| 1. |
- Antfolk, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the conditions for PhD-students to develop abilities to independently formulate research questions
- 2015
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Developing an ability to independently formulate research questions is an important goal in doctoral education. During a seminar in the “Docent course”, accredited by Genombrottet at Lund University, the authors behind this paper ended up in a discussion on the actual conditions for developing such ability. During the discussions, the authors, based on their own experiences, identified several conditions that could hamper the PhD-students’ abilities to develop the skills required to independently formulate research questions. Examples of such conditions were: involvement in projects where objectives and deliverables already were stated by a funder, a lack of discussions with supervisors early in the PhD-process, and/or a lack of proper training. The authors also discussed if working with a compilation thesis automatically lead to contrived overall research questions, which resulted primarily as an afterthought at a very late stage in the process.
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| 2. |
- Ask, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Studenters uppmärksamhet under föreläsningar
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings utvecklingskonferens 09 Lunds Universitet. - 9789197797429 ; , s. 112-120
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Föreläsningar är vanlig undervisningsform på Lunds Tekniska Högskola (LTH). Deras stora fördel är att information överförs ekonomiskt och effektivt till många studenter samtidigt men de har även sina begränsningar. Kritiker menar att information överförs till passivt mottagande studenter och att bristande uppmärksamhet och engagemang hos studenterna begränsar mängden kunskap som faktiskt tas emot. En intervju- och litteraturstudie har genomförts för att dels inventera vilka metoder som finns för att hålla studenternas uppmärksamhet uppe och dels vilka som tillämpas av föreläsare vid LTH. Variation och olika former av aktivering framstår såväl i litteraturen som i intervjuerna som viktiga metoder. I artikeln presenteras även inspiration kring hur man kan använda variation, och andra aktiviteter för att engagera och aktivera studenterna samt hur man kan strukturera en föreläsning. De flesta av de intervjuade föreläsarna uppger att de utvecklat sina strategier genom erfarenhet medan knappt hälften nämner pedagogiska kurser.
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| 3. |
- Becker, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Efterklokhet underminerar förmågan att avvärja terror
- 2018
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Analyzes of the terrorist attack on Drottninggatan have begun to be published. The risk is now that the debate will be governed by the logic of hindsight, that politicians and the media will be on the stands, pointing out mistakes and demand responsibility. Such a climate jeopardizes in the long run the development of our ability to prevent terrorist attacks, write four security researchers.
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| 4. |
- Bergström, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A Complexity Framework for Studying Disaster Response Management
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. - : Wiley. - 1468-5973 .- 0966-0879. ; 24:3, s. 124-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Guided by complexity theory, in this article, we argue that a complex understanding of disaster response management can be achieved by making multiple, transparent and modest interpretations. We suggest an analytical framework in which multiple system interpretations are constructed, all based on explicit analytical choices according to three aspects: (1) system dimension, (2) system scope and (3) system resolution. We apply the framework to a major Swedish forest fire and conclude that direction and coordination as system properties, emerging at a macro level, are the result of interplay between various patterns of influences. These patterns, we argue, can be constructed and analysed through a complexity framework allowing for the construction, and contrasting, of multiple system interpretations.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Frykmer, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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Advancing the Field of Disaster Response Management : Toward a Design Science Approach
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2095-0055 .- 2192-6395. ; 12:2, s. 220-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multiorganizational response to emergencies and disasters requires collaboration. How to improve the collective response is therefore an essential question, but not easy to answer. In disaster research, normative research with a focus on providing evidence for how to improve professional practice has traditionally received less attention than explanatory ones. The aim of this article, using insights from design science where normative research is more common, is to suggest a complementary approach to response management research. Our approach, which combines experimental and explanatory research, is applied to a study of goal alignment. Goal alignment among response actors is often recommended despite literature’s contradictory evidence regarding its effect. We conducted an experiment with 111 participants, who, in groups of three, played a computer game under one of two conditions (goal alignment or not). Our results show that aligning goals did not improve the outcome in the game. Although this may serve as a counterargument to implementing goal alignment interventions, there are concerns with such conclusions. These reservations include, but are not limited to, the lack of validated models to use in experiments. Nevertheless, our suggested research approach and the goal alignment experiment highlight the importance of testing interventions and their effectiveness before implementation.
