a high specific gravimetric capacitance of 155 F/g at 0.1 A/g, excellent rate capability with 113 F/g at 250 A/g and good capacitance retention of 94% after 6000 cycles when tested in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Therefore, we conclude that lignin itself is a promising precursor to produce microporous, oxygen functionalized carbon fibers serving as free-standing electrodes in aqueous supercapacitors.
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| 21. |
- Schlee, Philipp, et al.
(författare)
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Hardwood : versus softwood Kraft lignin-precursor-product relationships in the manufacture of porous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 8:44, s. 23543-23554
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The process of stabilization is essential in the production of carbon fibers from lignins. During stabilization, the initially thermoplastic lignin polymer is converted to a thermoset polymer allowing for high-temperature treatment without a change in shape. In this work, hardwood (HKL) and softwood (SKL) Kraft lignins were stabilized in air at temperatures between 190 and 340 °C before carbonization at 800 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Due to the differences in side-chain linkages, functional groups and molar mass, the lignins exhibit different structural changes upon stabilization and hence develop different porosities upon carbonization. Both lignins undergo major crosslinking reactions in the side chains at low temperatures and degradation reactions at high temperatures during stabilization. Crosslinking gives rise to narrow pore size distributions with mainly (sub-) nanometer pores, whereas degradation reactions lead to a more open pore structure with additional mesoporosity (>2 nm). When both types of reactions take place simultaneously, highly accessible (sub-) nanoporosity can be effectively created, which boosts the performance of supercapacitors operating in 6 M KOH(aq). This effect terminates when the crosslinking reactions cease and mainly degradation reactions take place, which occurs in HKL at 340 °C. SKL shows both a lower degree of crosslinking and degradation and hence develops less specific surface area. The optimum performance in an aqueous alkaline supercapacitor is achieved with HKL stabilized at 310 °C. It shows a specific gravimetric capacitance of 164 F g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 119 F g-1 at 250 A g-1 with a capacitance retention of more than 90% after 10 000 cycles.
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| 22. |
- Schweinebarth, Hannah, et al.
(författare)
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Lignin: evaluation of properties for applications
- 2015
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Ingår i: NWBC 2015. - Espoo : VTT. - 9789513883539 ; , s. 387-388
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Utilization of abundant lignin-rich natural resources will provide new revenue streams for today’s kraft pulp mills. Owing to its phenol-rich structure, Lignin is very versatile and has much potential for application in many areas, for example: as a foundation for bulk chemical production, for conversion to fuel products, a binder material, a fertilizer, anti-oxidant, as a precursor for carbon fibres and nanofibres and for activated carbons.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Tomani, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Learnings and Aspects on Kraft Lignin Separation and Valorisation
- 2022
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Ingår i: The 10th Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference. - Helsinki. - 9789513887728 ; , s. 29-29
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Process-integrated, continuous, separation of lignin from kraft pulp mills which results in a ligninwith low ash content (0.05-1 %) is relatively new technology compared to traditional kraft pulping subprocesses,like recovery boilers, lime kilns, white liquor preparation etc. The LignoBoost technology wasdemonstrated in 2007 and the first commercial full-scale process started in 2013, delivered to Domtarby Valmet. This means that this concept now has been in commercial scale operation for almost 10years. There is also an alternative commercialized concept available today from another supplier,NORAM International. The idea to integrate lignin separation into a kraft pulp mill is today quite provencommercial technology.This paper will discuss different learnings, experiences, from the early development of theLignoBoost process, which includes handling of the separated lignin followed by drying. The dustexplosion risk is relatively high for dry kraft lignin due to a high kst value – so the paper will also discussif there are opportunities to reduce this risk. The paper will also briefly discuss promising productsegments for kraft lignin.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Tomani, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Lignin removal from different black liquors
- 2012
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Ingår i: 2012 TAPPI PEERS Conference. - 9781622768448 ; , s. 835-843
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pulp mill biorefining is still a relatively young area in modern pulping R&D driven by megatrends such as increased costs for fossil oil and wood, but also increased competition on the pulp market. The need for new revenues is obvious if the pulp and paper industry is to maintain its strong position. Biorefining can simplified be defined as the efforts to reach as complete utilization of wood raw material as possible in a pulp mill to reach as high revenues as possible. A pulp mill producing chemical pulp is for several reasons an excellent an industrial platform for biorefining. The chemical pulp mill is able to produce relatively pure cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The focus in this paper is on separation of lignin from different types of black liquors, the behavior of these black liquors when they are treated according to the LignoBoost concept which we in this paper refer to as "The lignin separation process". Some properties of the separated lignin will also be briefly discussed. "The lignin separation process" is used to remove lignin from kraft/soda black liquors and it has been developed in cooperation between Innventia and Chalmers University of Technology. The technology was sold to Metso Power 2008 and it is now commercially available. Lignin separation, purification, modification and applications have a high priority in R&D work at our company.
