| 1. |
- Burlakovs, Juris, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Environmental Quality of Groundwater in Contaminated Areas—Challenges in Eastern Baltic Region
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Water Resources Quality and Management in Baltic Sea Countries. - Switzerland : Springer. - 9783030397005 - 9783030397012 ; , s. 59-84
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lack of water in the future will force society to find more sophisticated solutions for treatment and improvement of groundwater wherever it comes from. Contamination of soil and groundwater is a legacy of modern society, prevention of contaminants spread and secondary water reuse options shall be considered. The aim of the book chapter is to give oversight view on problems and challenges linked to groundwater quality in Eastern Baltic region whilst through case studies explaining the practical problems with groundwater monitoring, remediation and overall environmental quality analysis. The reader will get introduced with case studies in industry levels as credibility of scientific fundamentals is higher when practical solutions are shown. Eastern Baltic countries experience cover contamination problems that are mainly of historic origin due to former Soviet military and industrial policy implementation through decades. Short summaries for each case study are given and main conclusions provided in form of recommendations at the very end of the chapter.
|
|
| 2. |
- Burlakovs, Juris, et al.
(författare)
-
Field-portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as rapid measurement tool for landfill mining operations : comparison of field data vs. laboratory analysis
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0306-7319 .- 1029-0397. ; 95:7, s. 609-617
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landfill mining applied in reclamation at the territories of old dump sites and landfills is a known approach tended to global economic and environmental benefits as recovery of metals and energy is an important challenge. The aim of this study was to analyse the concentration of several metallic elements (Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Pb, Zn) in the fine fraction of waste derived in the landfill and to compare the results of measurements obtained by field-portable equipment with the data gained by advanced analytical tools. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used for the quantitative detection of metallic elements at the laboratory; whereas field-portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FPXRF) was applied for rapid sample characterisation in the field (on-site). Wet digestion of samples (fine fraction of waste at landfill) was done prior analytical procedures at the laboratory conditions, but FPXRF analysis was performed using raw solid samples of waste fine fraction derived in the Kudjape Landfill in Estonia. Although the use of AAS and ICP-MS for the measurements of metals achieves more precise results, it was concluded that precision and accuracy of the measurements obtained by FPXRF is acceptable for fast approximate evaluation of quantities of metallic elements in fine fraction samples excavated from the waste at landfills. Precision and accuracy of the results provided by express method is acceptable for quick analysis or screening of the concentration of major and trace metallic elements in field projects; however, data correction can be applied by calculating moisture and organic matter content dependent on sample matrix as well as special attention must be paid on sample selection and homogenisation and number of analysed samples.
|
|
| 3. |
- Burlakovs, Juris, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Gateway of Landfilled Plastic Waste Towards Circular Economy in Europe
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Separations. - : MDPI. - 2297-8739. ; 6:2, s. 1-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For decades, significant work has been conducted regarding plastic waste by dealing with rejected materials in waste masses through their accumulation, sorting and recycling. Important political and technical challenges are involved, especially with respect to landfilled waste. Plastic is popular and, notwithstanding decrease policies, it will remain a material widely used in most economic sectors. However, questions of plastic waste recycling in the contemporary world cannot be solved without knowing the material, which can be achieved by careful sampling, analysis and quantification. Plastic is heterogeneous, but usually all plastic waste is jointly handled for recycling and incineration. Separation before processing waste through the analytical approach must be applied. Modern landfill mining and site clean-up projects in contemporary waste management systems require comprehensive material studies ranging from the macro-characterization of waste masses to a more detailed analysis of hazardous constituents and properties from an energy calorific standpoint-where, among other methods, thermogravimetric research coupled with life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic assessment is highly welcomed.
