| 1. |
- Kattge, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:1, s. 119-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Van, den Berg M, et al.
(författare)
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Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife
- 1998
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Ingår i: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES. - : US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. ; 106:12, s. 775-792
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An expert meeting was organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and held in Stockholm on 15-18 June 1997. The objective of this meeting was to derive consensus toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and diben
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Upadhyayula, Venkata Krishna Kumar, et al.
(författare)
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Wind Turbine Blades Using Recycled Carbon Fibers : An Environmental Assessment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 56:2, s. 1267-1277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polymers reinforced with virgin carbon fibers (VCF) are being used to make spar caps of wind turbine (WT) blades and polymers with glass fibers (GF) to make skins of the blade components. Here, we assess the life cycle environmental performance of the hybrid blades with spar caps based on VCF and the shells and shear webs based on RCF (recycled CF) composites (RCF-hybrid). The production of the WT blades and associated reinforced polymers is assumed to occur in Sweden, with their uses and end-of-life management in the European region. The functional unit is equivalent to three blades in an offshore WT with the market incumbent blades solely based on the GF composite or the hybrid option. The RCF-hybrid blades offer 12-89% better environmental performance in nine out of 10 impact categories and 6-26% better in six out of 10 impact categories. The RCF-hybrid blades exhibit optimum environmental performance when the VCF manufacturing facilities are equipped with pollution abatement systems including regenerative thermal oxidizers to reduce ammonia and hydrogen cyanide emissions; spar caps are made using VCF epoxy composites through pultrusion and resin infusion molding, and the blade scrap is mechanically recycled at the end of life. The energy and carbon payback times for the RCF-hybrid blades were found to be 5-13% lower than those of the market incumbents.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Microbial food web changes induced by terrestrial organic matter and elevated temperature in the coastal northern Baltic Sea
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-7745. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change has been projected to cause increased temperature and amplified inflows of terrestrial organic matter to coastal areas in northern Europe. Consequently, changes at the base of the food web favoring heterotrophic bacteria over phytoplankton are expected, affecting the food web structure. We tested this hypothesis using an outdoor shallow mesocosm system in the northern Baltic Sea in early summer, where the effects of increased temperature (+ 3°C) and terrestrial matter inputs were studied following the system dynamics and conducting grazing experiments. Juvenile perch constituted the highest trophic level in the system, which exerted strong predation on the zooplankton community. Perch subsequently released the microbial food web from heavy grazing by mesozooplankton. Addition of terrestrial matter had a stronger effect on the microbial food web than the temperature increase, because terrestrial organic matter and accompanying nutrients promoted both heterotrophic bacterial production and phytoplankton primary production. Moreover, due to the shallow water column in the experiment, terrestrial matter addition did not reduce the light below the photosynthesis saturation level, and in these conditions, the net-autotrophy was strengthened by terrestrial matter enrichment. In combination with elevated temperature, the terrestrial matter addition effects were intensified, further shifting the size distribution of the microbial food web base from picoplankton to microphytoplankton. These changes up the food web led to increase in the biomass and proportion of large-sized ciliates (>60 µm) and rotifers. Despite the shifts in the microbial food web size structure, grazing experiments suggested that the pathway from picoplankton to nano- and microzooplankton constituted the major energy flow in all treatments. The study implies that the microbial food web compartments in shallow coastal waters will adjust to climate induced increased inputs of terrestrial matter and elevated temperature, and that the major energy path will flow from picoplankton to large-sized ciliates during the summer period.
