| 1. |
- Bernardi, Simona, et al.
(författare)
-
Model-driven availability evaluation of railway control systems
- 2011
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Ingår i: Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. SAFECOMP 2011. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642242694 ; , s. 15-28
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maintenance of real-world systems is a complex task involving several actors, procedures and technologies. Proper approaches are needed in order to evaluate the impact of different maintenance policies considering cost/benefit factors. To that aim, maintenance models may be used within availability, performability or safety models, the latter developed using formal languages according to the requirements of international standards. In this paper, a model-driven approach is described for the development of formal maintenance and reliability models for the availability evaluation of repairable systems. The approach facilitates the use of formal models which would be otherwise difficult to manage, and provides the basis for automated models construction. Starting from an extension to maintenance aspects of the MARTE-DAM profile for dependability analysis, an automated process based on model-to-model transformations is described. The process is applied to generate a Repairable Fault Trees model from the MARTE-DAM specification of the Radio Block Centre - a modern railway controller. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.
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| 2. |
- Besinovic, Nikola, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence in Railway Transport : Taxonomy, Regulations, and Applications
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print). - : IEEE. - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 23:9, s. 14011-14024
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming pervasive in most engineering domains, and railway transport is no exception. However, due to the plethora of different new terms and meanings associated with them, there is a risk that railway practitioners, as several other categories, will get lost in those ambiguities and fuzzy boundaries, and hence fail to catch the real opportunities and potential of machine learning, artificial vision, and big data analytics, just to name a few of the most promising approaches connected to AI. The scope of this paper is to introduce the basic concepts and possible applications of AI to railway academics and practitioners. To that aim, this paper presents a structured taxonomy to guide researchers and practitioners to understand AI techniques, research fields, disciplines, and applications, both in general terms and in close connection with railway applications such as autonomous driving, maintenance, and traffic management. The important aspects of ethics and explainability of AI in railways are also introduced. The connection between AI concepts and railway subdomains has been supported by relevant research addressing existing and planned applications in order to provide some pointers to promising directions.
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| 3. |
-
Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security : Proceedings of the 30th international conference on Computer safety, reliability, and security
- 2011
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, SAFECOMP 2011, held in Naples, Italy, in September 2011.The 34 full papers presented together were carefully reviewed and selected from 100 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on RAM evaluation, complex systems dependability, formal verification, risk and hazard analysis, cybersecurity and optimization methods.
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| 4. |
- De Donato, Lorenzo, et al.
(författare)
-
Artificial intelligence in railways : Current applications, challenges, and ongoing research
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Handbook on Artificial Intelligence and Transport. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781803929545 - 9781803929538 ; , s. 249-283
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter presents applications, challenges, and opportunities for the integration of artificial intelligence in rail transport, based on the current results of the European project Roadmaps for AI integration in the rail sector (RAILS). Past and ongoing research directions are briefly outlined, and then the regulatory landscape is presented as well as the main barriers to overcome. Some technical aspects are addressed to provide some valuable references, and a high-level description of ongoing research work is given, spanning from innovative studies on smart maintenance, collision avoidance, delay prediction, and incident attribution analysis to visionary scenarios such as intelligent control and virtual coupling.
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| 5. |
- De Donato, Lorenzo, et al.
(författare)
-
Intelligent detection of warning bells at level crossings through deep transfer learning for smarter railway maintenance
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Engineering applications of artificial intelligence. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0952-1976 .- 1873-6769. ; 123
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Level Crossings are among the most critical railway assets, concerning both the risk of accidents and their maintainability, due to intersections with promiscuous traffic and difficulties in remotely monitoring their health status. Failures can be originated from several factors, including malfunctions in the bar mechanisms and warning devices, such as light signals and bells. This paper focuses on the intelligent detection of anomalies in warning bells through non-intrusive acoustic monitoring by: (1) introducing a new concept for autonomous monitoring of level crossings; (2) generating and sharing a specific dataset collecting relevant audio signals from publicly available audio recordings; (3) implementing and evaluating a solution combining deep learning and transfer learning for warning bell detection. The results show a high accuracy in detecting anomalies and suggest viability of the approach in real-world applications, especially where network cameras with on-board microphones are installed for multi-purpose level crossing surveillance.