|
|
| 4. |
- Burlakovs, Juris, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Mobility of Metals and Valorization of Sorted Fine Fraction of Waste After Landfill Excavation
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 7:3, s. 593-602
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reclamation of landfills and dumpsites requiresdetailed technical and economic evaluation of actual and potential pollution at the site, including detection of the main contaminants, their concentration, chemical stability and mobility in the environment. Contamination with metallic elements and metalloids is among the most important problems that limits recultivation of landfills and dumpsites and reuse of landfilled materials. This study was implemented at the Kudjape Municipal Landfill, located on Saaremaa Island in Estonia. The Kudjape Landfill is apartly closed landfill recultivated by covering it with a layer of a fine fraction of landfill material after the landfill mining operations. The fine fraction was derived at the site by sorting the landfill material (i.e., disposed waste) using mechanical screening, manual sorting and sieving. Obtained relatively homogeneous material, consisting of particles smaller than 10 mm, was defined as a fine fractionof waste. Samples from the fine fraction at different depth were collected and analyzed. Metal mobility was assessed after the sequential extraction. Results revealed that such elements as Zn, Mn, Mg are found in various fractions; Fe,Cd, Cr—mainly in residual fraction; Cu, Pb, Ni, Ba, Co and Rb mostly in fractions of residuals and reduced compounds,but they are presented in larger proportion of acid and water soluble fractions. Slight interconnection ofdetected parameters and sampling depth was revealed. Sequential extraction of elements in the fine fraction suggested the valorization of waste and confirmed that such landfill material can be successfully used as a landfill covering layer under the specific engineering circumstances.
|
|
| 5. |
- Burlakovs, Juris, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
On the way to 'zero waste' management : Recovery potential of elements, including rare earth elements, from fine fraction of waste
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 186, s. 81-90
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing schemes of solid waste handling have been improved implementing advanced systems for recovery and reuse of various materials. Nowadays, the 'zero waste' concept is becoming more topical through the reduction of disposed waste. Recovery of metals, nutrients and other materials that can be returned to the material cycles still remain as a challenge for future. Landfill mining (LFM) is one of the approaches that can deal with former dumpsites, and derived materials may become important for circular economy within the concept 'beyond the zero waste'. Perspectives of material recovery can include recycling of critical industrial metals, including rare earth elements (REEs). The LFM projects performed in the Baltic Region along with a conventional source separation of iron-scrap, plastics etc. have shown that the potential of fine-grained fractions (including clay and colloidal matter) of excavated waste have considerably large amounts of potentially valuable metals and distinct REEs. In this paper analytical screening studies are discussed extending the understanding of element content in fine fraction of waste derived from excavated, separated and screened waste in a perspective of circular economy. Technological feasibility was evaluated by using modified sequential extraction technique where easy extractable amount of metals can be estimated. Results revealed that considerable concentrations of Mn (418-823 mg/kg), Ni (41-84 mg/kg), Co (10.7-19.3 mg/kg) and Cd (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) were detected in fine fraction (<10 mm) of waste sampled from Hogbytorp landfill, while Cr (49-518 mg/kg) and Pb (30-264 mg/kg) were found in fine fraction (<10 mm) of waste from Torma landfill revealing wide heterogeneity of tested samples. Waste should become a utilizable resource closing the loop of anthropogenic material cycle as the hidden potential of valuable materials in dumps is considerable.