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| 8. |
- Berglund, Åsa M. M., 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects on the food-web structure and bioaccumulation patterns of organic contaminants in a climate-altered Bothnian Sea mesocosms
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-7745. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is expected to alter global temperature and precipitation patterns resulting in complex environmental impacts. The proposed higher precipitation in northern Scandinavia would increase runoff from land, hence increase the inflow of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM) in coastal regions. This could promote heterotrophic bacterial production and shift the food web structure, by favoring the microbial food web. The altered climate is also expected to affect transport and availability of organic micropollutants (MPs), with downstream effects on exposure and accumulation in biota. This study aimed to assess climate-induced changes in a Bothnian Sea food web structure as well as bioaccumulation patterns of MPs. We performed a mesocosms-study, focusing on aquatic food webs with fish as top predator. Alongside increased temperature, mesocosm treatments included tDOM and MP addition. The tDOM addition affected nutrient availability and boosted both phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria in our fairly shallow mesocosms. The increased tDOM further benefitted flagellates, ciliates and mesozooplankton, while the temperature increase and MP addition had minor effect on those organism groups. Temperature, on the other hand, had a negative impact on fish growth and survival, whereas tDOM and MP addition only had minor impact on fish. Moreover, there were indications that bioaccumulation of MPs in fish either increased with tDOM addition or decreased at higher temperatures. If there was an impact on bioaccumulation, moderately lipophilic MPs (log Kow 3.6 - 4.6) were generally affected by tDOM addition and more lipophilic MPs (log Kow 3.8 to 6.4) were generally affected by increased temperature. This study suggest that both increased temperatures and addition of tDOM likely will affect bioaccumulation patterns of MPs in shallow coastal regions, albeit with counteracting effects.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Rodríguez, Juanjo, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Organic Pollutants on Bacterial Communities Under Future Climate Change Scenarios
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-302X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal ecosystems are highly dynamic and can be strongly influenced by climate change, anthropogenic activities (e.g. pollution) and a combination of the two pressures. As a result of climate change, the northern hemisphere is predicted to undergo an increased precipitation regime, leading in turn to higher terrestrial runoff and increased river inflow. This increased runoff will transfer terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM) and anthropogenic contaminants to coastal waters. Such changes can directly influence the resident biology, particularly at the base of the food web, and can influence the partitioning of contaminants and thus their potential impact on the food web. Bacteria have been shown to respond to high tDOM concentration and organic pollutants loads, and could represent the entry of some pollutants into coastal food webs. We carried out a mesocosm experiment to determine the effects of: 1) increased tDOM concentration, 2) organic pollutant exposure, and 3) the combined effect of these two factors, on pelagic bacterial communities. This study showed significant responses in bacterial community composition under the three environmental perturbations tested. The addition of tDOM increased bacterial activity and diversity, while the addition of organic pollutants led to an overall reduction of these parameters, particularly under concurrent elevated tDOM concentration. Furthermore, we identified 33 bacterial taxa contributing to the significant differences observed in community composition, as well as 35 bacterial taxa which responded differently to extended exposure to organic pollutants. These findings point to the potential impact of organic pollutants under future climate change conditions on the basal coastal ecosystem, as well as to the potential utility of natural bacterial communities as efficient indicators of environmental disturbance.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Van der Burght, A S A M, et al.
(författare)
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Structure dependent induction of CYP1A by polychlorinated biphenyls in hepatocytes of male castrated pigs
- 2000
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. ; 41:10, s. 1697-1708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hepatocytes cultures prepared from castrated pig hepatocytes (Great YorkshirexDutch Landrace), as a model for human liver, were used to study the effect of twenty polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on CYP1A activity, measured as the dealkylation of either ethoxyresorufin or methoxyresorufin. The selection of the PCBs was based on their differences in physico-chemical properties. The non-ortho and mono-ortho substituted PCBs were the most potent CYP1A inducers in pig hepatocytes. In addition, several multiple-ortho substituted congeners, with five or more chlorine atoms, were inducers of CYP1A activity as well. Their relative effect potencies (REP) were proximately 10,000 times lower than the most potent congener, 3,3',4,4',5 PeCB (PCB#126). Using partial least-squares (PLS) modeling, predictions of CYP1A activity could be made for all tetra to hepta substituted congeners. Several multiple-ortho substituted PCBs, which are highly abundant in the biotic and abiotic environment, have been found to induce CYP1A activity in pig hepatocytes. Because induction of CYP1A activity is used as biomarker for Ah-receptor mediated responses, it is suggested to include these congeners in future risk assessment.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Yacout, Dalia M.M., et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of forest-based biofuels for Arctic marine shipping
- 2021
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International shipping in the Arctic region is one of the key contributors to changes in the region due to the generated air emissions from marine fuels combustion, usage of forest-based biofuels as an alternative to conventional fossil fuels in marine shipping seem as an attractive alternative. However, a system analysis perspective is needed to ensure its sustainability. Life cycle assessment was used to estimate the environmental impacts of the production and use of two forest-based biofuels. These fuels, biodiesel and bioethanol, were derived from pulp and paper mills for use by marine shipping. They were compared to fossil fuels currently used by the marine shipping industry, those being Marine Gas Oil (MGO) and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). Future projection scenarios in 2030 and 2050 for estimating the environmental impacts of a transition from fossil fuels to biofuels in Arctic shipping were studied as well. The results indicate that a holistic view is very important for biofuel use. The production and use of forest-based bioethanol (BE) had a significantly lower impact on climate change (CC) potential, but had a higher impact on Human toxicity non-cancer effects (HTX), Human toxicity cancer effects (CE), Particulate matter (PM), Photochemical ozone formation (POF), Acidification potential (AP), Terrestrial eutrophication (TE), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Marine eutrophication (ME) and Freshwater Ecotoxicity (FEC). Replacing HFO with forest-based biodiesel reduced the potential AP by 55%. It also had a lower impact on the categories CC, PM, POF, TE, ME and FEC. Furthermore, a reduction in emissions generated by shipping in the Arctic and a better overall environmental performance can be achieved by using blends of MGO with BE.
