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1.	Ahmed, Noman, et al. (författare) HVDC SuperGrids with modular multilevel converters - The power transmission backbone of the future 2012 Ingår i: International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2012. - : IEEE. - 9781467315906 ; , s. 6198119- Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In order to transmit massive amounts of power generated by remotely located power plants, especially offshore wind farms, and to balance the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, the need for a stronger high voltage transmission grid is anticipated. Due to limitations in ac power transmission the most likable choice for such a grid is a high-voltage dc (HVDC) grid. However, the concept of the HVDC grid is still under active development as different technical challenges exist, and it is not yet possible to construct such a dc grid. This paper deals with prospects and technical challenges for future HVDC SuperGrids. Different topologies for a SuperGrid and the possibility to use modular multilevel converters (M2Cs) are presented. A comprehensive overview of different submodule implementations of M2C is given as well as a discussion on the choice between cables or overhead lines, the protection system for the dc grid and dc-side resonance issues.
2.	Ahmed, Noman, et al. (författare) Prospects and challenges of future HVDC SuperGrids with modular multilevel converters 2011 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2011-14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE 2011). - 9781612841670 - 9789075815153 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In order to transmit massive amounts of power generated by remotely located power plants, especially offshore wind farms, and to balance the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, the need for a stronger high voltage transmission grid is anticipated. Due to limitations in AC power transmission the most likable choice for such a grid is a high voltage DC (HVDC) grid. However, the concept of the HVDC grid is still under active development as different technical challenges exist, and it is not yet possible to construct such a DC grid. This paper deals with prospects and technical challenges for the future HVDC SuperGrids. Different topologies for a SuperGrid and the possibility to use modular multilevel converters (M2Cs) are presented. A comprehensive overview of different sub-module implementations of M2C is given. An overview of short circuit behaviour of the M2C is also given, as well as a discussion on the choice between cables or overhead lines and DC-side resonance issues.
3.	Anh, Nguyen Tua, et al. (författare) A Quantitative Method to Determine ICT Delay Requirements for Wide-Area Power System Damping Controllers 2015 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. - 0885-8950 .- 1558-0679. ; 30:4, s. 2023-2030 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a quantitative method to determine delay requirements of the information and communication technology (ICT) system supporting wide-area power oscillation damping (WAPOD) controllers. An allowable time delay for the ICT infrastructure named “equivalent time delay (ETD)” is defined. The ETD is calculated by numerically comparing the damping behavior of the system when local input signals (LI) and remote input signals (RI) are used in the damping controller. The use of a WAPOD is only justified when its response outperforms that of a controller using local inputs. Therefore, the total time delay in the control loop must be below the calculated ETD. As such, the ETD serves as a design criteria to determine ICT latency requirements. The selection of an effective RI signal can be carried out by considering the maximum delays (ETDs) of different wide-area measurements. A damping improvement ETDx% has been proposed using the same methodology indicating a minimum outperformance of the remote signals. The proposed method is demonstrated using the well-known Klein-Rogers-Kundur multi-machine power system and the Vietnamese power system model.
4.	Anh, Nguyen Tuan, et al. (författare) A Quantitative Method to Determine ICT Delay Requirements for Wide-Area Power System Damping Controllers 2015 Ingår i: 2015 IEEE POWER & ENERGY SOCIETY GENERAL MEETING. - : IEEE. - 9781467380409 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
5.	Anh, N. T., et al. (författare) Transient stability enhancement by TCSC controllers using remote input signals 2010 Ingår i: 2010. ACDC. 9th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission. - : IET. - 9781849193085 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a method to improve the dynamic performance of Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) regarding transient stability using remote measurement signals. The remote signals are selected based on their effectiveness for damping the first swings. Phasor Measurement Units are used to measure real-time remote signals and transfer those to the TCSC stability control loop. Transient stability studies are performed for the Vietnamese system, and the benefits of applying TCSCs for the stability enhancement are demonstrated. The case studies show the enhancement of the transient stability comparing control using remote control signals in stead of local signals.