|
|
| 6. |
- Burlakovs, Juris, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Paradigms on landfill mining : From dump site scavenging to ecosystem services revitalization
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 123, s. 73-84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the next century to come, one of the biggest challenges is to provide the mankind with relevant and sufficient resources. Recovery of secondary resources plays a significant role. Industrial processes developed to regain minerals for commodity production in a circular economy become ever more important in the European Union and worldwide. Landfill mining (LFM) constitutes an important technological toolset of processes that regain resources and redistribute them with an accompanying reduction of hazardous influence of environmental contamination and other threats for human health hidden in former dump sites and landfills. This review paper is devoted to LFM problems, historical development and driving paradigms of LFM from 'classical hunting for valuables' to 'perspective in ecosystem revitalization'. The main goal is to provide a description of historical experience and link it to more advanced concept of a circular economy. The challenge is to adapt the existing knowledge to make decisions in accordance with both, economic feasibility and ecosystems revitalization aspects. (
|
|
| 7. |
- Burlakovs, Juris, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Platinum Group Elements in Geosphere and Anthroposphere : Interplay among the Global Reserves, Urban Ores, Markets and Circular Economy
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Minerals. - : MDPI. - 2075-163X. ; 10:6, s. 1-19
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrial and strategic significance of platinum group elements (PGEs)-Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt-makes them irreplaceable; furthermore, some PGEs are used by investors as "safe heaven" assets traded in the commodity markets. This review analyzes PGEs from various aspects: their place in the geosphere, destiny in the anthroposphere, and opportunity in the economy considering interactions among the exploration, recycling of urban ores, trade markets, speculative rhetoric, and changes required for successful technological progress towards the implementation of sustainability. The global market of PGEs is driven by several concerns: costs for extraction/recycling; logistics; the demand of industries; policies of waste management. Diversity of application and specific chemical properties, as well as improper waste management, make the recycling of PGEs complicated. The processing approach depends on composition and the amount of available waste material, and so therefore urban ores are a significant source of PGEs, especially when the supply of elements is limited by geopolitical or market tensions. Recycling potential of urban ores is particularly important in a long-term view disregarding short-term economic fluctuations, and it should influence investment flows in the advancement of innovation.
|
|
| 8. |
- Hogland, Marika, et al.
(författare)
-
Preliminary analysis of elements in water supply sludge at Rönneholms Mosse fields, southern Sweden
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference (SGEM 2018). - Sofia : International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference & EXPO SGEM. - 9781510873575 ; , s. 111-118
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sydvatten AB operates the water plant Ringsjö Agency in Stehag, Southern Sweden, and the company has since the 1970s deposited waterworks sludge in the sludge landfill at Rönneholms Mosse (bog), Sjöholmen (WGS84 55°48'46.1"N 13°18'25.6"E). In order to handle the produced future waterworks sludge from Ringsjö there was carried out a trenching and stratigraphic study of Ringsjö Agency waterworks sludge. The aim of the project was to roughly determine the mass balance for Fe and Al for the basis of the results to determine potential extraction and recycling opportunities for the iron and/or aluminum hydroxides of water treatment sludge. In addition trace elements and rare earth elements (REE) were studied. Analysis of 10 cores were characterized by technogenic stratigraphy, texture and color, results of geochemical studies of processed sludge recovered possible recycling opportunities to implement circular economy principles in sludge management. The Interreg Baltic Sea Region within the scope of project “Interactive Water Management” (IWAMA) has supported this study.
|
|
| 9. |
- Hogland, Marika, et al.
(författare)
-
Remarks on four novel landfill mining case studies in Estonia and Sweden
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. - : Springer. - 1438-4957 .- 1611-8227. ; 20:2, s. 1355-1363
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In common sense, a landfill is a place where the life cycle of products ends. Landfill mining (LFM) mostly deals with former dumpsites and derived material may have a significant importance for the circular economy. Deliverables of recently applied LFM projects in Sweden and Estonia have revealed the potential and problems for material recovery. There are 75-100 thousand old landfills and dumps in the Baltic Sea Region, and they pose environmental risks to soil, water and air by pollution released from leachate and greenhouse gas emissions. Excavation of landfills is potential solution for solving these problems, and at the same time, there are perspectives to recover valuable lands and materials, save expenses for final coverage of the landfills and aftercare control. The research project "Closing the Life Cycle of Landfills-Landfill Mining in the Baltic Sea Region for Future" included investigation at four case studies in Estonia and Sweden: Kudjape, Torma, Hogbytorp and Vika landfills. Added value of this research project is characterization of waste fine fraction material, determination of concentration for most critical and rare earth elements. The main results showed that both, coarse and fine, fractions of waste might have certain opportunities of recovery.
|
|
| 10. |
- Khan, Asif, et al.