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| 27. |
- Tomani, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Lignin separation from pulp mills and potential use in different applications
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pulp mill biorefining is still a relatively young area in modern pulping R&D driven by megatrends such as big variations in cost for fossil oil and increased cost for wood, but also increased competition on the pulp market. The need for new revenues is obvious if the pulp and paper industry is to maintain its strong position. Biorefining can simplified be defined as the efforts to reach as complete utilization of wood raw material as possible in a pulp mill to reach as high revenues as possible. A pulp mill producing chemical pulp is for several reasons an excellent an industrial platform for biorefining. The chemical pulp mill is able to produce relatively pure cellulose, hemicelluloseand lignin.Lignin removal from kraft black liquors has been developed to a commercial process (the LignoBoost process) in cooperation between Innventia and Chalmers University of Technology. The technology was sold to Valmet 2008 and there are now two full-scale installations in operation. One installation in USA by Domtar (25000 t/y) and one in Finland by Stora Enso (50000 t/y). Lignin separation, purification, modification and applications have since many years back in time a high priority in R&D work at Innventia. The focus for this poster is on separation of lignin from kraft pulp black liquors and the potential to use this ligninin different applications. Promising results have been obtained with for example industrial dispersing applications, activated carbon and carbon fibres.
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| 28. |
- Tomani, Per, et al.
(författare)
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The lignoboost process and use of lignin as a new bio-fuel
- 2009
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Ingår i: TAPPI Press - TAPPI Engineering, Pulping and Environmental Conference 2009 - Innovations in Energy, Fiber and Compliance. - : TAPPI Press. - 9781615677863 ; , s. 2347-2393
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A process for lignin removal from alkaline pulping liquors (black liquors) has been developed further in the FRAM2 R&D Program (Future Resource Adapted Pulp Mill, part 2). The lignin product from a demonstration plant, which is owned and operated by Innventia (formerly STFI-Packforsk), was characterized and used in different combustion trials with good results - a co-firing of lignin and bark in a fluidized bed boiler, a co-firing with coal in a PFBC boiler (Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion boiler) and a firing of lignin in a full-scale lime kiln. The process development and operation of the demonstration plant has displayed good results in many ways since 2007. Runnability in the demonstration plant and the lignin quality have both been very good. Work done on the investment and operational costs showed great potential for improving the concept of economy, which is already good.
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| 29. |
- Tomani, Per
(författare)
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The LignoCity initiative
- 2017
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Ingår i: The 7th Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference held in Stockholm, Sweden, 28-30 Mar. 2017. - Stockholm : RISE Bioekonomi. ; , s. 76-81
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The LignoCity Initiative is one of the existing test beds within the Environmental Technology topic, a part of "Testbed Sweden" and serves the need for infrastructure to upscale processes for lignin separation, purification and modification and/or lignin-based products and applications. The initiative offers help in the upscaling phase, with the aim of shortening the time to market for ideas. The main focus is to promote new lignin applications, although different new lignin separation unit operations and processes are other possible upscaling collaboration activities. The LignoCity test bed project operations are based at the site of the RISE LignoCity Demo AB facility, formerly LignoBoost Demo AB. The main equipment comprises two parallel precipitation lines where carbon dioxide is added and tank volumes for maturation of the precipitation with the aim of improving filtration properties. There are also two parallel vacuum belt filters for dewatering of lignin and one chamber press filter for filtration, washing and dewatering. There are also different storage tanks for chemicals and tank volumes for the process operation, as well as a computerised process control system. Examples of additional equipment usually rented for different studies include a pilot scale membrane filtration unit with ceramic membranes and a pilot scale centrifuge.