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| 19. |
- Yacout, Dalia M. M., et al.
(författare)
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Socio-economic implications of forest-based biofuels for marine transportation in the Arctic : Sweden as a case study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Climate. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-9553. ; 6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arctic melting is an effect of climate change; the use of fossil fuels in marine shipping emits large amounts of air emissions that impact climate change, and Arctic aquatic and human life. Swedish pulp and paper mills generate large amounts of waste and side streams that could be utilized. The production of forest-based biofuel may be a promising solution to achieve sustainable Arctic marine shipping. This review highlights the socio-economic impacts associated with the production of forest-based biofuel in Sweden, the related opportunities, challenges, knowledge gaps, and further need of research. From the economic perspective, it was found that the production and use of forest-based biofuel have short and long-term economic sustainability benefits: (a) short-term benefits, the use of the waste and side streams of the pulp and paper industry is a low-cost available feedstock, unlike first-generation biofuel from crops like corn forest-based biofuels neither require additional land use, water resources nor compete with food. (b) Long-term benefits: (i) the Swedish shipping sector depends on imported fossil fuels, these new biofuels can replace partly those imported fossil fuels that will reduce shipping costs, and generate economic benefits for local consumers. (ii) Usage of forest-based biofuels as blends with conventional fuels in existing engines will reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the Arctic shipping to the set limits in the region. (iii) One of the important socio-economic impacts of forest-based biofuel production and use is the new job creation and employment opportunities that will impact the local communities and livelihoods of indigenous people in the area. From a societal perspective, stakeholder involvement is essential to address the sustainability challenges of biofuel production: EU policymakers need to encourage the production and use of biofuels by developing policies that promote biofuel use. Further studies are needed to develop more efficient and low-cost biofuel production routes, more investments in related research and development are required as well. Local indigenous communities must be involved in the decision-making process through surveys, local dialogues, and research studies. The production of forest-based biofuels has great potential and many social-economic impacts alongside the environmental benefits.
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| 20. |
- Yadav, Pooja, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Impact and Environmental Cost Assessment of Methanol Production from wood biomass
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 265:Part A
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing demand for biofuel production and global competition for the use of natural resources are key factors in finding new and environmentally safe routes for methanol production. In the present study, life cycle assessment was used to analyse the potential environmental impact and environmental cost of a novel methanol production process from wood compared to a conventional processes. Both the novel and the conventional process were divided into three stages: pre-treatment, gasification, and syngas cleaning and methanol synthesis. The environmental impacts were assessed and compared using Simapro 9 (ecoinvent 3.5 database) and the ReCiPe 2016 (World-H) midpoint method. The results, expressed per tonne methanol, showed that the impact categories of global warming potential (GWP) and marine ecotoxicity potential were lower in the novel process in comparison to the conventional process (48.2 kg CO2 eq. vs. 63.1 kg CO2 eq., and 4.55 kg 1,4-DCB vs. 6.35 kg 1,4-DCB respectively). However, the novel process had a higher environmental impact in the pre-treatment stage. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the GWP of the novel process increased from 48.2 kg CO2 eq. to 216 kg CO2 eq. due to the replacement of Na2CO3 by K2CO3. The human toxicity impact categories showed significant impact on environmental cost. These findings will help relevant industries to reduce their environmental impact and improve the production efficiency of methanol from wood.