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| 6. |
- De Donato, Lorenzo, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards AI-assisted digital twins for smart railways : preliminary guideline and reference architecture
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 2199-4668 .- 2199-4676.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last years, there has been a growing interest in the emerging concept of digital twins (DTs) among software engineers and researchers. DTs not only represent a promising paradigm to improve product quality and optimize production processes, but they also may help enhance the predictability and resilience of cyber-physical systems operating in critical contexts. In this work, we investigate the adoption of DTs in the railway sector, focusing in particular on the role of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies as key enablers for building added-value services and applications related to smart decision-making. In this paper, in particular, we address predictive maintenance which represents one of the most promising services benefiting from the combination of DT and AI. To cope with the lack of mature DT development methodologies and standardized frameworks, we detail a workflow for DT design and development specifically tailored to a predictive maintenance scenario and propose a high-level architecture for AI-enabled DTs supporting such workflow.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Dirnfeld, Ruth, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating AI and DTs : challenges and opportunities in railway maintenance application and beyond
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Simulation (San Diego, Calif.). - : Sage Publications. - 0037-5497 .- 1741-3133. ; 100:9, s. 903-917
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last years, there has been a growing interest in the emerging concept of digital twin (DT) as it represents a promising paradigm to continuously monitor cyber-physical systems, as well as to test and validate predictability, safety, and reliability aspects. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) is exponentially affirming as an extremely powerful tool when it comes to modeling the behavior of physical assets allowing, de facto, the possibility of making predictions on their potential evolution. However, despite the fact that DTs and AI (and their combination) can act as game-changing technologies in different domains (including the railways), several challenges have to be faced to ensure their effectiveness, especially when dealing with safety-critical systems. This paper provides a narrative review of the scientific literature on DTs for railway maintenance applications, with a special focus on their relationship with AI. The aim is to discuss the opportunities the integration of these two technologies could open in railway maintenance applications (and beyond), while highlighting the main challenges that should be overcome for its effective implementation.
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| 9. |
- Dirnfeld, Ruth, et al.
(författare)
-
Low-Power Wide-Area Networks in Intelligent Transportation : Review and Opportunities for Smart-Railways
- 2020
-
Ingår i: 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC 2020. - : IEEE. - 9781728141497 - 9781728141503 ; , s. 1-7
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technology development in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT) and more specifically in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) has enabled a whole set of new applications in several fields of Intelligent Transportation Systems. Among all, smart-railways represents one of the most challenging scenarios, due to its wide geographical distribution and strict energy-awareness. This paper aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in LPWAN, with a focus on intelligent transportation. This study is part of the RAILS (Roadmaps for Artificial Intelligence integration in the raiL Sector) research project, funded by the European Union under the Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking. As a first step to meet its objectives, RAILS surveys the current state of development of technology enablers for smart-railways considering possible technology transfer from other sectors. To that aim, IoT and LPWAN technologies appear as very promising for cost-effective remote surveillance, monitoring and control over large geographical areas, by collecting data for several sensing applications (e.g., predictive condition-based maintenance, security early warning and situation awareness, etc.) even in situations where power supply is limited (e.g., where solar panels are employed) or absent (e.g., installation on-board freight cars). © 2020 IEEE.
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| 10. |
- Dirnfeld, Ruth, et al.
(författare)
-
Railway Digital Twins and Artificial Intelligence : Challenges and Design Guidelines
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Dependable Computing – EDCC 2022 Workshops. - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 9783031162442 - 9783031162459 ; , s. 102-113
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last years, there has been a growing interest in the emerging concept of Digital Twins (DTs) among software engineers and researchers. DTs represent a promising paradigm to enhance the predictability, safety, and reliability of cyber-physical systems. They can play a key role in different domains, as it is also witnessed by several ongoing standardisation activities. However, several challenging issues have to be faced in order to effectively adopt DTs, in particular when dealing with critical systems. This work provides a review of the scientific literature on DTs in the railway sector, with a special focus on their relationship with Artificial Intelligence. Challenges and opportunities for the usage of DTs in railways have been identified, with interoperability being the most discussed challenge. One difficulty is to transmit operational data in real-time from edge systems to the cloud in order to achieve timely decision making. We also provide some guidelines to support the design of DTs with a focus on machine learning for railway maintenance.
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| 11. |
- Donato, Lorenzo De, et al.
