| 1. |
- Bergman, Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 49, s. 57-82
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50 years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PERs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physicochemical constants.
|
|
| 2. |
- De Winter, Sabrina, et al.
(författare)
-
Quantification and Explanation of the Variability of First-Dose Amikacin Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department : A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis
- 2021
-
Ingår i: European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. - : Springer Nature. - 0378-7966 .- 2107-0180. ; 46, s. 653-663
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: There may be a difference between the determinants of amikacin exposure in emergency department (ED) versus intensive care (ICU) patients, and the peak amikacin concentration varies widely between patients. Moreover, when the first dose of antimicrobials is administered to septic patients admitted to the ED, fluid resuscitation and vasopressors have just been initiated. Nevertheless, population pharmacokinetic modelling data for amikacin in ED patients are unavailable.Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify the interindividual variability (IIV) in the pharmacokinetics of amikacin in patients admitted to the ED and to identify the patient characteristics that explain this IIV.Methods: Patients presenting at the ED with severe sepsis or septic shock were randomly assigned to receive amikacin 25 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg intravenously. Blood samples were collected at 1, 6 and 24 h after the onset of the first amikacin infusion. Data were analysed using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling.Results: A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model was developed based on 279 amikacin concentrations from 97 patients. The IIV in clearance (CL) and central distribution volume (V-1) were 71% and 26%, respectively. Body mass index (BMI), serum total protein level, serum sodium level, and fluid balance 24 h after amikacin administration explained 30% of the IIV in V-1, leaving 18% of the IIV unexplained. BMI and creatinine clearance according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation 24 h after amikacin administration explained 46% of the IIV in CL, and 39% remained unexplained.Conclusion: The IIV of amikacin pharmacokinetics in ED patients is large. Higher doses may be considered in patients with low serum sodium levels, low total protein levels, or a high fluid balance.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bui, Thuy T., et al.
(författare)
-
Probing the relationship between external and internal human exposure of organophosphate flame retardants using pharmacokinetic modelling
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 230, s. 550-560
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human external exposure (i.e. intake) of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) has recently been quantified, but no link has yet been established between external and internal exposure. In this study, we used a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to probe the relationship between external and internal exposure data for three PFRs (EHDPHP, TNBP and TPHP) available for a Norwegian cohort of 61 individuals from 61 different households. Using current literature on metabolism of PFRs,, we predicted the metabolite serum/urine concentrations and compared it to measured data from the study population. Unavailable parameters were estimated using a model fitting approach (least squares method) after assigning reasonable constraints on the ranges of fitted parameters. Results showed an acceptable comparison between PK model estimates and measurements (<10-fold deviation) for EHDPHP. However, a deviation of 10-1000 was observed between PM model estimates and measurements for TNBP and TPHP. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on the PK model revealed that EHDPHP results showed higher uncertainty than TNBP or TPHP. However, there are indications that (1) current biomarkers of exposure (i.e. assumed metabolites) for TNBP and TPHP chemicals might not be specific and ultimately affecting the outcome of the modelling and (2) some exposure pathways might be missing. Further research, such as in vivo laboratory metabolism experiments of PFRs including identification of better biomarkers will reduce uncertainties in human exposure assessment.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bui, Tuong Thuy, et al.
(författare)
-
Probing the relationship between external and internal human exposure of organophosphate flame retardants using pharmacokinetic modelling
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Human external exposure (i.e. intake) of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) has recently been quantified, but no link has yet been established between external and internal exposure. In this study, we used a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to probe the relationship between external and internal exposure data for three PFRs (EHDPHP, TNBP and TPHP) available for a Norwegian cohort of 61 individuals from 61 different households. Using current literature on metabolism of PFRs, we predicted the human body burden and compared it to the measured serum and urine data for the PFRs metabolites. Unavailable parameters were estimated using a model fitting approach (least squares method) after assigning reasonable constraints on the ranges of fitted parameters. Results showed an acceptable comparison between PK model estimates and measurements (< 10-fold deviation) for EHDPHP. However, a deviation of 10-1000 was observed between PK model estimates and measurements for TNBP and TPHP. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on the PK model revealed that EHDPHP results showed higher uncertainty than TNBP or TPHP. However, there are indications that (1) current biomarkers of exposure (i.e. assumed metabolites) for TNBP and TPHP chemicals might not be specific and ultimately affecting the outcome of the modeling, (2) some exposure pathways might be missing. Further research, such as in vivo laboratory metabolism experiments of PFRs including identification of better biomarkers will reduce uncertainties in human exposure assessment.
|
|