(författare)
-
Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater of Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. - : Estonian Academy Publishers. - 1736-6046 .- 1736-7530. ; 70:3, s. 297-306
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Groundwater heavy metal pollution is a major concern all around the world. For the assessment of heavy metals and physico-chemical characteristics. groundwater samples were collected from different locations of the Karak District, Pakistan. With the help of the global information system device (GIS), groundwater samples were collected and studied from 47 locations. The present study focused on the water table (WT), water source depth (WSD), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), lead (Pb(II)), silver (Ag(I)), iron (Fe(II)) and chromium (Cr(VI)) parameters. Heavy metals were analyzed by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The Pearson's matrix of correlation showed relationships between several parameters, such as the EC and the TDS which had close interactions between all the three different groundwater samples (collected by hand pump (HP), bore holes (BH) and tube wells (TW)). The strong correlation was detected in all the sources of water between the TDS and the EC, the regression coefficient (r) of which was 1. In the hierarchical clustering (by dendrograms) the HP samples show two clusters: Cluster 1 contains seven parameters and Cluster 2 has four parameters. The BH samples have two clusters: Cluster 1 contains three parameters and Cluster 2 has eight parameters. The TW dendrogram also shows two clusters: Cluster 1 contains six parameters while Cluster 2 has five parameters.
|
|
| 11. |
- Munsif, Fazal, et al.
(författare)
-
Dual-purpose wheat technology : a tool for ensuring food security and livestock sustainability in cereal-based cropping pattern
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0365-0340 .- 1476-3567. ; 67:13, s. 1889-1900
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wheat cultivation under a dual-purpose (DP) system holds great potential to provide additional fodder for livestock with marginal grain reduction. This study explores the potential of wheat as a DP crop for improving both, forage and grain cropping system by finding out optimal sowing dates and cultivars suitable for DP cropping. Field experiments with four cultivars (Saleem-2000, Bathoor-2007, Fakhre Sarhad-99 (FS-99) and Siran-2008), three sowing dates (October 15, October 30 and November 15) and two cutting treatments (cut and no-cut) determines the effects on yield and physiology of wheat. Wheat sown either in mid or end of October resulted in 11 and 8% increase in grain yield while 13 and 9% in biological yield over mid November sowing, respectively. This increase in yield was due to higher grain spike(-1), chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and relative water content. The cultivars Siran-2008 and Saleem-2000 had higher biological and grain yields than other cultivars across cutting and sowing dates treatments. Biological and grain yields were reduced by 4% and 3%, respectively under the DP wheat compared with no-cut treatment, but grains N content was unaffected. Conclusively, DP wheat system (cut treatment) had higher profitability (11.2%) than wheat crop sown only for grain purposes.
|
|
| 12. |
- Ozola, Ruta, et al.
(författare)
-
Surfactant-Modified Clay Sorbents for the Removal of p-nitrophenol
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Clays and clay minerals. - : Springer. - 0009-8604 .- 1552-8367. ; 67:2, s. 132-142
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic pollutants are widespread and a known problem for the environment. p-nitrophenol (PNP) is one such pollutant found in effluents from various industries involved with pesticides, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, plastic, paper, and other materials. The objective of this research was to prepare and test organically modified clays using four different surfactants and to evaluate the removal efficiency of PNP from aqueous solutions. Organically modified clays have attracted great interest due to their wide applications in industry and environmental protection as sorbents for organic pollutants. Two natural smectite-dominated clay types from outcrops in Latvia and Lithuania as well as industrially manufactured montmorillonite (Mt) clay were modified using different nonionic (4-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) and dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide (DDAO)) and cationic (benzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (BTMAC) and dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC)) surfactants. Modified clay materials were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) for surface area analysis. Sorption of PNP was investigated under various conditions, e.g. surfactant loading, initial PNP concentration, contact time, and pH. The novelty of the present study was to prepare innovative organo-sorbents based on manufactured as well as natural clay samples using cationic surfactants and nonconventional nonionic surfactants as modifiers. The sorption data combined with FTIR and XRD supplementary results suggests that nonionic organo-clay (Mt-DDAO_2) is the most effective sorbent and may serve as a low-toxicity immobilizer of pollutants such as phenols.
|
|
| 13. |
- Rahman, Najeeb, et al.