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| 30. |
- Tomani, Per
(författare)
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The LignoCity Initiative
- 2016
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Ingår i: Tappi PEERS 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An important step when developing new processes and products is upscaling, i.e., taking the innovation through the lab-, pilot-, and demo-scale stages. During the demo-scale stage, important strengths and weaknesses in what you are trying to develop are revealed, clearly defining the challenges you face. The LignoCity Initiative invites R&D&I participants to contribute to the fields of lignin separation, lignin upgrading/purification, and lignin applications by helping define and create an open innovation site for upscaling new ideas.. The place offering these opportunities is the same site where the LignoBoost process was demonstrated. It provides a very flexibleenvironment where different processes or unit operations along different lignin value-chains can be up-scaled. The region and municipality where the site is located, as well as the regional university and local, regional, national and international companies are involved as partners in the LignoCity Initiative.
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| 31. |
- Uhlin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Kraft lignin based carbon fibres
- 2017
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Ingår i: The 7th Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference held in Stockholm, Sweden, 28-30 Mar. 2017. - Stockholm : RISE Bioekonomi. - 9789186018207 ; , s. 258-259
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has been carried out at RISE Bioeconomy into converting lignin to carbon fibres, focusing on melt spinning of kraft lignin to filaments, which were subsequently converted to carbon fibres. New equipment has been installed to improve the properties of the lignin based carbon fibres and now it is possible to produce carbon fibres with equal or even better properties compared with published data on lignin based carbon fibres. For a melt spun softwood kraft lignin that was converted to carbon fibres, the tensile strength had an average value of 952MPa, while the Young's modulus average value was 69GPa. A toy car demonstrator has been produced in a project financed by the Bioinnovation, a research programme by VINNOVA, Formas and the Swedish Energy Agency. The existing roof of the car was replaced with one consisting of a carbon fibre composite, in which the carbon fibres were made of 100% softwood kraft lignin. A lithium ion battery as also installed into the toy car, having a negative electrode containing lignin based carbon fibres
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| 32. |
- Vähä-Savo, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Combustion properties of reduced-lignin black liquors
- 2014
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Ingår i: TAPPI Journal. - : TAPPI Press. - 0734-1415. ; 13:8, s. 81-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing interest in production of green chemicals and biofuels from biomass provides an incentive for pulp mills to identify new possibilities in recovering more wood components from the pulping process. One possibility is to use lignin, separated from black liquor. We undertook this work to determine the combustion properties of reduced-lignin black liquors-two kraft liquors and one soda liquor-in a laboratory-scale, single-particle furnace. The combustion times, maximum swollen volume, nitric oxide formation, cyanate formation, and sulfur release were measured for the original liquors, the filtrates, and intermediate levels of lignin reduction. Combustion experiments were conducted at 900°C in 10% oxygen. Cyanate formation experiments were carried out by pyrolyzing the droplets at 800°C in 100% nitrogen to form a char. The chars were then gasified at 800°C in a 13% carbon dioxide/87% nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the smelt. Sulfur release was studied by pyrolyzing the samples at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 900°C. Liquors with the lowest lignin content had a smaller maximum swollen volume than the original sample. The devolatilization time was not affected by the lignin removal to any great extent, but lignin removal did have a clear effect on the char burning time. The amount of formed nitric oxide (g N/kg black liquor solids) remained constant or decreased slightly with increasing lignin removal in the kraft liquor samples, while for the soda samples the amount of nitric oxide formed increased. The amount of cyanate decreased clearly when comparing the samples with lowest lignin content to the original liquor samples. The peak sulfur release occurred at 500°C for both kraft liquors. In almost all experiments, the share of sulfur released was highest for the original samples and lowest for the sample with lowest lignin content. These results provide new data on combustion properties for reduced-lignin black liquors and indicate that for lignin removal levels up to about 20%, no significant changes are expected in the combustion behavior. Application: This work will help mills identify the effect of lignin precipitation on combustion properties of black liquor.
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| 33. |
- Ziesig, Rufus, et al.
(författare)
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Production of a pure lignin product : part 1: distribution and removal of inorganics in Eucalyptus Globulus kraft lignin
- 2013
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Ingår i: 2013 PEERS Conference, Co-located with the 2013 International Bioenergy and Bioproducts Conference. - 9781510801318 ; 1, s. 726-773
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The LignoBoost process is a recently commercialized process for separation of lignin from krafl cooking black liquor. It is believed that future high value lignin-based products, such as carbon fibers, will require a lignin raw material essentially free from inorganic impurities. This work focuses on the effect of different process parameters on the content of inorganic impurities in the final LignoBoost lignin, produced from a black liquor from pulping of Eucalyptus Globulus. Attention has been paid to the distribution of the inorganics Na, K, Ca, Al, Mn, Mg, Si and Fe. It was found that, by applying low precipitation pH, the amounts of Ca, Al, Mn, Mg, Si and Fe in the lignin product could be slightly reduced. By reducing the re-suspension pH and wash pH to low levels the ash content could be greatly reduced, primarily due to the dissolution of Ca-oxalate particles present in the lignin. Repeated re-suspension was followed by washing results in a lignin with considerably lower Na and K content. By slightly increasing the retention time in the re-suspension stage, the content of Mg, Al, Mn, Si and Fe could be reduced by -50%.