6.	Babazadeh, Davood, et al. (författare) Coordination of Power Injection in HVDC Grids with Multi-TSOs and Large Wind Penetration 2015 Ingår i: ACDC 2015. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper proposes different architectures for the coordinationof power injection in interconnected hybrid AC/DC gridswith Multi-TSO. The power dispatch problem is first formulatedfor the HVDC grid with the aim of keeping the balancein real time and try to follow the 15-min schedules introducedby AC TSOs considering the ongoing changes in the HVDCgrid. Next, the Auxiliary Problem Principle (APP) method isproposed to decompose the dispatch problem and distributedbetween connected AC operators who control the local converters.Two different approaches are tested and the sensitivityof the OPF updating rate has been evaluated for a 5-areaHVDC grid with the wind production.
7.	Babazadeh, Davood, et al. (författare) Study of Centralized and Distributed Coordination of Power Injection in Multi-TSO HVDC Grid with Large Off-shore Wind Integration 2016 Ingår i: Electric power systems research. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7796 .- 1873-2046. ; 136, s. 281-288 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper studies centralized and distributed schemes for the coordinationof power injection in an HVDC grid connected to large wind generation.This coordination of power injection aims to keep the power balanced withinthe HVDC grid especially during large wind disturbances. Furthermore, thecoordination tries to follow the converters’ schedules set by the connectingAC-TSOs every 15−minutes. This schedule comes from an overall combinedAC/DC economic dispatch calculation with lower resolution compared to thiscoordination. In this paper, the coordination of power injection has been formulatedas a non-linear constrained optimization problem for the centralizedarchitecture. Next, the centralized optimization problem is decomposed tosub-problems using the Auxiliary Problem Principle (APP) method for thedistributed architecture. This distributed optimization problem is solved byexchanging the required information between the AC TSOs. These two differentapproaches have been evaluated for a 5-terminal HVDC grid. Furthermore,a sensitivity analysis has been carried out to find the optimal updatingrate of power injection set-points. The result shows that the more frequentupdating of power injection coordination in the centralized architecture improvesthe generation reserves in each AC area.
8.	Baradar, Mohamadreza, 1981-, et al. (författare) Power flow calculation of hybrid AC/DC power systems 2012 Ingår i: Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012 IEEE. - : IEEE. - 9781467327275 ; , s. 6343958- Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Multi-terminal HVDC systems have recently become an attractive option for interconnection of isolated AC systems such as offshore wind farms and oil platforms to asynchronous large AC systems. This paper deals with power flow calculation (PFC) of hybrid AC/DC power systems where several asynchronous AC systems are interconnected via a common multiterminal VSC-HVDC system. This paper proposes a unified AC-DC approach for PFC of a hybrid AC/DC power system. The proposed approach is then employed for two different analyses, namely a) the separated analysis where the entire hybrid AC/DC system is divided into two groups. The first group (named external AC system) comprises all asynchronous AC systems which are not directly connected to the slack convertor of the DC network, and the second group comprises an AC/DC system where the selected AC system is directly connected to the slack convertor. In this method, a PFC is firstly performed for the the first group, and its relevant obtained results will be used for PFC of the second group. b) the integrated analysis where the entire hybrid system is considered as a unit. Both a) and b) can be used in the practical analysis of the real-size power systems. However, due to practical issues and computational costs the separated analysis may be a more acceptable method. The simulations have been performed using MATLAB, and the obtained results have been compared with those obtained in SIMPOW.
9.	Baradar, Mohamadreza, 1981-, et al. (författare) The Modeling Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC in Power Flow Calculation Using Unified Methodology 2011 Ingår i: Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) Conference. - : IEEE. - 9781457714214 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, a new unified method for power flowcalculation in AC grids with embedded multi-terminal HVDCsystems based on voltage source converter is proposed. In thismethod all DC and AC equations are solved simultaneously inthe same iteration while there is no need to rely on resultsobtained from other iterative loops unlike the other methods.The method can be applied for any number of converters,any DC network configuration and any converter loss model.The algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and to validate theresults, they are compared to results obtained from the simulationsoftware SIMPOW.