(författare)
-
Activated Ailanthus altissima Sawdust as Adsorbent for Removal of Acid Yellow 29 from Wastewater : Kinetics Approach
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 15:13, s. 1-13
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, Ailanthus altissima sawdust was chemically activated and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X rays (EDX), and surface area analyzer. The sawdust was used as an adsorbent for the removal of azo dye; Acid Yellow 29 (AY 29) from wastewater. Different kinetic and equilibrium models were used to calculate the adsorption parameters. Among the applied models, the more suitable model was Freundlich with maximum adsorption capacities of 9.464, 12.798, and 11.46 mg/g at 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C respectively while R2 values close to 1. Moreover, the kinetic data was best fitted in pseudo second order kinetic model with high R2 values approaching to 1. Furthermore, adsorption thermodynamics parameters such as free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated and the adsorption process was found to be exothermic with a value of ∆H° = −9.981 KJ mol−1, spontaneous that was concluded from ΔG° values which were negative (−0.275, −3.422, and −6.171 KJ mol−1 at 20, 30, and 40 °C respectively). A positive entropy change ∆S° with a value of 0.0363 KJ mol−1 indicated the increase disorder during adsorption process. It was concluded that the activated sawdust could be used as a suitable adsorbent for the removal of waste material, especially dyes from polluted waters.
|
|
| 14. |
- Rudovica, Vita, et al.
(författare)
-
Valorization of Marine Waste : Use of Industrial By-Products and Beach Wrack Towards the Production of High Added-Value Products
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-7745. ; 8
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomass is defined as organic matter from living organisms represented in all kingdoms. It is recognized to be an excellent source of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids and, as such, embodies a tailored feedstock for new products and processes to apply in green industries. The industrial processes focused on the valorization of terrestrial biomass are well established, but marine sources still represent an untapped resource. Oceans and seas occupy over 70% of the Earth's surface and are used intensively in worldwide economies through the fishery industry, as logistical routes, for mining ores and exploitation of fossil fuels, among others. All these activities produce waste. The other source of unused biomass derives from the beach wrack or washed-ashore organic material, especially in highly eutrophicated marine ecosystems. The development of high-added-value products from these side streams has been given priority in recent years due to the detection of a broad range of biopolymers, multiple nutrients and functional compounds that could find applications for human consumption or use in livestock/pet food, pharmaceutical and other industries. This review comprises a broad thematic approach in marine waste valorization, addressing the main achievements in marine biotechnology for advancing the circular economy, ranging from bioremediation applications for pollution treatment to energy and valorization for biomedical applications. It also includes a broad overview of the valorization of side streams in three selected case study areas: Norway, Scotland, and the Baltic Sea.
|
|
| 15. |
- Vincevica-Gaile, Zane, et al.
