| 1. |
- Brod, E, et al.
(författare)
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Unbalanced nutrient ratios in pelleted compound recycling fertilizers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Soil use and management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 34:1, s. 18-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to contribute to the development of pelleted compound recycling fertilizers with favourable handling and spreading characteristics and balanced nutrient ratios by combining nitrogen (N)- and phosphorus (P)-rich waste resources (meat bone meal, fish sludge or food waste) with potassium (K)-rich bottom wood ash. Pelleted compound recycling fertilizers with good durability and low dusting tendency were produced by roll-pelleting preheated waste resources at a suitable moisture content. However, the nutrient ratios in the final products were insufficiently balanced, with too low N concentrations relative to P and K to meet crop demands. In a bioassay using barley (Hordeum vulgare) and a nutrient-deficient sand/peat mixture, the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of pelleted compound recycling fertilizers and reference recycling fertilizers was 22-42% of that of mineral compound fertilizer. Growth limitation was due to reduced N availability (mineral fertilizer equivalent - MFE=35-57%) or reduced P availability (MFE=20-115%), with the greatest P fertilizer value obtained for digestate based on dairy manure and fish sludge. Availability of K in bottom wood ash was masked by the experimental soil.
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| 2. |
- Celaya Romeo, Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Pyrolysis oil based fuel emulsions for marine engines
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. ; , s. 1740-1745
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is reducing the allowed amount of sulphur in marine fuels and these reductions will continue in the future. Bio-oil is a sulphur-free liquid fuel and it constitutes a potential biofuel for the marine sector because it may be produced at industrial scale through pyrolysis of residues coming from the wood processing industry. Due to some of its challenging characteristics, it cannot substitute conventional fuels directly or be blended with them, but it might be used as a component of an emulsified drop-in fuel. The objective of this work is to determine the best conditions to produce an emulsified marine drop-in fuel. These conditions include the percentages of each component (marine gas oil or biodiesel, bio-oil, surfactant, type and combination of surfactants and the hydrophilic-lipophilic value (HLB) of the surfactant blend. Stability of the emulsions has been analysed by light scattering and visual observation at different times. This work forms part of the ReShip Project partly funded by the Research Council of Norway (The ENERGIX programme).
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| 3. |
- Celaya Romeo, Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Re-homogenization of phase separated forest residue pyrolysis oil by blending
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 163, s. 60-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The wood processing industry generates large amounts of forest residues like branches and tops which represent a significant unexploited resource for sustainable biofuel production. A feasible thermochemical route to valorise these residues is fast pyrolysis. However, the main product of this technology, pyrolysis oil or bio-oil, shows several disadvantages in comparison with conventional fuels. One of the main drawbacks of bio-oil is its instability which results in liquid phase separation in many cases. The purpose of this study is to verify whether homogenous single-phase heating fuels for district heating etc. can be formed from aged, phase separated forest residue pyrolysis oils by blending. Aged, phase separated pyrolysis oils were blended with either methanol or 1-butanol and the amount of alcohol needed to form homogeneous and storage stable fuel blends was evaluated. Homogeneity of the fuel blends was analysed by water concentration profile analysis and image analysis. Storage stability was analysed by analysing homogeneity as function of storage time. Essential fuel characteristics were analysed. The results revealed that phase separated forest residue pyrolysis oil can be homogenized by adding moderate amounts of alcohol and that some of the blends are stable longer than two months. Alcohol addition also improves essential product properties for pyrolysis oils as heating fuels. This work forms part of the ReShip Project partly funded by the Research Council of Norway (The ENERGIX programme).
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| 4. |
- Gulbrandsen, Torea A., et al.
(författare)
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Extracting hemicelluloses from softwood and bagasse as oligosaccharides using pure water and microwave heating
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. - : Editura Academiei Romane. - 0576-9787. ; 49:2, s. 117-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the study was to identify conditions for hemicelluloses extraction in oligomeric form. Using microwave assisted hot water extraction (HWE), the effects of both retention time and temperature on hemicelluloses yields, as well as the degree of polymerization (DP) as analyzed by SEC-MALLS, were investigated using both softwood (sawmill shavings) and sugarcane bagasse. The results are discussed in the light of the unavoidable yield-DP compromise resulting from the application of batch mode operations. Nevertheless, significant differences between the two raw materials could be observed, as expected. For softwood shavings, data interpolation indicated that about 50% of the hemicelluloses could be obtained as oligomers at an average DP of 30 when extracted at 183 °C for 5 minutes. For bagasse, longer extraction times seemed optimal. After hot water extraction at 183 °C for 12 minutes, about 62% of the bagasse hemicelluloses were extracted as oligomers at an average DP of about 100.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hii, Collin, et al.
(författare)
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The web structure in relation to the furnish composition and shoe press pulse profiles during wet pressing
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 27:4, s. 798-805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study shows that wet-pressing TMP and DIP with a shoe press pulse may yield similar after-press solids, provided that an adequate shoe pulse length with similar pressure profile is applied. A wet web with more porous structure in the sheet dewatering (felt) layer seems to contribute to the increased dewatering during wet pressing. In addition, a shoe press pulse with high peak pressure at the end yields higher solids content after wet-pressing and higher bulk compared to a pulse with a peak pressure in the beginning. The increased dewatering during wet-pressing implies a reduction of steam consumption in the dryer.