10.	Chaffey, Geraint, et al. (författare) Demonstration of Multi-vendor Protection Systems for Multiterminal VSC-HVDC Networks 2021 Ingår i: 2021 IEEE Madrid PowerTech, PowerTech 2021 - Conference Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper outlines the demonstration of partially selective and fully selective HVDC protection systems using a simulated industrial case study HVDC network, hardware HVDC protection IED prototypes, and simulated HVDC circuit breaker models. A summary of results are presented demonstrating the performance of the protection IEDs and indicating successful operation of the overall HVDC protection system according to system-level indicators. The presented results are intended to increase confidence that HVDC protection systems for multivendor HVDC networks are near ready for full-scale industrial implementation.
11.	Chaffey, Geraint, et al. (författare) Design of backup protection for the DC interconnection of adjacent point-to-point HVDC systems 2022 Ingår i: Proceedings 16th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, DPSP 2022. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). ; , s. 25-30 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In order to provide additional flexibility in future power systems, it could be beneficial to connect existing point-to-point highvoltage direct-current (HVDC) systems at the DC-side into a multiterminal network. Such a network would allow increased operational flexibility, continued operation in case of maintenance, and could reduce the end-to-end losses in the overall system. The protection of such a system, however, poses interesting challenges with constraints which differ slightly from typical HVDC grid protection studies. This paper focuses on the trade-offs surrounding the backup protection strategy following failure of a DC circuit breaker in the primary protection role. For this particular application, where a control retrofit should be avoided, the focus is on enabling quicker recovery rather than attempting to maintain continuous operation on a charged and healthy network. Therefore, the functional requirements on the backup switchgear are in some respects reduced compared to that required for primary protection. The benefits of reduced voltage switchgear for this backup protection application are therefore investigated.
12.	Chaffey, Geraint, et al. (författare) Requirements for functional testing of HVDC protection IEDs 2019 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Development of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) for HVDC protection is underway, driven in part by the prospective demands of future multiterminal HVDC systems. There is, however, no consensus on how to test the functionality of an HVDC protection IED. Successful operation of a future multivendor HVDC protection system requires functional specifications and harmonised test procedures for protection system components, including the protection IED. This paper presents an introduction to functional testing methods for HVDC protection IEDs. Evaluating the protection algorithm characteristic using synthetic waveforms is first performed, i.e. ’functional type testing’. Given that test procedures are in part dependent on the protection algorithm, tests are developed and presented for several algorithms. The behaviour of the IED in a power system simulation is then examined during generalised yet representative fault transients, i.e. equivalent to ’dynamic validation type testing’ of AC protection algorithms. The combination of functional and dynamic validation type testing allows the generalised functionality of the IED to be evaluated - testing the algorithm, hardware and software implementation, and overall performance. To provide examples of test procedures, an open-source HVDC IED prototype is tested in a hardware-in-the-loop configuration using a real-time simulator. The operation and accuracy of the protection characteristics are first examined, before the IED performance under representative waveforms is determined. Through tests of several non-unit line protection algorithms, it is shown that, depending on the algorithm applied, the IED is dependable for simulated faults within the protection zone, and secure during external faults. Moreover,the test configurations and procedures required to evaluate the functionality and the criteria for success are developed.
13.	Chaffey, Geraint, et al. (författare) The Impact of Point-to-Point VSC-HVDC Protection on Short-Term AC System Voltage 2018 Ingår i: 2018 IEEE pes innovative smart grid technologies conference europe (ISGT-EUROPE). - : IEEE. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Whilst point-to-point HVDC systems are presently protected from DC-side faults using circuit breakers at the AC-side of the converter stations, converters are unable to provide reactive power support to the AC system during the fault clearance. Implementing DC circuit breakers within the HVDC system could result in several benefits, including the near-continuous provision of reactive power to the AC systems. This paper compares HVDC system protection sequences using AC-side and DC-side protection, and evaluates the impact of these protection strategies on the AC voltage under varying AC-system configurations and varying power flow conditions.
14.	Cowan, Ian, et al. (författare) Demonstration of Partially Selective HVDC Grid Protection System with Hardware-in-the-loop IEDs 2020 Ingår i: IET Conference Publications. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper aims to demonstrate a partially selective protection strategy for multiterminal VSC-HVDC systems using a simulated industrial case study network. In order to increase confidence that such a protection strategy would be suitable for implementation on a future network, this paper uses hardware protection intelligent electronic devices (IED) prototypes from industry and academia, HVDC circuit breaker models that have been developed in collaboration with manufacturers, and a realistic case study network. The tests performed within this study are used to evaluate the performance of the protection IED in a realistic system, and examine the operation of the partially selective protection strategy at the system level. Results presented indicate that each IED achieved fast fault detection,reliable discrimination, and that the circuit breaker models were able to successfully isolate the faulted circuit, indicating the success of the partially selective protection strategy.