(författare)
-
A Survey on Audio-Video Based Defect Detection Through Deep Learning in Railway Maintenance
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 10, s. 65376-65400
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning (DL) represents a paradigm that has been showing unprecedented performance in image and audio processing by supporting or even replacing humans in defect and anomaly detection. The railway sector is expected to benefit from DL applications, especially in predictive maintenance applications, where smart audio and video sensors can be leveraged yet kept distinct from safety-critical functions. Such separation is crucial, as it allows for improving system dependability with no impact on its safety certification. This is further supported by the development of DL in other transportation domains, such as automotive and avionics, opening for knowledge transfer opportunities and highlighting the potential of such a paradigm in railways. In order to summarize the recent state-of-the-art while inquiring about future opportunities, this paper reviews DL approaches for the analysis of data generated by acoustic and visual sensors in railway maintenance applications that have been published until August 31st, 2021. In this paper, the current state of the research is investigated and evaluated using a structured and systematic method, in order to highlight promising approaches and successful applications, as well as to identify available datasets, current limitations, open issues, challenges, and recommendations about future research directions.
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| 12. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
A multiformalism modular approach to ertms/etcs failure modeling
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering (IJRQSE). - : World Scientific. - 0218-5393. ; 21:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- European Railway Traffic Management System/European Train Control System (ERTMS/ETCS) is a recent standard aimed at improving performance, safety and inter-operability of modern railways. In order to be compliant to ERTMS/ETCS, a railway signalling system must meet strict nonfunctional requirements on system level failure modes. In this paper, a multiformalism model is employed to perform an availability analysis of an ERTMS/ETCS reference architecture at early phases of its development cycle. At this aim, a bottom-up analysis is performed from subsystem failure models (expressed by means of Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets, Fault Trees and Repairable Fault Trees) up to the overall system model. The modular approach, here used, allows to evaluate the influence of basic design parameters on the probability of system-level failure modes and demonstrates that system availability is within the bound required by the ERTMS/ETCS specification. The results show that the multiformalism modeling approach helps to cope with complexity, eases the verification of availability requirements and can be successfully applied to the analysis of complex critical systems. © 2014 World Scientific Publishing Company.
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| 13. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
A new modeling approach to the safety evaluation of N-modular redundant computer systems in presence of imperfect maintenance
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Reliability Engineering & System Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0951-8320 .- 1879-0836. ; 94:9, s. 1422-1432
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large number of safety-critical control systems are based on N-modular redundant architectures, using majority voters on the outputs of independent computation units. In order to assess the compliance of these architectures with international safety standards, the frequency of hazardous failures must be analyzed by developing and solving proper formal models. Furthermore, the impact of maintenance faults has to be considered, since imperfect maintenance may degrade the safety integrity level of the system. In this paper, we present both a failure model for voting architectures based on Bayesian networks and a maintenance model based on continuous time Markov chains, and we propose to combine them according to a compositional multiformalism modeling approach in order to analyze the impact of imperfect maintenance on the system safety. We also show how the proposed approach promotes the reuse and the interchange of models as well the interchange of solving tools. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
A Petri Net pattern-oriented approach for the design of physical protection systems
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. SAFECOMP 2014. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319105055 ; , s. 230-245
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design of complex Physical Protection Systems (PPSs) still raises some challenges despite the high number of technologies for smart surveillance. One reason is the lack of effective methodologies able to support the PPS designer in evaluating the effectiveness of the system on varying design choices. Indeed, an estimation of the system vulnerability should be performed in the early phases of the PPS design. This paper introduces a model-based methodology for the quantitative estimation of the vulnerability of a PPS. The proposed methodology clearly defines a compositional approach which takes advantage from the usage of predefined patterns for the creation of vulnerability models. In particular, the paper proposes some Petri Net patterns able to capture the behavioural aspects of several assets and actors involved in attacking/defending scenarios. © 2014 Springer International Publishing.