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| 7. |
- Kaombe, Divina D., et al.
(författare)
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Turbiscan as a tool for studying the phase separation tendency of pyrolysis oil
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 27:3, s. 1446-1452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the main obstacles in using pyrolysis oils in heat and power applications is their instability upon storage, which leads to unacceptable quality, from the end user's point of view. Because of the opaque nature of pyrolysis oils, there are presently many challenges associated with determining their stability. Thus, techniques are needed for the characterization of the phase separation of pyrolysis oils, as well as determining the underlying mechanisms of their instability. Here, we present the application of the Turbiscan technique for the evaluation of phase separation tendency of pyrolysis oils over a period of 24 h at various temperatures, compared to the Karl Fischer method. A well-stored pyrolysis oil from poplar wood and fresh pyrolysis oil from forest residue were used for the investigation. For each of the oils, one batch was diluted with water in order to force phase separation, and a second batch was used without dilution. The study reveals that the Turbiscan technique makes it possible to study several aspects of phase separation in a single experiment; such as sedimentation, clarification, migration velocity and phase fraction. The advantages and potential limitation of the Turbiscan technique are discussed.
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| 8. |
- Li, Jiebing, et al.
(författare)
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Elucidation and Quantification of Pseudolignin Structures Formed during Steam Explosion
- 2008
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PULPING, PAPERMAKING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. - NANJING : NANJING FORESTRY UNIV. - 9789881768223 ; , s. 631-636
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Structural characterization of the lignin obtained in a biomass-to-ethanol process is of importance for the lignin utilization which is in turn economically critical for the process. For steam explosion lignins, it has been found that there is a noticeable amount of pseudolignin structures present, appearing as two unique peaks in 2D HSQC NMR. The structures were elucidated as the condensed structures between lignin with furfural and with hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) via a double bond connection. All isolated steam explosion lignins contain the structures in a quantity of 1 to 4 furan nuclei per 100 lignin C6 units.
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| 9. |
- Li, Jiebing, et al.
(författare)
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Steam explosion lignins; their extraction, structure and potential as feedstock for biodiesel and chemicals
- 2009
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 100:9, s. 2556-2561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, a steam explosion wood pre-treatment process, optimized earlier with respect to ethanol production, has been applied to both softwoods (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) and hardwoods (Betula verrucosa and Populus tremula). The alkaline extractable lignins have then been isolated to investigate lignin separation efficiency and lignin structure and to evaluate their potential for producing value-added products, such as biodiesel components or chemicals, in terms of the purity, molecular size, functional groups, beta-O-4' inter-unit linkage content, and degradability in a subsequent processing treatment. The mechanism of lignin modification and possible improvements to the steam explosion pre-treatment process are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Ruwoldt, Jost, et al.
(författare)
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Alternative wood treatment with blends of linseed oil, alcohols and pyrolysis oil
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. - : KeAi Communications Co.. - 2369-9698. ; 7:4, s. 278-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Linseed oil is a common wood treatment agent, which is often blended with naphthenic oil during its application. In this study, we developed new types of linseed oil blends, where the naphthenic oil was substituted with alcohols and pyrolysis oil. As miscibility tests revealed, linseed oil can be blended indefinitely with primary alcohols containing three carbon atoms or more. In addition, kinetic stability of three-component-mixtures was found, which comprised linseed oil, alcohol and pyrolysis oil. The developed blends were further tested for their viscosity and rate of solvent evaporation. At last, trial impregnations of wood were done to test this new treatment agent. The uptake of treatment oil and the effect on water repellency varied, and substituting white spirit with propanol and pyrolysis oil showed potential. The latter were miscible with 50% (wt) linseed oil at concentrations of 37.5% 1- or 2-propanol and 12.5% pyrolysis oil. Compared with the reference case, treatment with this agent markedly decreased the water-uptake of the wood. Our study hence attributes great potential to the newly developed linseed oil blends, which may introduce additional product characteristics and generate value to byproducts via pyrolysis. © 2022 The Author(s)
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- van der Wijst, Cornelis, et al.
(författare)
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Improving carbon product yields in biocarbon production by combining pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion
- 2021
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : North Carolina State University, Dep. of Wood and Paper Science. - 1930-2126. ; 16:2, s. 3964-3977
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solid carbon is an important raw material in industrial processes. Most of the charcoal produced today is via conventional carbonization, which suffers from huge carbon losses due to system inefficiency. Intermediate pyrolysis is principally similar to conventional carbonization and produces biocarbon while capturing the off gasses; among these off gasses is aqueous condensate, which is difficult to utilize due to the high water content and low energy content. This fraction can contain up to 25% of the carbon from feedstock, so utilization of this fraction is important for good overall carbon balance. Anaerobic digestion can be a promising tool for utilizing the carbon in the aqueous condensate by converting it into biomethane. Here, birch and spruce wood were pyrolyzed and the biomethane potential for the aqueous condensates was tested. The mass and carbon balances of the pyrolysis products of birch and spruce at two pyrolysis temperatures were performed, and biocarbon carbon yields ranging from 42% to 54% were obtained. Anaerobic digestion of the aqueous phases collected from the pyrolysis process was performed, with carbon recovery yields between 44% and 59%. A total carbon recovery of 77.8% to 85.7% was obtained, and the primary carbon losses were identified.
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