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| 21. |
- Andersson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Multivariate modeling of polychlorinated biphenyl-induced CYP1A activity in hepatocytes from three different species : ranking scales and species differences
- 2000
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 19:5, s. 1454-1463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cytochrome P4501A–induced activity of 20 selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was evaluated by measuring ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase activities induced in the hepatocytes of cynomolgus monkeys, male castrated pigs, and chicken embryos. Quantitative structure-activity relationships have been established, including 52 physi-cochemical parameters and different measures of the dose-response curves. Relative effect potencies are predicted for the 154 tetra-to hepta-PCBs and reported for the most potent congeners according to both EC50 and maximal response values. Important physicochemical parameters of the PCBs as related to the modeled activity are parts of their ultraviolet absorption spectra, the Henry's law constant, the ionization potential, and the octanol-water partition coefficient. Interspecies differences were found in terms of varied sensitivity to different structural subgroups of the compounds. The chicken hepatocyte assay showed the most specific structure-activity relationship, with high activity for the non-ortho PCBs, whereas the pig hepatocytes responded even for some di- to tetra-ortho PCBs. An interspecies response, the principal induction potency, is presented for the 41 most potent PCBs. These responses showed strong correlation with the toxic equivalency factors and are likely to be useful in risk assessment of the compounds.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Bidleman, Terry F., et al.
(författare)
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Sea-air exchange of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenylethers in the Northern Baltic
- 2016
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 112:1-2, s. 58-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Halogenated natural products in biota of the Baltic Sea include bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). We identified biogenic 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2'-MeO-BDE68 in Baltic water and air for the first time using gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry. Partial pressures in air were related to temperature by: log p/Pa=m/T(K)+b. We determined Henry's law constants (HLCs) of 2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DiBA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TriBA) from 5 to 30°C and revised our assessment of gas exchange in the northern Baltic. The new water/air fugacity ratios (FRs) were lower, but still indicated net volatilization in May-June for 2,4-DiBA and May - September for 2,4,6-TriBA. The net flux (negative) of BAs from Bothnian Bay (38,000km2) between May - September was revised from -1319 to -532kg. FRs of MeO-BDEs were >1, suggesting volatilization, although this is tentative due to uncertainties in their HLCs and binding to dissolved organic carbon.
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| 24. |
- Cerveny, D., et al.
(författare)
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Neuroactive drugs and other pharmaceuticals found in blood plasma of wild European fish
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To gain a better understanding of which pharmaceuticals could pose a risk to fish, 94 pharmaceuticals representing 23 classes were analyzed in blood plasma from wild bream, chub, and roach captured at 18 sites in Germany, the Czech Republic and the UK, respectively. Based on read across from humans, we evaluated the risks of pharmacological effects occurring in the fish for each measured pharmaceutical. Twenty-three compounds were found in fish plasma, with the highest levels measured in chub from the Czech Republic. None of the German bream had detectable levels of pharmaceuticals, whereas roach from the Thames had mostly low concentrations. For two pharmaceuticals, four individual Czech fish had plasma concentrations higher than the concentrations reached in the blood of human patients taking the corresponding medication. For nine additional compounds, determined concentrations exceeded 10% of the corresponding human therapeutic plasma concentration in 12 fish. The majority of the pharmaceuticals where a clear risk for pharmacological effects was identified targets the central nervous system. These include e.g. flupentixol, haloperidol, and risperidone, all of which have the potential to affect fish behavior. In addition to identifying pharmaceuticals of environmental concern, the results emphasize the value of environmental monitoring of internal drug levels in aquatic wildlife, as well as the need for more research to establish concentration-response relationships. © 2020 The Author(s)
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| 25. |
- Fick, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Selection of antibiotics : A chemometric approach
- 2004
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Ingår i: 4th International Conference on Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water, Minneapolis, USA. ; , s. 143-50
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Holmstrand, H., et al.