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| 15. |
- Flammini, Francesco, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
A robust approach for on-line and off-line threat detection based on event tree similarity analysis
- 2011
-
Ingår i: 2011 8th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, AVSS 2011. - : IEEE. - 9781457708459 ; , s. 414-419
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The security of railway and mass-transit systems is increasingly dependant on the effectiveness of integrated Security Management Systems (SMS), which are meant to detect threats and to provide operators with information required for alarm verification purposes. In order to lower the false alarm rate and improve the detection reliability of threat scenarios, event correlation capabilities need to be integrated into the SMS. In this paper an existing approach based on a-priori defined event patterns is extended using a heuristic situation recognition approach which is more robust to both imperfect scenario modeling (human faults) and missed detections (sensor faults). The approach is based on similarity analysis between the event trees representing scenarios and it is effective both on-line and off-line. Applied on-line, it allows for an earlier and more fault-tolerant threat detection, since scenario matching is not required to be complete nor exact. Applied off-line, its effectiveness is twofold: first, it allows for detecting redundancies when updating the scenario repository; secondly, it enhances the post-event forensic search of suspicious behaviors not previously stored in the scenario repository. The strategy is being experimented in the context of railway protection.
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| 16. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
A study on multiformalism modeling of critical infrastructures
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Critical Information Infrastructure Security. CRITIS 2008. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 3642035515 - 9783642035517 ; , s. 336-343
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the possibility of using multiformalism techniques for critical infrastructure modeling and proposes a general scheme for intra and inter infrastructure models. Multiformalism approaches allow modelers to adapt the choice of formal languages to the nature, complexity and abstraction layer of the subsystems to be modeled. Another advantage is the possibility of reusing existing (and validated) dependability models and solvers. Complexity and heterogeneity are managed through modularity, and composition allows for representing structural or functional dependencies. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
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| 17. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
A Vision of Intelligent Train Control
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Reliability, Safety, and Security of Railway Systems. Modelling, Analysis, Verification, and Certification. RSSRail 2022.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031058134 - 9783031058141 ; , s. 192-208
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The progressive adoption of artificial intelligence and advanced communication technologies within railway control and automation has brought up a huge potential in terms of optimisation, learning and adaptation, due to the so-called “self-x†capabilities; however, it has also raised several dependability concerns due to the lack of measurable trust that is needed for certification purposes. In this paper, we provide a vision of future train control that builds upon existing automatic train operation, protection, and supervision paradigms. We will define the basic concepts for autonomous driving in digital railways, and summarise its feasibility in terms of challenges and opportunities, including explainability, autonomic computing, and digital twins. Due to the clear architectural distinction, automatic train protection can act as a safety envelope for intelligent operation to optimise energy, comfort, and capacity, while intelligent protection based on signal recognition and obstacle detection can improve safety through advanced driving assistance. © 2022, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 18. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Augmenting surveillance system capabilities by exploiting event correlation and distributed attack detection
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Availability, Reliability and Security for Business, Enterprise and Health Information Systems. CD-ARES 2011. - Berlin, Heidelberg : International Federation for Information Processing. - 9783642232992 - 9783642233005 ; , s. 191-204
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, several innovative security technologies have been developed. However, many of the novel sensing technologies (e.g. video analytics) do not always feature a high level of reliability. Very often, they need to be precisely tuned to fit specific installations and provide acceptable results. Furthermore, in large installations the number of surveillance operators is low with respect to the number of sensing devices, and operators' tasks include facing critical events, possibly including strategic terrorist attacks. In such human-in-the-loop systems, ergonomics and usability issues need to be carefully addressed to increase system performance in terms of detection probability and low rate of false/nuisance alarms. This paper describes a multi-sensor event correlation approach for augmenting the capabilities of distributed surveillance systems. The aim is to provide advanced early warning, situation awareness and decision support features. The effectiveness of the framework is proved considering threat scenarios of public transportation systems.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Compositional modeling of railway Virtual Coupling with Stochastic Activity Networks
- 2021
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Ingår i: Formal Aspects of Computing. - : Springer. - 0934-5043 .- 1433-299X. ; 33, s. 989-1007
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current travel demand in railways requires the adoption of novel approaches and technologies in order to increase network capacity. Virtual Coupling is considered one of the most innovative solutions to increase railway capacity by drastically reducing train headway. The aim of this paper is to provide an approach to investigate the potential of Virtual Coupling in railways by composing stochastic activity networks model templates. The paper starts describing the Virtual Coupling paradigm with a focus on standard European railway traffic controllers. Based on stochastic activity network model templates, we provide an approach to perform quantitative evaluation of capacity increase in reference Virtual Coupling scenarios. The approach can be used to estimate system capacity over a modelled track portion, accounting for the scheduled service as well as possible failures. Due to its modularity, the approach can be extended towards the inclusion of safety model components. The contribution of this paper is a preliminary result of the PERFORMINGRAIL (PERformance-based Formal modelling and Optimal tRaffic Management for movING-block RAILway signalling) project funded by the European Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking.