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| 34. |
- Ziesig, Rufus, et al.
(författare)
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Production of a pure lignin product, part 1 : Distribution and removal of inorganics in Eucalyptus globulus kraft lignin
- 2014
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Ingår i: TAPPI Journal. - 0734-1415. ; 13:3, s. 65-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future high-value, lignin-based products, such as carbon fibers, are expected to require a lignin raw material essentially free from inorganic impurities. Lignin of low inorganic content can be separated from kraft black liquor by the LignoBoost process. This laboratory scale study focuses on the effect of different process parameters, such as final precipitation pH and resuspension pH, on the content of inorganic impurities in the processed lignin. Black liquor from pulping of Eucalyptus globulus was used in this study. Specific attention has been paid to the distribution of the inorganics aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), potassium (K), silicon (Si), and sodium (Na). By lowering the resuspension pH and wash pH to 1.5, the ash content could be greatly reduced, primarily because of the dissolution of calcium-oxalate (Ca-oxalate) particles present in the lignin. By slightly increasing the retention time in the resuspension stage, the content of Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Si could be reduced by approximately 50%. Repeated resuspension followed by washing resulted in a lignin with very low Na and K content. The total amount of inorganics could be reduced from 5.7 g/kg lignin to 0.6 g/kg lignin by combining a low resuspension/wash pH and a repeated resuspension and wash. Application: The results of this study can be used as guidelines on how to design and operate lignin separation plants to produce lignin that is more pure.
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| 35. |
- Ziesig, Rufus, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Production of a pure lignin product part 1, distribution and removal of inorganics from Eucalyptus globulus kraft lignin
- 2014
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Ingår i: Tappi Journal. - 0734-1415. ; 13:3, s. 65-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Future high value lignin-based products, such as carbon fibers, are expected to require a lignin raw material essentially free from inorganic impurities. Lignin of low inorganic content can be separated from kraft black liquor by the LignoBoost process. This laboratory scale study focuses on the effect of different process parameters, such as final precipitation pH and re-suspension pH, on the content of inorganic impurities in the LignoBoost lignin. Black liquor from pulping of Eucalyptus globulus was used in this study. Specific attention has been paid to the distribution of the inorganics Na, K, Ca, Al, Mn, Mg, Si and Fe. It was found that by lowering the re-suspension pH and wash pH to 1.5 the ash content could be greatly reduced, primarily due to the dissolution of Ca-oxalate particles present in the lignin. By slightly increasing the retention time in the re-suspension stage, the content of Mg, Al, Mn, Si and Fe could be reduced by approximately 50 %. Repeated re-suspension followed by washing resulted in a lignin with very low Na and K content. The total amount of inorganics could be reduced from 5.7 g/kg lignin to 0.6 g/kg lignin by combining a low re-suspension/wash pH and a repeated re-suspension and wash.
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| 36. |
- Ziesig, Rufus, et al.
(författare)
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Production of a pure lignin product, Part 3 : Distribution and removal of inorganics from softwood lignin
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 30:2, s. 199-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future high value lignin-based products, such as carbon fibers, require a lignin raw material essentially free from inorganic impurities. Lignin of low inorganic content can be separated from kraft black liquor by the LignoBoost process. This laboratory scale study focuses on the effect of process parameters, such as pH and retention time in re-suspension, on the content of inorganic impurities in the LignoBoost lignin. Black liquor from pulping of softwood was used in this study. Specific attention was paid to the elements Na, K, Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn and Si. It was found that the softwood lignin contained significantly less Ca, resulting in lower ash content, than eucalyptus lignin separated in earlier studies made in this series. Inorganic particles, containing for example Ca-O and Na-Al-Si, were observed in the washed lignin. Prolonged retention time in the re-suspension stage reduced the content of Ca, Mn, Mg, Fe and Si in the washed lignin. A reduction of the content by 30-50% after 24 h was possible. The rate at which these elements are removed from the agglomerates was found to be dependent on the mixing conditions, which indicates that the mass transfer in the liquid film around the particles is of importance for the total mass transfer resistance.
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| 37. |
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