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| 7. |
- Frykmer, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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On collective improvisation in crisis management – A scoping study analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535. ; 110, s. 100-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Responding to crises requires the ability to meet the unforeseen and adapt to new conditions. The transboundary nature of crises with e.g. increased interconnectedness among critical infrastructures, involving more actors in response, will call for collective coordination. Collective improvisation can be a tool for handling challenges under these circumstances, however the research is limited and dispersed over disciplines. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the capability to improvise collectively in crisis management, and how it affects performance. To achieve this, we conducted a structured scoping study of improvisation in scientific literature and found that existing research is not sufficiently explained or detailed to fulfill our purpose. Our findings show that individual improvisation seems to be aggregated to a collective level without modifications, and existing methods lack in precision and transparency. Further, there is a need for a more nuanced discussion on improvisation and performance. Implications are that studies on collective improvisation risk measuring individual rather than collective improvisation, if based on existing literature. Moreover, the concept of improvisation is connected to mostly positive outcomes and assumed to have the same meaning for everyone. As a result, one should be careful when using the concept in practice, e.g. when using it as a causal explanation for successful performance, or when suggesting measures aimed at improving the capability to improvise collectively. To move forward, we suggest adopting collective problem solving as a broader analytical frame. Finally, we highlight some theories serving as a starting point for this investigation.
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| 8. |
- Frykmer, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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Organised behaviour in the Swedish fire and rescue service - a case study
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organised behaviour in disaster can be distinguished by looking at the organisation's post disaster structure and tasks. While past research seemingly has taken a multi-organisational perspective we have used organised behaviour as analytical tool in a case study of the Swedish fire and rescue service to focus on analysing one organisation and sub organisations within this. We argue that different co-existing organised behaviour can affect the conditions for achieving direction and coordination among the resources within one organisation, and have identified challenges deriving from empirical data. Further, while we see how organised behaviour may be useful as analytical tool we distinguish two central issues; the difficulty in making transparent analytical choices when selecting objects of analysis and the shortcoming of not being able to find organised behaviour beyond the four categories.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Lindbom, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Capability assessments - How to make them useful for decision-making
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 31, s. 251-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capability assessments are becoming increasingly common as part of risk management activities worldwide. Despite this, there is no consensus concerning how these assessments are best conducted and presented. Recent studies suggest that two factors may influence the usefulness of capability assessments for decision-making: namely, whether the assessment includes descriptions of the resources available to an actor, and how well this actor can accomplish specific tasks. The present study was carried out to investigate the importance of including information on these factors in capability assessments. The experimental study conducted involved four fictive versions of capability assessments, differing in whether they included information about resources and tasks. Over 200 risk management professionals rated how useful they perceived each version to be as the basis for decision-making. The results show that it is important to include specific information on resources and tasks in capability assessments, and that the assessments including both were most useful, from a decision-making perspective.
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| 12. |
- Lindbom, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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How can the usefulness of capability assessments be improved?
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capability assessments are used in disaster risk management to facilitate decision making regarding capability increasing measures. Recent studies suggest that two factors might determine their usefulness for decision making: whether they include descriptions of an actor's available resources, and how well the actor can accomplish a specific task in case of a disaster. The experimental study presented here aimed at investigating the extent to which these factors influence the perceived usefulness for decision making of four hypothetical capability assessments, differing in whether they contain information regarding the two factors. 89 participants from the Swedish fire and recue services were randomly assigned to rate the perceived usefulness of one of the four versions and the results show that the presence of both factors makes assessments more useful, and resources are especially important to include.
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| 13. |
- Mcnamee, Margaret, et al.
(författare)
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Annual progress report FIRE21 (2022)
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report provides a status update for the project FIRE21 – Nordic Fire and Rescue Services in the Twenty First Century after work completed the first year.