(författare)
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Origin of PCDDs in ball clay assessed with compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 40:12, s. 3730-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) of high concentrations in a ball clay deposit from the Mississippi Embayment were found to be consistent with a natural abiotic and non-pyrogenic origin by investigation with bulk radiocarbon analysis, compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis (CSIA-delta37Cl) of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), and black carbon (BC) analysis. The conventional radiocarbon date of total organic carbon from a depth of approximately 10 m in three parallel cores ranged from 14 700 years to >48 000 years, indicating that the strata with elevated levels of PCDDs have remained isolated from recent anthropogenic input in these >40 Ma old clay sediments. The CSIA-delta37Cl of OCDD yielded a delta37Cl of -0.2 per thousandth, which is significantly higher than the postulated range for biotic chlorination by chloroperoxidase enzymes, -11 to -10 per thousandth, and falls within the known range for abiotic organochlorines, -6 to +3 per thousandth. The absence of correlations between concentrations of PCDDs and corresponding pyrogenic black carbon (BC), together with estimations of BC sorptive loadings and the absence of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), suggest that vegetation fires did not form these ball-clay PCDDs. Results from this study indicate that the high levels of the toxic and carcinogenic PCDDs found in kaolinite-bearing clays may result from natural abiotic formation via in situ surface-promoted reactions on the clay mineral, including a so-far unknown organic precursor, rather than being the result of anthropogenic contamination.
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| 28. |
- Knekta, E, et al.
(författare)
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An overview of OSPAR priority compounds and selection of a representative training set
- 2004
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 57:10, s. 1495-1503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of our study was to chemically characterize a set of priority substances in order to systematically select a representative set of heterogeneous substances for experimental studies of their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT). By including structurally diverse compounds in a PBT-screening protocol, structure-based knowledge would be achieved as a basis for more detailed studies of specific compounds from certain regions of the chemical domain. Initially compounds on the Draft Preliminary List of Substances of Possible Concern presented by the Oslo & Paris Commission (OSPAR) were subjected to broad chemical characterization using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Molecular weight and seven physico-chemical descriptors collected from the literature, five calculated properties and 25 constitutional descriptors were used in this characterization. The OSPAR list represents a broad spectrum of substances, and thus provides a good basis for selecting heterogeneous substances. D-optimal design was applied to the first four principal components derived in the PCA. In total, 19 structurally diverse substances were chosen as representatives of the chemical domain including 353 substances.
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| 29. |
- Lohmann, Rainer, et al.
(författare)
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AQUA-GAPS/MONET-derived concentrations and trends of PAHs and polycyclic musks across global waters
- 2024
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 58:30, s. 13456-13466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), released from petrogenic, pyrogenic or diagenetic sources (degradation of wood materials), are of global concern due to their adverse effects, and potential for long-range transport. While dissolved PAHs have been frequently reported in the literature, there has been no consistent approach of sampling across water bodies. Passive samplers from the AQUA/GAPS-MONET initiative were deployed at 46 sites (28 marine and 18 freshwater), and analyzed for 28 PAHs and six polycyclic musks (PCMs) centrally. Freely dissolved PAH concentrations were dominated by phenanthrene (mean concentration 1500 pg L-1; median 530 pg L-1) and other low molecular weight compounds. Greatest concentrations of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were typically from the same sites, mostly in Europe and North America. Of the PCMs, only galaxolide (72% of samples) and tonalide (61%) were regularly detected, and were significantly cross-correlated. Benchmarking of PAHs relative to penta- and hexachlorobenzene confirmed that the most remote sites (Arctic, Antarctic, and mountain lakes) displayed below average PAH concentrations. Concentrations of 11 of 28 PAHs, galaxolide and tonalide were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with population density within a radius of 5 km of the sampling site. Characteristic PAH ratios gave conflicting results, likely reflecting multiple PAH sources and postemission changes.
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| 30. |
- Lohmann, Rainer, et al.