(författare)
-
Applying Macroalgal Biomass as an Energy Source : Utility of the Baltic Sea Beach Wrack for Thermochemical Conversion
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 14:21
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global resource limits and increasing demand for non-fossil energy sources have expanded the research on alternative fuels. Among them, algal biomass is designated as a third-generation feedstock with promising opportunities and the capability to be utilized for energy production in the long term. The paper presents the potential for converting beach wrack containing macroalgal biomass into gaseous fuel as a sustainable option for energy production, simultaneously improving the organic waste management that the coastline is facing. Beach wrack collected in the northern Baltic Sea region was converted by gasification technology applicable for carbon-based feedstock thermal recovery, resulting in syngas production as the main product and by-product biochar. Proximate and ultimate analysis, trace and major element quantification, detection of calorific values for macroalgal biomass, and derived biochar and syngas analysis were carried out. A higher heating value for beach wrack was estimated to be relatively low, 5.38 MJ/kg as received (or 14.70 MJ/kg on dry basis), but produced syngas that contained enough high content of CH4 (42%). Due to macroalgal biomass specifics (e.g., high moisture content and sand admixture), an adjusted gasification process, i.e., the combination of thermochemical procedures, such as mild combustion and pyrolytic biomass conversion, might be a better choice for the greater economic value of biowaste valorization.
|
|
| 16. |
- Vincevica-Gaile, Zane, et al.
(författare)
-
Testing sapropel (gyttja) as soil amendment : assessment of plant germination and early seedling development
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Research for Rural Development 2015. - : Latvia University of Agriculture. ; , s. 88-94
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sapropel or gyttja are the terms that relate to specific water body sediments containing a high level of organic matter formed from the remains of water biota mixed with mineral components. One of the most promising utilisation ways of sapropel is agriculture and forestry where this natural material can be used as soil amendment to enrich soil fertility, neutralise acidity, improve water capacity and reduce phytoavailablity of excess of metallic elements. The aim of this study was to perform plant germination and early seedling tests using various sapropel samples and to reveal response of plant development depending on the type of sapropel to be used as soil amendment. Pure natural sapropel and sapropel/sand substrate of such types as peaty, organic-sandy, cyanobacteria, green algae and carbonatic sapropel, derived from four lakes of eastern Latvia, were tested. Seeds of cucumber Cucumis sativus and tomato Solanum lycopersicum as dicotyledons and perennial rye-grass Lolium perenne as monocotyledon were chosen for the experiment. Seed germination and early seedling tests were performed in PHYTOTESTKIT plates. Seeds were germinated in thermostat at a temperature of 26 °C for 7 days but early seedling development was achieved after 23-30 days (depending on plant species) under daylight conditions at a temperature of 20 °C. Developed radicles and hypocotyls were measured, shoots and roots were weighed. The obtained results showed a distinctive effect of applied sapropel type on the development of plants depending on species and substrate - substrate containing pure natural sapropel is effective for cucumber and perennial rye-grass, but not for tomato.
|
|
| 17. |
- Vincevica-Gaile, Zane, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards Sustainable Soil Stabilization in Peatlands : Secondary Raw Materials as an Alternative
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 13, s. 1-26
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Implementation of construction works on weak (e.g., compressible, collapsible, expansive)soils such as peatlands often is limited by logistics of equipment and shortage of available andapplicable materials. If preloading or floating roads on geogrid reinforcement or piled embankmentscannot be implemented, then soil stabilization is needed. Sustainable soil stabilization in anenvironmentally friendly way is recommended instead of applying known conventional methodssuch as pure cementing or excavation and a single replacement of soils. Substitution of conventionalmaterial (cement) and primary raw material (lime) with secondary raw material (waste and byproductsfrom industries) corresponds to the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations,preserves resources, saves energy, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Besides traditional materialusage, soil stabilization is achievable through various secondary raw materials (listed accordingto their groups and subgroups): 1. thermally treated waste products: 1.1. ashes from agricultureproduction; 1.2. ashes from energy production; 1.3. ashes from various manufacturing; 1.4. ashesfrom waste processing; 1.5. high carbon content pyrolysis products; 2. untreated waste and newproducts made from secondary raw materials: 2.1. waste from municipal waste biological treatmentand landfills; 2.2. waste from industries; 3. new products made from secondary raw materials:3.1. composite materials. Efficient solutions in environmental engineering may eliminate excessiveamounts of waste and support innovation in the circular economy for sustainable future.
|
|