15.	Ergun, Hakan, et al. (författare) CoST Of Wind 2010 Ingår i: 9TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION OF WIND POWER INTO POWER SYSTEMS AS WELL AS ON TRANSMISSION NETWORKS FOR OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS. - : ENERGYNAUTICS GMBH. ; , s. 753-758 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Large-scale offshore wind farms are getting more popular due to better wind conditions on the open sea. Several methods exist to connect offshore wind farms to the main electricity grid. In this paper a tool for estimating the overall connection costs for the link between the main grid and a wind farm is shown. The method compares both AC and DC connection options. In order to estimate the overall costs, several technical input parameters such as the transmitted power, the voltage level, connection requirements, etc. must be taken into consideration. Besides the technical aspects several non-technical aspects such as connection distance and prices for the used equipment have to be taken into account. Also the maintenance costs and costs for transmission losses as well as the energy that is delivered to the grid must be considered to get a realistic picture of the overall costs for different connection methods. This paper shows how these overall costs can be estimated and how a cost effective investment can be made. The described methods are implemented in an easy to use tool, which can be used by any project developer to get reasonable first estimate of the costs. The method is developed in Microsoft Excel (R).
16.	Jovcic, Dragan, et al. (författare) HVDC grid rollout in the European context: current status and challenges of HVDC grid protection 2021 Ingår i: CIGRE Science & Engineering. - : CIGRE 21. - 2426-1335. ; 20, s. 106-124 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article provides an up-to-date overview of technologies and explores key barriers on the path to implementing High Voltage DC (HVDC) grid protection in the European context. It brings together a wide range of stakeholders including key equipment manufacturers, grid operators, developers, testing laboratories, consultants, research institutes and academia to evaluate the readiness of HVDC grid protection technology and to present a broad range of challenges for deployment.The paper reports on the latest full-scale testing of 3 different DC Circuit Breaker (DCCB) technologies from different vendors at an independent laboratory, reaching a high technology readiness level (TRL). Hardware IEDs (intelligent electronic device) or protection relays for HVDC grids have been developed by academia and industry and are tested in a real-time hardware in the loop environment with grid operators utilizing different protection algorithms. The outstanding challenges, including interoperability, are presented.The overview of multiple HVDC grid protection algorithms which have now been demonstrated in a real-time environment on detailed industrial case studies, is given. It is shown that the functional performance at system and component level is confirmed and initial harmonisation work is discussed.The paper further presents the latest work on developing cost models for HVDC grid protection, and discusses theopportunities for cost reduction for various components.It is concluded that HVDC grid protection CAPEX isdominated by DCCB costs, but this also depends on theadopted protection strategy.Different grid operators present their views on HVDCgrid protection deployment challenges related to gridplanning and practical aspects of installations in offshore environment.The overview of DCCB models including real-time modelling and model verification is provided. The emerging research trends on HVDC grid protection and DCCB technologies are also discussed.
17.	Leterme, Willem, et al. (författare) Designing for High-Voltage dc Grid Protection : Fault Clearing Strategies and Protection Algorithms 2019 Ingår i: IEEE Power and Energy Magazine. - : IEEE Press. - 1540-7977 .- 1558-4216. ; 17:3, s. 73-81 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Protecting High-Voltage (HV) dc grids requires a different approach compared with that of ac power system protection and poses one of the major challenges that must be resolved before the realization of large scale HVdc grids that use equipment from multiple vendors. HVdc grid protection, which is essential for safe and reliable HVdc grid operation, entails the appropriate detection and fault clearing of dc-side short circuit faults (i.e., dc faults). In this context, fault clearing refers to interrupting the dc fault current and isolating the faulted component. Fault current interruption is much more complex in HVdc grids compared to ac systems because dc fault currents have no naturally recurring zero crossings and, without countermeasures, quickly increase to values that are unacceptable for power electronic components. Conversely, the technologies used within HVdc grids offer options for fault clearing beyond the well-known approach of using circuit breakers in existing ac systems.