(författare)
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Passive-sampler-derived PCB and OCP concentrations in the waters of the world : first results from the AQUA-GAPS/MONET network
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 57:25, s. 9342-9352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are recognized as pollutants of global concern, but so far, information on the trends of legacy POPs in the waters of the world has been missing due to logistical, analytical, and financial reasons. Passive samplers have emerged as an attractive alternative to active water sampling methods as they accumulate POPs, represent time-weighted average concentrations, and can easily be shipped and deployed. As part of the AQUA-GAPS/MONET, passive samplers were deployed at 40 globally distributed sites between 2016 and 2020, for a total of 21 freshwater and 40 marine deployments. Results from silicone passive samplers showed α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and γ-HCH displaying the greatest concentrations in the northern latitudes/Arctic Ocean, in stark contrast to the more persistent penta (PeCB)- and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which approached equilibrium across sampling sites. Geospatial patterns of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) aqueous concentrations closely matched original estimates of production and use, implying limited global transport. Positive correlations between log-transformed concentrations of Σ7PCB, ΣDDTs, Σendosulfan, and Σchlordane, but not ΣHCH, and the log of population density (p < 0.05) within 5 and 10 km of the sampling sites also supported limited transport from used sites. These results help to understand the extent of global distribution, and eventually time-trends, of organic pollutants in aquatic systems, such as across freshwaters and oceans. Future deployments will aim to establish time-trends at selected sites while adding to the geographical coverage.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Sindiku, O, et al.
(författare)
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Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs)in e-waste plastic in Nigeria
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 22:19, s. 14515-14529
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plastics from cathode ray tube (CRT) casings weresampled in Nigeria and analysed for their polybrominateddibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PBDD/F) content.PBDD/Fs, consisting mainly of PBDFs, were detected inBFR containing plastic with a median (mean) concentrationof 18,000 ng/g (41,000 ng/g). The PBDD/Fs levels werehighest in samples containing PBDEs, but the levels ofPBDFs were two orders of magnitude higher than the levelsreported in the technical PBDE mixtures and where frequentlyexceeding 1000 μg/g of PBDE content. These higher levelsare likely to arise from additional transformation of PBDEsduring production, use, recycling, or storage, but the processesresponsible were not identified in this study. PBDD/Fs in CRTcasings containing1,2-bistribromophenoxyethane (TBPE)were dominated by tetrabrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin(TBDDs) with concentrations around 10 μg/g of the TBPEcontent. The PBDD/Fs in CRT casings containingtetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were found at concentrationsaround 0.1 μg/g of TBBPA levels. Casings treated withTBPE or TBBPA often contained PBDEs (and PBDF) as impurities—probably originating from recycled e-waste plastics.It was estimated that the 237,000 t of CRT casings stockpiledin Nigeria contain between 2 and 8 t of PBDD/Fs. The totalPBDD/F contamination in polymers arising from total historicPBDE production/use is estimated in the order of 1000 t. TEQvalues of CRT samples frequently exceeded the Basel Convention’sprovisional low POPs content of 15 ng TEQ/g. Dueto the significant risks to health associated with PBDD/Fs,more detailed studies on the exposure routes from PBDD/Fsin stockpiles are needed.
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| 34. |
- Söderström, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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PAHs and nitrated PAHs in air of five European countries determined using SPMDs as passive samplers
- 2005
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 39:9, s. 1627-1640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gas phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in the atmosphere of five European countries (Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Sweden) were measured simultaneously during two 21-day passive sampling campaigns using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). SPMD samplers, consisting of a pair of SPMDs covered by a metal umbrella, were deployed at 40 locations ranging from remote and rural to urban and industrial, at a similar time during each of the two sampling campaigns (autumn 1999, except in Poland, winter 1999, and summer 2000). The total amounts of PAHs and nitro-PAHs found in the SPMDs ranged between 5.0–1.2×103 and 1.1×10−3–4.0 ng SPMD−1 day−1, respectively. The measured environmental sampling conditions were similar between sites and, thus, the variations in the SPMD data reflected the spatial differences in gas phase concentrations of nitro-PAHs and PAHs within and between countries. The gas phase concentrations of nitro-PAHs and PAHs found in East Europe (Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland 1999) were 10 times higher than those measured in Sweden, Austria and Poland in 2000. In each country, the levels of PAHs and nitro-PAHs differed by one–three orders of magnitudes amongst sampling sites. The highest within-country spatial differences were found in Poland where levels of PAHs and nitro-PAHs were about one and two orders of magnitudes, respectively, higher in winter 1999 than in summer 2000, probably due to increasing emissions of coal combustion for residential heating. Differences in PAH-patterns between sites were visualized by the multivariate projection method, principal component analysis (PCA). However, no specific source patterns were found, probably since imissions rather than emissions were measured, so the PAHs detected at many sites originated from multiple sources.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Verta, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Dioxin concentrations in sediments of the Baltic Sea - A survey of existing data
- 2007
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 67:9, s. 1762-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent survey results for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, dioxins) in Baltic Sea sediments from Finland, Sweden and Denmark were merged with previously published Baltic Sea data. Regional distribution of concentration levels, differences in congener patterns, and temporal changes in sediment profiles were examined. One of the main objectives was to study if any major point sources for different PCDD/F congeners could be identified on a regional scale, based on sediment records. The survey confirmed the impact of chlorophenol production derived highly chlorinated PCDF-congeners on the total toxicity in sediments in the Gulf of Finland near the Kymijoki river estuary. Signatures of other point sources or combined point sources pertinent to specific industry branches or particular production processes (such as pulp bleaching, vinyl chloride production, thermal processes) may be discerned. However, the findings did not support any of the known point sources significantly influencing those congeners that are most abundant in Baltic herring and salmon. Instead, regional distributions in the Baltic Sea indicate that atmospheric deposition may act as a major source for those congeners and especially for 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. There were clear indications of declines in levels in sediment in some areas, but generally the levels of highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland were still high when compared with other areas of the Baltic Sea. Major areas with data gaps cover the south-eastern and eastern coastal regions of the Baltic Proper and the southern Gulf of Finland.
