| 1. |
- Grohmann, Elisabeth, et al.
(author)
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Acquired resistance from gene transfer
- 2019
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In: Antibiotic drug resistance. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781119282525 - 9781119282549 ; , s. 141-165
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The occurrence of multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogens is steadily increasing, and their presence is not limited to clinical settings as they are also encountered in the environment. Horizontal gene transfer is a crucial means of generation and spread of multiresistant pathogenic bacteria. It is subdivided into three different mechanisms: conjugation (conjugative transfer), transformation, and transduction, of which conjugative transfer of plasmids and integrative conjugative elements (ICE) is the most important one. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens for which alternative drugs or treatments need to be urgently developed. Here, we review the spread and transfer mechanisms of these antibiotic resistances and end with current approaches, which could aid in tackling them.
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| 2. |
- Kohler, Verena, 1992-, et al.
(author)
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Broad-host-range Inc18 plasmids : Occurrence, spread and transfer mechanisms
- 2018
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In: Plasmid. - : Elsevier. - 0147-619X .- 1095-9890. ; 99, s. 11-21
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conjugative plasmid transfer is one of the major mechanisms responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. The incompatibility (Inc) 18 group of plasmids is a family of plasmids replicating by the theta-mechanism, whose members have been detected frequently in enterococci and streptococci. Inc18 plasmids encode a variety of antibiotic resistances, including resistance to vancomycin, chloramphenicol and the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramine (MLS) group of antibiotics. These plasmids comprising insertions of Tn1546 were demonstrated to be responsible for the transfer of vancomycin resistance encoded by the vanA gene from vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Thereby vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) were generated, which are serious multi-resistant pathogens challenging the health care system. Inc18 plasmids are widespread in the clinic and frequently have been detected in the environment, especially in domestic animals and wastewater. pIP501 is one of the best-characterized conjugative Inc18 plasmids. It was originally isolated from a clinical Streptococcus agalactiae strain and is, due to its small size and simplicity, a model to study conjugative plasmid transfer in Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report on the occurrence and spread of Inc18-type plasmids in the clinic and in different environments as well as on the exchange of the plasmids among them. In addition, we discuss molecular details on the transfer mechanism of Inc18 plasmids and its regulation, as exemplified by the model plasmid pIP501. We finish with an outlook on promising approaches on how to reduce the emerging spread of antibiotic resistances.
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| 3. |
- Kohler, Verena, 1992-, et al.
(author)
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Problematic groups of multidrug-resistant bacteria and their resistance mechanisms
- 2019
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In: Antibacterial drug discovery to combat MDR. - Singapore : Springer Nature. - 9789811398704 - 9789811398735 - 9789811398711 ; , s. 25-69
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The occurrence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria is steadily increasing, not only in medical centers but also in food, animals and the environment, which is of primordial concern for health authorities worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) published a global pathogen priority list to encourage international interdisciplinary research initiatives on the occurrence, dissemination, and epidemiology of the most dangerous multiresistant pathogens with the aim to develop effective prevention strategies against the spread of these bugs and new therapeutic approaches to treat infections in agreement with the One Health concept. According to the WHO global pathogen priority list, the most critical resistant pathogens include carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant as well as third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. This critical group is followed by pathogens of high priority including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori. Here, we summarize recent data on the occurrence and spread of these and other harmful resistant pathogens, on their resistance mechanisms as well as on the modes of resistance spread, as far as is known. We finish the chapter with an outlook on promising innovative strategies to treat infectious diseases caused by multiresistant pathogens – in combination with antibiotic therapy – as well as on approaches to combat the antibiotic resistance spread.
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