18.	Tomasson, Egill, 1986- (författare) Impact of High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy on Power System Generation Adequacy : Methods for analyzing and ensuring the generation adequacy of modern, multi-area power systems 2020 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The generation adequacy of electricity supply has been an ongoing concern since the restructuring of the industry. Ensuring generation adequacy was a rather straightforward task in the era of natural monopolies. Whose responsibility was it to ensure generation adequacy as the industry became deregulated and more fragmented? Who is willing to finance rarely used generating units? After decades of experience with the competitive electricity market, the question of whether market forces alone are sufficient to ensure generation adequacy still remains.Recent energy policies have moreover set a goal of a high share of renewable energy in electricity markets. The presence of high levels of renewable generation makes the supply side of the market more uncertain. This volatility in energy production induces volatility in energy prices which means that the revenue stream of conventional generating technologies is more uncertain than it has traditionally been. This can even deteriorate the economics of some generators to the point where they exit the electricity market. The installed capacity of dispatchable generation can therefore be reduced.These developments bring up the question of whether the generation adequacy of modern and future, deregulated and highly variable power systems is ensured. This dissertation focuses on modeling the generation adequacy of modern power systems with a high penetration of variable renewable energy sources. Moreover, the dissertation looks at some solutions with the aim of ensuring the generation adequacy of such systems through various means such as coordinated reserves, energy storage as well as utilizing the flexibility of the demand side of the market.The models developed in this dissertation are verified using well-known test systems as well as through large-scale analysis of real-world systems. Aside from focusing on the simulation of power systems, the developed models moreover focus on achieving high computational efficiency. This is done through means such as advanced Monte Carlo simulation and optimization methods that apply decomposition to speed up the simulations.
19.	Van Hertem, Dirk, et al. (författare) Coordination of multiple power flow controlling devices in transmission systems 2010 Ingår i: ACDC 2010. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
20.	van Hertem, Dirk, et al. (författare) Coordination of multiple power flow controlling devices in transmission titles 2010 Ingår i: Proceedings of 9th international conference on AC and DC transmission. - : IET. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Power flow controlling devices are increasingly present in meshed systems. These devices have strong influence on the power flows throughout the power system. As such, they influence each others operation. In order to make a more optimal and efficient use of their controllability, coordination is needed. This coordination can increase transmission capacity and security, both in steady-state and dynamically. The effect of coordination is shown using two simple examples.
21.	Van Hertem, Dirk, et al. (författare) Multi-terminal VSC HVDC for the European supergrid : Obstacles 2010 Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 14:9, s. 3156-3163 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract For many, the supergrid is seen as the solution that allows the massive integration of renewable energy sources in the European power system. It connects different remote energy sources to the existing grid while offering additional control. It offers balancing through geographic spread and allows a more diversified energy portfolio. In the meanwhile it increases the security of supply. However, technical limitations exist, and it is not yet possible to construct such a supergrid. Several outstanding issues need to be solved. This paper first describes the potential and need for a supergrid. The paper focuses on a meshed, multi-terminal VSC HVDC, and it is explained why this relatively new technology is believed to be the best suitable one for such a grid. The different difficulties or challenges that still exist are addressed. Not only the remaining technical limitations are addressed, but also the techno-economic, control and operational issues are discussed, as well as some regulatory obstacles.
