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- Bryazka, D., et al.
(författare)
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Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10347, s. 185-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0.603 (0.400-1.00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0.002 (0-0) and 1.75 (0.698-4.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0.114 (0-0.403) to 1.87 (0.500-3.30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0.193 (0-0.900) and 6.94 (3.40-8.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59.1% (54.3-65.4) were aged 15-39 years and 76.9% (7.0-81.3) were male. Interpretation There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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- Banijamali, S. M., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Ce Addition on the Tribological Behavior of ZK60 Mg-Alloy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Metals and Materials International. - : Springer. - 1598-9623 .- 2005-4149. ; 27:8, s. 2732-2742
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work aims to study the tribological behavior of an extruded ZK60 alloy in the presence of Ce; in a previous study, among ZK60 alloys with different Ce addition rates, an alloy with 3 wt% of Ce was found to exhibit the most promising mechanical (e.g., hardness and strengths) properties, while its wear behavior remained unknown. The results of microstructural examinations by optical and electron microscopes show that Ce addition reduces the grain size from 6.1 to 2.0 μm. Besides, in addition to the precipitates already distributed in the base alloy (Mg7Zn3), Ce could promote the formation of a new precipitate (MgZn2Ce), increasing the total fraction of the precipitates. These microstructural evolutions enhance the strengths of the studied ZK60 alloy, as the yield and tensile strengths increase from 212 to 308 MPa and from 297 to 354 MPa, respectively. A pin on disc tribometer was employed to study the wear behavior of the developed alloy under different normal loads (5, 20, 40, and 60 N). The results show that the base and Ce-added alloys exhibit almost a similar frictional behavior, while the wear resistance of the Ce-added alloy is higher within the load ranges applied: (i) in low load conditions (5 and 20 N), where the abrasive wear is the active mechanism, the precipitates in the Ce-added alloy could enhance the wear resistance. (ii) Under the load of 40 N, oxidative wear is also an operative wear mechanism, leading to a sharp increase in the wear rate of the alloys. In this condition, Ce could provide a protective oxide layer, which could improve the wear resistance of the alloy. (iii) At a load of 60 N, both studied alloys exhibit a similar wear rate due to a severe oxidation condition. Therefore, beyond this loading condition, the microstructural evolutions (e.g., change in precipitation behavior) caused by Ce addition can no longer contribute to the enhancement of wear resistance.
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- Popall, M, et al.
(författare)
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ORMOCER (R) S - Inorganic-organic hybrid materials for e/o-interconnection-technology
- 2000
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Ingår i: Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. - 1058-725X. ; 354, s. 711-730
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hybrid inorganic-organic polymers (ORMOCER (R)s) have been developed and tested for evaluation in optical and electrical interconnection technology. The photopatternable materials with negative resist behaviour are composed of inorganic oxidic structures cross-linked or substituted by organic groups. They are prepared from organosilane precursors by sol-gel-processing in combination with organic crosslinking of polymerizable organic Functions, As a result of these functionalities the properties of the ORMOCER (R)s can be adjusted to particular applications. Systematic variation of composition combined with adaptation to micro system technology allows great flexibility in processing. The main features of these materials are: Combined use as dielectric and passivation layers in electrical systems and devices as well as core and cladding for optical applications enables e/o applications with high integration levels, Postbaking at moderate temperatures (120 degreesC - 170 degreesC) enables processing on low-cost substrates such as FR-4 and BT. Easily adaptable to thin film technology: spin-on with planarisation >90% and via diameters down to 20 mum have been achieved.