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| 14. |
- Oscarsson, Olof
(författare)
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Crisis as practice : Non-emergency organizations’ coping with crises
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Exerted from the top down, organizational crisis management is a concept with strong connections to rational and normative approaches. While acknowledging that these approaches form a solid foundation for crisis management, this thesis formulates a critique of this conceptualization. A primary critique rests in the fact that this perspective has rendered invisible the capabilities of actors on the fringes of crisis management. In addition, it rarely acknowledges that coping with crisis consists of more than is typically associated with rational attributes. This thesis aims to increase theoretical and empirical knowledge in two areas based on this research gap. This research seeks to contribute empirically by studying non-emergency organizations and their operational level’s coping with crises that affect their core operations. Theoretically, it aims to highlight the role of social practices in our understanding of crisis management. The main objective is to move beyond rational, normative, and top-down approaches in order to provide in-depth knowledge regarding the role of everyday work practices in understanding organizational crisis management. This approach means looking at how existing work practices and their constituent resources assist in forming crisis responses. The thesis consists of four individual studies (papers I-IV) that relate differently to the main objective of the thesis. To varying extents, all four studies take theories of practice as points of departure, allowing for various examinations of how non-emergency organizations manage crises in practice. The first three studies are qualitative, using interviews as their primary methodology. In study I, the interviews are complemented by accompanied tours of workplaces and internal organizational documents. The fourth study is conceptual, aiming at theory development. The first and second study focus on how a social services unit in Sweden coped with the large influx of unaccompanied children during the 2015 refugee situation. The first study shows how the staff, through their experience and professional competence, continually adjusted their operations to suit the prevailing situation, thus managing the new conditions successfully. The study explains the results by offering a model of crisis management as dispersed practices, telling us that crisis management is, to various degrees, interwoven within the performance of everyday work practices. Building on the first study’s results, the second study highlights three crisis management practices: improvisation, prioritization, and the creation of alternatives. These practices played a significant part in creating new routines or adjusting existing ones, eventuallyxcontributing to normalizing the situation. The study also shows that operational staff received inadequate support from higher management, having to rely on their own ability to solve problems. The third study complements interviews of non-emergency organization staff with interviews of emergency personnel. The study examines the interaction between non-emergency organizations and emergency services. It considers a situation in which a non-emergency organization suffers an emergency, and emergency services temporarily deploy their workplace inside the affected workplace to address the situation. Theories of boundary work and boundary practices demonstrate how cooperation between the parties allows for a mutually accomplished form of boundary work, enabling both parties to strive for business as usual. The fourth study is a theoretical discussion and argumentation of practice theory in research on crisis management. The study offers a theoretical framework of crisis-as-practice that complements existing research’s focus on crisis management based on rational and structural starting points. The framework provides tools for studying crisis management in light of the ordinary resources that organizations possess when performing their everyday work; this approach allows for a more comprehensive view of crisis management and understanding of whom can become a crisis manager. The overall findings in the thesis indicate that the social and material resources that organizations possess through performing their everyday work contribute to the coping and management of various disruptions and adversities posed by crises—despite the fact that these resources seldom have been defined as capacities during crises. The findings also show that these resources allow crisis normalization by enabling adaptations of the organizing mode. Based on these findings, this thesis concludes that, even though non-emergency organizations might seem unprepared according to the prevailing institutionalized norms of crisis management, they perform practices relevant to crisis management and maintain their core activities despite both disruptive and emergency events.
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| 15. |
- Pettersson, Ulrica, P hD, et al.