22.	Van Hertem, Dirk, et al. (författare) Protection requirements for a multi-terminal meshed DC grid 2011 Ingår i: Cigrè International Symposium THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM OF THE FUTURE Integrating supergrids and microgrids location. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) or meshed DC grid is considered to be the preferable option for the much anticipated future supergrid for Europe. This supergrid should connect distant generators to increase the introduction of renewable energy sources and to provide an increased security to the pan- European power system. Although many technical limitations remain, the protection system is often regarded as the most critical one. The protection system for a meshed DC system has particular diﬃculties compared to the traditional AC system because of the DC current that has no zero crossings and the line impedance that does not limit the fault current. As a consequence, the DC currents will rise much faster and interrupting the fault current is signiﬁcantly more diﬃcult in the meshed DC than it is in an AC meshed system. Furthermore, traditional protection devices such as impedance relays cannot be used. New alternatives must be found, such as considering a joint strategy between the protection devices and the VSC converter controls. In order to provide a reliable supply of electric energy, the protection system of a meshed DC system should have a number of minimum requirements: fast fault detection, selectivity in opening the correct breakers, and redundancy.This paper discusses the diﬀerent requirements for the protection of a multi-terminal meshed HVDC system. It will provide a list of boundary conditions for such a protection system, as well as an overview of the current state of the technology and the remaining gaps. Some pointers to potential technologies that may be used in the future grid protection are given. The paper will not focus on hardware developments, but will rather indicate the requirements that these devices (or joint set of devices) must fulﬁll.
23.	Van Hertem, Dirk, et al. (författare) Technical limitations towards a SuperGrid - A European prospective 2010 Ingår i: Energy Conference and Exhibition (EnergyCon), 2010 IEEE International. - 9781424493807 ; , s. 302-309 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In the search for a more sustainable energy supply, renewable energy sources are increasingly introduced into the power system. However, most of these sources are located far from the load centers, and the existing power system is getting overloaded. A supergrid is by many seen as a viable solution that allows a massive integration of these renewable energy sources into the European power system. By connecting energy sources that are located far from each other and by offering enhanced control, balancing services can be delivered. The geographic spread in its turn allows a more diversified energy portfolio. In the meanwhile it increases the security of supply. Although the supergrid has gotten much attention, it cannot be built yet. While the basic technology might seem available, several technical limitations still exist. This paper first describes the potential and need for a supergrid. The paper focuses on a meshed, multi-terminal VSC HVDC, and it is explained why this relatively new technology is believed to be the best suitable one for such a grid. Next the different difficulties or challenges that still exist are addressed.
24.	Vanfretti, Luigi, et al. (författare) A smart transmission grid for Europe : Research challenges in developing grid enabling technologies 2011 Ingår i: Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 IEEE. - : IEEE. - 9781457710001 ; , s. 1-8 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Smart grids have attracted significant attention lately, and one can even speak of a hype. However, much of the attention is paid to the distribution side and consumer interaction. Nevertheless, also at the transmission level important improvements can be achieved through farsighted and careful intelligent grid design and implementation. This paper identifies different research areas and their respective boundary interactions in order to enable a practical #x201C;Smart Grid #x201D; implementation in the European power system. Emphasis is placed on three essential aspects of the Smart Transmission Grid. First, the necessary evolution of synchrophasor measurement technology is discussed, as well as the limitations towards and its full integration into power system operation and control. An important aspect to achieve this full integration is the necessity to test and integrate any proposed solution in an open and transparent environment. Secondly, the IT, data and communications paradigm is critically discussed. And lastly, the key questions that are open to the transmission system operators are discussed, specifically regarding the coordination within the pan-European power system and its security. Going beyond the purely academic point-of-view, this paper specifically aims to bring a realistic approach towards research for the transmission network.
25.	Vanfretti, Luigi, et al. (författare) A Smart Transmission Grid for Europe : Challenges for Developing Grid Enabling Technologies 2011 Ingår i: Elsevier IFAC Publications / IFAC Proceedings series. - 1474-6670. Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract Smart grids have attracted significant attention lately, and one can even speak of a hype. However, much of the attention is paid to the distribution side and consumer interaction. Nevertheless, also at the transmission level important improvements can be achieved through farsighted and careful intelligent grid design and implementation. This paper identifies different research areas and their respective boundary interactions in order to enable a practical “Smart Grid” implementation in the European power system. Emphasis is placed on three essential aspects of the Smart Transmission Grid. First, the necessary evolution of synchrophasor measurement technology is discussed, as well as the limitations towards and its full integration into power system operation and control. An important aspect to achieve this full integration is the necessity to test and integrate any proposed solution in an open and transparent environment. Secondly, the IT, data and communications paradigm is critically discussed. And lastly, the key questions that are open to the transmission system operators are discussed, specifically regarding the coordination within the pan-European power system and its security. Going beyond the purely academic point-of-view, this paper specifically aims to bring a realistic approach towards research for the transmission network.