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- Valizadeh, S., et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemical deposition of Co nanowire arrays, Quantitative consideration of concentration profiles
- 2001
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 47:6, s. 865-874
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrodeposition of Co into ion track etched polycarbonate membranes by a chronoamperometric method has been studied. The concentration variation and diffusion limiting current during nanoprocessing for growth of Co in nanoelectrode applications are described for two regimes, in the vicinity of the electrode and at the mouth of pores. The behaviour of the as-deposited nanoelectrodes can be modelled as a recessed microelectrode. A diffusion controlled limiting current of the nanodes is studied by the Cottrell equation at short times, i.e. current at-1/2. At longer times, a steady-state current is obtained due to gradually increasing radii, r, of the spherical diffusion zones from each recessed nanode, i.e. current a(1/(r+L)), where L is the membrane thickness. The experimental value of diffusion coefficient D for Co ions was found: D = 2.5 × 10-5 cm2 s-1. XRD and TEM measurements on 250 nm diameter and 20 µm long Co nanowires showed a hexagonal closed packed phase with a <100> texturing. The nanowires exhibited an enhanced magnetic coercivity in comparison to bulk Co. The difference of saturation fields between the parallel and perpendicular orientation fields corresponds well to the expected demagnetisation field of 2pM = 8796 Oe value due to the shape anisotropy in case of an infinite thin Co cylinder. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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- Valizadeh, S., et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemical synthesis of Ag/Co multilayered nanowires in porous polycarbonate membranes
- 2002
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 402:1-2, s. 262-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrodeposition of Ag/Co multilayers into 20 µm thick ion track etched polycarbonate membranes with pore diameter of 120 nm were studied using a single bath containing cobalt sulphate, silver cyanide and potassium pyrophosphate. Cyclic voltammetry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine deposition conditions for pure Ag and 97 wt.% Co layers. The Co rich metallic nanowires were deposited at -1100 mV and the Ag nanowires were deposited at -600 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. By using Faraday's law and linear relation between the charges passed during the time interval for each metal layers and bilayer thickness, a current efficiency of 58% was determined for pulsed deposition of Co. This implies that hydrogen or initial layer re-dissolution of Co during Ag deposition consumes 31% of the charge passed during Co deposition. Multilayered nanowires with 8 and 15 nm thick Ag and Co rich layers, respectively, exhibit well-defined layers in TEM. X-ray diffraction investigations of 20 µm long, Ag, Co and Ag/Co multilayered nanowires show that the Ag deposits exhibited a f.c.c. <111> texturing while the Co deposit exhibited basal plane diffraction of h.c.p. (002) and f.c.c. (111). Magnetic measurements on Ag/Co multilayered nanowires have been made with the external field parallel and perpendicular to the film plane on two series of multilayers: thickness of Co (50 and 15 nm)/Ag (8 nm). In the case of longer cylinder (tCo=50 nm) the axis along the wire starts to become the easy axis (lower saturation field) as expected in the limit where tAg=0 (case of single Co nanowires), due to the shape anisotropy. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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- Valizadeh, S., et al.
(författare)
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Electrodeposition of compositionally modulated Au/Co alloy layers
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. - 0021-891X .- 1572-8838. ; 32:1, s. 97-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Au/Co multilayers were electrodeposited from a single bath based on acid citrate, cobalt sulphate and gold cyanide electrolyte. The Taguchi statistical method was used for experiment planning and optimisation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations of the structure showed that the Au deposits exhibited a polycrystalline fcc 1 1 1 structure with an estimated grain size of 7 nm, while the Co deposits exhibited a nano-polycrystalline fcc structure with an estimated grain size ranging between 2 and 28 nm and a strong in-plane texture. The XRD investigation of the multilayer structure also indicated an interface roughness of about 1.5 nm between the Au and Co layers.
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- Valizadeh, S., et al.
(författare)
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Template synthesis of Au/Co multilayered nanowires by electrochemical deposition
- 2002
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Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : Wiley. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 12:11-12, s. 766-772
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrochemical deposition of Au/Co multilayers into 20 μm-thick ion track etched polycarbonate membranes with pore diameters of 110–150 nm was studied in a single electrolyte containing cobalt sulfate, gold cyanide, and citric acid. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and pulse-potential experiments were used to determine the deposition conditions for pure Au and 98 wt.-% Co layers. The Co-rich metallic nanowires were deposited at –1100 mV and the Au nanowires at –490 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Under open-circuit conditions an Au-displacement reaction occurred. Open-circuit conditions were applied in combination with a steep ramp between the Co and Au potential pulses to avoid the otherwise severe Co dissolution when the potential was switched to less negative values. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the deposited multilayered nanowires revealed dense and well-defined layer interfaces. X-ray diffraction investigations of 20 μm long Au and Co nanowires showed that the Au deposits exhibit a face-centered cubic (fcc) <111> texture, while the Co deposits exhibit a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (002) structure. The magnetic measurements of 12 nm Co/4 nm Au nanowires for fields applied parallel and perpendicular to the film plane indicate a low remnant magnetization.
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