(författare)
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Who Commands Whom? : A Discussion on Bottom-up Behavior and its Consequencesin Military Influenced First Response Organizations
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rationale behind this paper is to explore and conceptualize the dynamics taking place when bottom-up influenced management meets top-down influenced management in spontaneous reactive first response operations. We employ an interdisciplinary approach based on theoretical perspectives from Systems science, Command & Control science, and Disaster sociology.In order to stimulate a discussion on theoretical gaps and practical challenges, a model illustrating what we call Command & Control dynamics in spontaneous reactive operations is suggested. The model is applied as a conceptual tool for analyzing the response of the Swedish Police to a terror attack in Stockholm 2017. Both primary data from interviews and secondary data from official investigations are utilized as a basis for the analysis.We then continue the analytical discussion regarding Command and Control dynamics, and suggest that spontaneous reactive operations give rise to quite different prerequisites for Command & Control compared to planned operations. There is a risk that both academic and practical discussions on how to improve capability do not acknowledge these differences.Spontaneous reactive operations are likely to initially generate strong bottom-up influences in the Command & Control arrangement of a single organization. Initial decision makers will make rapid decisions and generate a direction that the superior commanders, who are not present from the beginning of the operation, must adapt to. We argue that the intent of the subordinates “restrict” the solution space for commanders on higher levels. Furthermore, we argue that in a spontaneous reactive response there is no specific Commander’s Intent from the start, only a doctrine. This leads us to suggest that the idea on mission tactics in civil operations must be problematized.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Uhr, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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An empirical study on approaches to ambiguity in emergency and disaster response decision-making
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of emergency management (Weston, Mass.). - : Weston Medical Publishing. - 1543-5865. ; 16:6, s. 355-363
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results from previous research suggest that the ability to manage ambiguous problems during acute emergency and disaster management is a desirable quality among decision-makers. Ambiguity is a perception that arises when the problem-solver is dissatisfied with his or her understanding of the structure of the problem, and consequently of the problem-solving process. This article presents the results of an empirical study of ambiguity tolerance among Swedish fire commanders. Two different personality tests have been employed. The findings show that the sampled fire commanders are no more ambiguity tolerant than other individuals with no experience of emergency and disaster management; consequently, there appears to be no correlation between ambiguity tolerance and this professional role. Commanders who see themselves as practically oriented are more ambiguity tolerant than those who see themselves as academics. Increasing professional experience and age decreases the frequency of situations in which commanders experience some form of ambiguity. However, experience and age do not affect tolerance if ambiguity is perceived. No correlation between risk tolerance and ambiguity tolerance is found. More research needs to be conducted on how ambiguity tolerance affects performance among decision-makers during emergency and disaster responses.
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| 18. |
- Uhr, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing Emergency Response Systems
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. - : Wiley. - 1468-5973 .- 0966-0879. ; 16:2, s. 80-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We suggest a method that can be used for analysing an emergency response system. Both the literature and empirical findings indicate that response operations sometimes diverge from existing plans when adapting to an event and its consequences. The method, which aims at achieving a better understanding of emergency response management, adopts a systems perspective using various relationships that exist or develop between personnel belonging to those organizations that are part of the emergency response operation. Results of a study of such an emergency response system are presented and discussed in order to demonstrate how the method can be employed.
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| 19. |
- Uhr, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Att åstadkomma inriktning och samordning - 7 analyser utifrån hanteringen av skogsbranden i Västmanland 2014
- 2015
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I antologin får du ta del av sju olika analyser av det utmanande arbetet med att åstadkomma inriktning och samordning av samhällets resurser i samband med skogsbranden. Publikationen är ett utvecklingsbidrag och är tänkt att ge vägledning till förbättrad förmåga att hantera framtidens samhällsstörningar. Bakom texterna står sju olika författare som utgått från ambitionen att publicera ett transparant resonemang där slutsatserna är välgrundade och tillämpliga, såväl ur ett praktiskt som ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv. Arbetet utgår från vetenskaplig metodik och grundas bland annat i ett stort antal intervjuer. Flera av författarna var dessutom närvarande under den akuta hanteringen och kunde på detta sätt samla in värdefull data. Målgruppen för materialet är alla de som på olika sätt är intresserade av utvecklingsfrågor inom området ledning och samverkan.
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| 20. |
- Uhr, Christian
(författare)
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Behind the Charts - Exploring Conditions for High Level Emergency Response Management in a Complex Environment
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis uses, as a starting point for a discussion of emergency response management, the problem of gradual coordinated adaptation of management functions in relation to an event and its dynamics. Empirical observations and analyses carried out in the research project show that important problemsolving processes not included in, and sometimes diverging from, planning and preparations frequently occur. The thesis focuses on the managerial problems connected with a variety of different organisations needing to cooperate at a time of emergency or disaster and presents literature findings useful for analysing such problems. Moreover, a method for empirical analysis based on a systems and network approach, and examples of how the method can be employed, is suggested together with a discussion of how emergency response can be influenced by the extent to which the decision makers know and trust each other.