26.	Wang, Mian, et al. (författare) Multi-vendor interoperability tests of IEDs for HVDC grid protection 2020 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Future large scale HVDC systems must have components from different manufacturers, however, this will require multi-vendor interoperability. This paper studies multi-vendor interoperability of HVDC protection IEDs using hardware IED prototypes developed by industrial and academic partners. Multi-vendor interoperability tests are performed using real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulations based on open-access converter models configured to represent the proposed three-terminal design of an extension to an existing point-to-point HVDC system in the UK. In particular, this paper focuses on developing testing procedures for IEDs in a multi-vendor environment and identifying possible interoperability issues. Interoperability of two hardware IEDs is demonstrated during primary protection, IED failure backup protection and breaker failure backup protection. In each case, the protection scheme operates correctly and it is shown that, in the studied scenarios,the protection IEDs are interoperable.
27.	Wang, Mian, et al. (författare) Pre-standardisation of Interfaces between DC Circuit Breaker and Intelligent Electronic Device to Enable Multivendor Interoperability 2019 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract DC circuit breakers (DCCBs) are one of the key components to facilitate large meshed HVDC grids. Driven by the needs for achieving high speed, low loss and low cost, various DCCB technologies have been proposed for HVDC applications. Unlike AC circuit breakers (ACCBs), some DCCBs provide a variety of functions, such as proactive opening or fault current limiting (FCL), mainly attributed to the high controllability of the power electronic switches used in such DCCBs. To enable these functions, the intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are expected to provide signals steering these functions in addition to a trip command. Interoperability between IEDs and DCCBs from different vendors is considered feasible, but expected to be more complex than their AC counterparts, due to the different functions provided by various DCCB technologies. It is therefore crucial to understand which of the functions are essential to fulfil the requirements imposed in HVDC grid protection, and to standardise the interfaces between the IEDs and DCCBs to achieve multivendor interoperability between IEDs and DCCBs provided by different vendors. This paper first classifies the DCCB functions into minimally required and auxiliary ones based on reviewing the existing literature. Then, standardised interfaces between the IEDs and DCCBs are proposed to enable both types of DCCB functions. An example of such IED is implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to demonstrate that the proposed interfaces are adequate to enable both minimally required and auxiliary functions using a four-terminal test system. Auxiliary functions of hybrid DCCBs, such as proactive opening, fault current limiting, fast reclosing and reopening, breaker failure internal detection and repeated O-C-O operation are demonstrated by simulations.
28.	Westermann, D., et al. (författare) Voltage source converter (VSC) HVDC for bulk power transmission - Technology and planning method 2010 Ingår i: 2010. ACDC. 9th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission. - : IET. - 9781849193085 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract As the value of additional functionality of any new power technology is very case dependent, it is not possible to make general comments on the economics of VSC HVDC applications for bulk power transmission without considering alternatives. Therefore, the paper presents a methodology which can be used to evaluate different investment options, based on the investment cost, the operational costs and a way to include the "non-component based" costs and returns.
29.	Wu, Jiaojiao, et al. (författare) Review of statistics based coping mechanisms for Smart Meter Missing Data in Distribution Systems 2022 Ingår i: IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The large-scale deployment of smart meters means accumulating massive data on consumers' electricity consumption. The data collected from smart meters contains a lot of information that is useful to support the operation and management of low voltage distribution systems. However, data quality is key to the performance and accuracy of such support methods. For instance, missing data is unavoidable due to hardware or software failures in the meter, communication network, and end server. Incomplete data from smart meters ranging from a few samples to a few weeks block makes these data difficult to use. This paper deals with such missing data points in the smart meter data. Missing data can be solved by neglecting data with missing points, enhancing communication infrastructure, or using statistical imputation methods. Statistical imputation based methods in literature were evaluated in smart-meter data made public by the Belgian distribution system operator in this paper. Concretely, eight different imputation methods commonly used in the literature are implemented to estimate the missing points in the data set from actual smart-meter data. Linear imputation was suitable for shorter missing periods, while bilinear imputation performed better in larger blocks of missing data points.

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