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| 21. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fuzzy decision fusion and multiformalism modelling in physical security monitoring
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Recent Advances in Computational Intelligence in Defense and Security. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319264486 - 9783319264509 ; , s. 71-100
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern smart-surveillance applications are based on an increasingly large number of heterogeneous sensors that greatly differ in size, cost and reliability. System complexity poses issues in its design, operation and maintenance since a large number of events needs to be managed by a limited number of operators. However, it is rather intuitive that redundancy and diversity of sensors may be advantageously leveraged to improve threat recognition and situation awareness. That can be achieved by adopting appropriate model-based decision-fusion approaches on sensor-generated events. In such a context, the challenges to be addressed are the optimal correlation of sensor events, taking into account all the sources of uncertainty, and how to measure situation recognition trustworthiness. The aim of this chapter is twofold: it deals with uncertainty by enriching existing model-based event recognition approaches with imperfect threat modelling and with the use of different formalisms improving detection performance. To that aim, fuzzy operators are defined using the probabilistic formalisms of Bayesian Networks and Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets. The main original contributions span from support physical security system design choices to the demonstration of a multiformalism approach for event correlation. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated on the case-study of a railway physical protection system.
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| 22. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Improving the dependability of distributed surveillance systems using diverse redundant detectors
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Dependability Problems of Complex Information Systems. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319089638 - 9783319089645 ; , s. 35-53
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sensor networks nowadays employed in critical monitoring and surveillance applications represent a relevant case of complex information infrastructures whose dependability needs to be carefully assessed. Detection models based on Event Trees provide a simple and effective mean to correlate events in Physical Security Information Management (PSIM) systems. However, as a deterministic modeling approach, Event Trees are not able to address uncertainties in practical applications, like: 1) imperfect threat modelling; 2) sensor false alarms. Regarding point (1), it is quite obvious that real-world threat scenarios can be very variable and it is nearly impossible to consider all the possible combinations of events characterizing a threat. Point (2) addresses the possibility of missed detections due to sensor faults and the positive/nuisance false alarms that any real sensor can generate. In this chapter we describe two techniques that can be adopted to deal with those uncertainties. The first technique is based on Event Tree heuristic distance metrics. It allows to generate warnings whenever a threat scenario is detected and it is similar to the ones in the knowledge base repository. The second technique allows to measure in real-time the estimated trustworthiness of event detection based on: a) sensors false alarm rates; b) uncertainties indices associated to correlation operators. We apply those techniques to case-studies of physical security for metro railways. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
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| 23. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Model-driven V&V processes for computer based control systems : A unifying perspective
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. Applications and Case Studies. ISoLA 2012. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642340314 ; , s. 190-204
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A recent trend in software engineering is to support the development process by providing flexible tool chains allowing for effective Model-Driven approaches. These solutions are very appealing in industrial settings since they enable the creation of development and verification processes, enhancing abstraction and reuse, and hence improving productivity. This paper addresses advantages and challenges in extending Model-Driven approaches to system engineering and specifically to verification and validation (V&V) of critical computer-based systems. Specifically, the paper highlights the needs for real-world industrial contexts and proposes the definition of a unifying Model-Driven process for V&V of functional and non-functional system properties. Some enabling techniques which aim at improving the reuse of Model-Driven artifacts are addressed to deal with process scalability and effectiveness. Two sample applications are described for ERTMS/ETCS signalling system in order to show the advantages of the approach: formal modeling for performance evaluation of message delivery between train and track controllers and test case generation for the verification of functional requirements of trains outdistancing. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Petri net modelling of physical vulnerability
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Critical Information Infrastructure Security. CRITIS 2011. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642414756 ; , s. 128-139
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several multi-disciplinary aspects need to be addressed in security risk evaluation, including the estimation of risk attributes. One of the most widespread definitions of security risk relates it to the attributes of: probability of occurrence (or rather "frequency") of threats, system vulnerability with respect to the threat (or rather "probability of success of the threat"), and expected consequences (or rather "damage"). In this paper we provide a straightforward generic model based on Stochastic Petri Nets which can be adopted for the quantitative evaluation of physical vulnerability. The model allows to evaluate besides effectiveness parameters (e.g. probability of sensing, assessment, neutralization, etc.) also efficiency related ones (e.g. time to sense, assess, neutralize, etc.). Some examples will be provided in order to show how the model can be used in real-world protection systems applications. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.