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| 38. |
- Volchko, Yevheniya, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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SNOWMAN - MCA: Multi-criteria analysis of remediation alternatives to access their overall impact and cost/benefit, with focus on soil function (ecosystem services and goods) and sustainability
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This final report summarises major activities, results and conclusions derived within the SNOWMAN-MCA project. The main objective of the SNOWMAN-MCA project (2009-2013) was to demonstrate the use of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) in evaluating land management and soil remediation alternatives to access their overall impact on sustainability, with focus on soil functions and soil services. Soil functions are critical for ecosystem survival and for ecosystems’ provision of services to humans, and maintained soil function is a key parameter in sustainable development. The SNOWMAN-MCA project was based on studies of three representative polluted sites in Sweden and Austria, and included a range of conventional and innovative remediation scenarios. Key results of the SNOWMAN-MCA project include:• A suggested hierarchy between soil functions, soil processes, soil services and ecosystem services, resulting in a set of soil function related ecological, socio-cultural and economic criteria and sub-criteria to be used in MCA.• A suggested minimum data set (MDS) of soil quality indicators for soil function evaluation, and a software tool (SF Box) for calculating changes in soil quality based on the proposed MDS.• A suggested structured and transparent approach for incorporating soil function and soil use aspects into sustainability appraisal of remediation alternatives using MCA.Using input from research carried out in tandem with the SNOWMAN-MCA project, the impact of remediation in the ecological, socio-cultural and economic domain was further assessed, including suggested criteria for the socio-cultural domain and research on how uncertainty may be addressed in MCA. Based on this research and on previous efforts (Rosén et al., 2009), an MCA software tool (SCORE) was developed, and used for evaluating the sustainability of suggested remedial actions at the studied sites. The results from the SCORE tool are in this report presented together with the results of the SNOWMAN-MCA project, demonstrating a holistic approach to sustainable remediation.
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| 39. |
- Volchko, Yevheniya, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Using soil function evaluation in multi-criteria decision analysis for sustainability appraisal of remediation alternatives
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 485-486:1, s. 785-791
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil contamination is one of the major threats constraining proper functioning of the soil and thus provision of ecosystem services. Remedial actions typically only address the chemical soil quality by reducing total contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels guided by land use. However, emerging regulatory requirements on soil protection demand a holistic view on soil assessment in remediation projects thus accounting for a variety of soil functions. Such a view would require not only that the contamination concentrations are assessed and attended to, but also that other aspects are taking into account, thus addressing also physical and biological as well as other chemical soil quality indicators (SQIs). This study outlines how soil function assessment can be a part of a holistic sustainability appraisal of remediation alternatives using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The paper presents a method for practitioners for evaluating the effects of remediation alternatives on selected ecological soil functions using a suggested minimum data set (MDS) containing physical, biological and chemical SQIs. The measured SQls are transformed into sub-scores by the use of scoring curves, which allows interpretation and the integration of soil quality data into the MCDA framework. The method is demonstrated at a study site (Marieberg, Sweden) and the results give an example of how soil analyses using the suggested MDS can be used for soil function assessment and subsequent input to the MCDA framework.
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