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| 21. |
- Uhr, Christian
(författare)
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Leadership Ideals as Barriers for Efficient Collaboration During Emergencies and Disasters
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. - : Wiley. - 0966-0879. ; 25:4, s. 301-312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an emergency or disaster situation, it is likely that a conglomerate of societal resources will respond to various needs. In such a multi-organizational setting, collaboration becomes necessary. Empirical findings suggest that collaboration can be very problematical and this paper argues that a possible explanation can be found in intra-organizational leadership ideals, dysfunctional in a collaborative context. In order to facilitate a principal discussion, an analytical framework for discussing leadership and collaboration is suggested. Moreover, literature findings suggesting individual qualities facilitating collaboration are presented. Three leadership archetypes are used to problematize intra-organizational ideals in inter-organizational settings. It is suggested that more attention must be paid to qualities enabling individuals to operate simultaneously in different, and partly conflicting, management contexts.
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| 22. |
- Uhr, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping an emergency management network
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Emergency Management. - 1471-4825. ; 4:1, s. 104-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a web-based method for mapping various relations between agents that have been involved in an emergency response operation. The method is based on combining a web-questionnaire with telephone interviews and it provides an efficient way of collecting large amount of information concerning the agents. By using the resulting network of agents it is possible to perform various network analyses such as identifying important agents and groups, analysing the correlation between certain relations between the agents, and studying the temporal development of the network. Furthermore, we exemplify the method by presenting results from an analysis of an emergency management operation concerning the release of 16.000 tons of sulphuric acid in the city of Helsingborg, Sweden. We conclude that the emergency management organization included a significant amount of agents that were not part of any plans, such as boundary spanners and agents that were not part of any of the involved organizations but still played very important roles during the operation.
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| 23. |
- Uhr, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping an emergency management network
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Complex Network and Infrastructure Protection.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a web-based method for mapping various relations between agents that have been involved in an emergency response operation. The method is based on combining a web-questionnaire with telephone interviews and it provides an efficient way of collecting large amount of information concerning the agents. By using the resulting network of agents it is possible to perform various network analyses such as identifying important agents and groups, analysing the correlation between certain relations between the agents, and studying the temporal development of the network. Furthermore, we present initial results from an analysis of an emergency management operation concerning the release of 16.000 tons of sulphuric acid in the city of Helsingborg, Sweden. We conclude that the emergency management organization included a significant amount of agents that were not part of any plans, such as boundary spanners and agents that were not part of any of the involved organizations but still played very important roles during the operation.
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| 24. |
- Uhr, Christian
(författare)
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Multi-organizational Emergency Response Management - A Framework for Further Development
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This doctoral thesis suggests a framework for how multi-organizational emergency response management can be understood. A method for collecting and analyzing data on individuals and their interactions has been developed and tested. The method is rooted in social network theory and facilitates further exploration of the complexity associated with responses to emergencies in which various resources from different segments of the society are engaged. Furthermore, in order to build a framework for understanding, the concepts of command and control, coordination, emergence, and trust are elucidated and related to empirical analyses. A synthesis of empirical analyses and literature studies is presented as a model to show how multi-organizational emergency response management can be better understood by studying interactions between individuals. Interactions are prerequisites for coordination of activities. Such activities can be both planned and emergent. Both the manifestation of an interaction and the actual coordination activity are influenced by normative ideals and interpersonal trust. The system designers and emergency response managers should acknowledge this complexity and develop strategies to harmonize the local adaptive behavior of a multi-organizational emergency response system.
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| 25. |
- Uhr, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Once upon a time in Västmanland : the power of narratives or how the “truth” unfolds
- 2016
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Ingår i: ISCRAM 2016 Conference Proceedings. - : ISCRAM. - 2411-3387. - 9788460879848
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2014 a small fire started in a forest in central Sweden. Within a few days it developed into the largest wildfire in Sweden in the last 50 years. As the scale of the fire increased, so did the need for direction and coordination of the resources engaged in the response operation. Both official investigators and the research community have studied the challenges and come up with recommendations for improvements of the Swedish crisis management system. All authors of this paper have been involved in such efforts. This paper is a result of us trying to formulate lessons learnt based on several written reports and official discussions. The development of the narratives constructed by individuals involved in the response, investigators and researchers is analyzed. We conclude that researchers need to pay attention to their own role in this development. Maybe there is a need for a game changer on the methodological side?
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| 26. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 90:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 27. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 90:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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