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| 26. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Roadmaps for AI Integration in the Rail Sector - RAILS
- 2020
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Ingår i: ERCIM News. - : European Resaerch Consortium for Informatics & Mathematics. - 0926-4981 .- 1564-0094. ; :121, s. 34-35
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European RAILS research project is investigating the potential applications of artificial intelligence (AI) within the rail sector, and helping define roadmaps for future research in next generation signalling systems, operational intelligence, and network management.
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| 27. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
SAFECOMP'11 post-conference special issue
- 2013
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Ingår i: Reliability Engineering & System Safety. - : Elsevier. - 0951-8320 .- 1879-0836. ; 120, s. 111-111
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 28. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Railway Virtual Coupling
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC). - : IEEE. - 9781538641927
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 29. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Trustworthiness evaluation of multi-sensor situation recognition in transit surveillance scenarios
- 2013
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Ingår i: Security Engineering and Intelligence Informatics. CD-ARES 2013. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642405877 ; , s. 442-456
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physical Security Information Management (PSIM) systems are a recent introduction in the surveillance of critical infrastructures, like those used for mass-transit. In those systems, different sensors are integrated as separate event detection devices, each of them generating independent alarms. In order to lower the rate of false alarms and provide greater situation awareness for surveillance operators, we have developed a framework-namely DETECT-for correlating information coming from multiple heterogeneous sensors. DETECT uses detection models based on (extended) Event Trees in order to generate higher level warnings when a known threat scenario is being detected. In this paper we extend DETECT by adopting probabilistic models for the evaluation of threat detection trustworthiness on reference scenarios. The approach also allows for a quantitative evaluation of model sensitivity to sensor faults. The results of a case-study in the transit system domain demonstrate the increase of trust one could expect when using scenarios characterized in a probabilistic way for the threat detection instead of single-sensor alarms. Furthermore, we show how a model analysis can serve at design time to support decisions about the type and redundancy of detectors. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2013.
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| 30. |
- Flammini, Francesco, Senior Lecturer, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Using Bayesian Networks to evaluate the trustworthiness of '2 out of 3' decision fusion mechanisms in multi-sensor applications
- 2015
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Ingår i: IFAC-PapersOnLine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8963. ; , s. 682-687
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of smart-sensors to recognize automatically complex situations (anomalous behaviors, physical security threats, etc.) requires 'intelligent' methods to improve the trustworthiness of automatic decisions. Voting and consensus mechanisms can be employed whether supported by probabilistic formalisms to correlate event occurrence, to merge local events and to estimate the likelihood of overall decisions. This paper presents the results of a quantitative comparison of three different voting schemes based on Bayesian Networks. These models present a growing complexity and they are able to provide a trustworthiness estimation based on single nodes detection reliability in terms of false alarm probabilities. © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 31. |
- Marrone, Stefano, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Model-Driven V&V assessment of railway control systems
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer. - : Springer. - 1433-2779 .- 1433-2787. ; 16:6, s. 669-683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Verification and Validation (V&V) activities aiming at certifying railway controllers are among the most critical and time-consuming in system development life cycle. As such, they would greatly benefit from novel approaches enabling both automation and traceability for assessment purposes. While several formal and Model-Based approaches have been proposed in the scientific literature, some of which are successfully employed in industrial settings, we are still far from an integrated and unified methodology which allows guiding design choices, minimizing the chances of failures/non-compliances, and considerably reducing the overall assessment effort. To address these issues, this paper describes a Model-Driven Engineering approach which is very promising to tackle the aforementioned challenges. In fact, the usage of appropriate Unified Modeling Language profiles featuring system analysis and test case specification capabilities, together with tool chains for model transformations and analysis, seems a viable way to allow end-users to concentrate on high-level holistic models and specification of non-functional requirements (i.e., dependability) and support the automation of the V&V process. We show, through a case study belonging to the railway signalling domain, how the approach is effective in supporting activities like system testing and availability evaluation. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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| 32. |
- Meo, Carlo Di, et al.
(författare)
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ERTMS/ETCS Virtual Coupling : Proof of Concept and Numerical Analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print). - : IEEE. - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 21:6, s. 2545-2556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Railway infrastructure operators need to push their network capacity up to their limits in high-traffic corridors. Virtual coupling is considered among the most relevant innovations to be studied within the European Horizon 2020 Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking as it can drastically reduce headways and thus increase the line capacity by allowing to dynamically connect two or more trains in a single convoy. This paper provides a proof of concept of Virtual coupling by introducing a specific operating mode within the European rail traffic management system/European train control system (ERTMS/ETCS) standard specification, and by defining a coupling control algorithm accounting for time-varying delays affecting the communication links. To that aim, we define one ploy to enrich the ERTMS/ETCS with Virtual coupling without changing its working principles and we borrow a numerical analysis methodology used to study platooning in the automotive field. The numerical analysis is also provided to support the proof of concept with quantitative results in a case-study simulation scenario.
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| 33. |
- Pappaterra, Mauro, et al.
(författare)
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A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence Public Datasets for Railway Applications
- 2021
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Ingår i: Infrastructures. - : MDPI. - 2412-3811. ; 6:10
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to review existing publicly available and open artificial intelligence (AI) oriented datasets in different domains and subdomains of the railway sector. The contribution of this paper is an overview of AI-oriented railway data published under Creative Commons (CC) or any other copyright type that entails public availability and freedom of use. These data are of great value for open research and publications related to the application of AI in the railway sector. This paper includes insights on the public railway data: we distinguish different subdomains, including maintenance and inspection, traffic planning and management, safety and security and type of data including numerical, string, image and other. The datasets reviewed cover the last three decades, from January 1990 to January 2021. The study revealed that the number of open datasets is very small in comparison with the available literature related to AI applications in the railway industry. Another shortcoming is the lack of documentation and metadata on public datasets, including information related to missing data, collection schemes and other limitations. This study also presents quantitative data, such as the number of available open datasets divided by railway application, type of data and year of publication. This review also reveals that there are openly available APIs-maintained by government organizations and train operating companies (TOCs)-that can be of great use for data harvesting and can facilitate the creation of large public datasets. These data are usually well-curated real-time data that can greatly contribute to the accuracy of AI models. Furthermore, we conclude that the extension of AI applications in the railway sector merits a centralized hub for publicly available datasets and open APIs.
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| 34. |
- Rajabli, Nijat, et al.
(författare)
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Software Verification and Validation of Safe Autonomous Cars : A Systematic Literature Review
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 9, s. 4797-4819
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autonomous, or self-driving, cars are emerging as the solution to several problems primarily caused by humans on roads, such as accidents and traffic congestion. However, those benefits come with great challenges in the verification and validation (V&V) for safety assessment. In fact, due to the possibly unpredictable nature of Artificial Intelligence (AI), its use in autonomous cars creates concerns that need to be addressed using appropriate V&V processes that can address trustworthy AI and safe autonomy. In this study, the relevant research literature in recent years has been systematically reviewed and classified in order to investigate the state-of-the-art in the software V&V of autonomous cars. By appropriate criteria, a subset of primary studies has been selected for more in-depth analysis. The first part of the review addresses certification issues against reference standards, challenges in assessing machine learning, as well as general V&V methodologies. The second part investigates more specific approaches, including simulation environments and mutation testing, corner cases and adversarial examples, fault injection, software safety cages, techniques for cyber-physical systems, and formal methods. Relevant approaches and related tools have been discussed and compared in order to highlight open issues and opportunities.
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| 35. |
- Schlick, Rupert, et al.
(författare)
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A proposal of an example and experiments repository to foster industrial adoption of formal methods
- 2018
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783030034269 ; , s. 249-272
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formal methods (in a broad sense) have been around almost since the beginning of computer science. Nonetheless, there is a perception in the formal methods community that take-up by industry is low considering the potential benefits. We take a look at possible reasons and give candidate explanations for this effect. To address the issue, we propose a repository of industry-relevant example problems with an accompanying open data storage for experiment results in order to document, disseminate and compare exemplary solutions from formal model based methods. This would allow potential users from industry to better understand the available solutions and to more easily select and adopt a formal method that fits their needs. At the same time, it would foster the adoption of open data and good scientific practice in this research field. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018.
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