| 1. |
- Izotovas, A., et al.
(författare)
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Deception detection in repeated interviews: The effects of immediate type of questioning on the delayed accounts
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759 .- 1544-4767. ; 17:3, s. 224-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we examined how different types of interviewing (eliciting more complete vs. less complete accounts) used in an interview conducted shortly after an event affected truth tellers' and liars' responses when they were interviewed again after a two-week delay. Participants (n= 80) were shown a mock intelligence operation video and told either the truth or lied about its contents in two interviews, immediately after watching the video, and after a two-week delay. In the immediate interview participants were instructed either to report everything they remembered, or asked spatial questions related to the event. In the delayed interview, all participants were asked to report everything. The differences between truth tellers and liars were slightly larger in the report everything than in the spatial questions condition. Results suggest that an immediate "report everything" instruction can aid to effectively discriminate between truthful and deceptive accounts.
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| 2. |
- Strömwall, Leif, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Will the truth set them free? Suspects’ strategies during investigative interviews
- 2006
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Ingår i: ”3rd meeting of the Nordic Network of research on Psychology and Law” (Turku, Finland).
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research on both investigative interviewing and deception detection has largely overlooked the investigation of guilty and innocent suspects’ strategies when being interviewed. In this study, mock suspects (N = 96) were interviewed by trained interviewers about a mock crime. The lying suspects had committed a mock crime (a theft), whereas the truth-tellers had not. In an extensive post-interview questionnaire, the suspects answered both closed- and open-ended questions. The analytic focus was set on differences between truth-tellers and liars, and statistical tests showed several significant differences: lying suspects experienced the interviews more cognitively demanding than truth-telling suspects; liars had planned the verbal content more, and were less satisfied with their strategy than truth-tellers. Analyses revealed that lying suspects to a higher degree than innocent suspects applied strategies in order to appear truthful. The open-ended answers were subjected to content analyses. Differences between liars and truth-tellers were found for a number of items, such as reasons for not having a strategy and in the strategy chosen. Lying suspects reported diverse strategies (most often avoid lying and telling the truth as much as possible), whereas truth-telling suspects reported the strategy to tell the truth like it had happened, indicating a belief in the visibility of innocence. Furthermore, differences were found for what the suspects did in order to make the statement appear reliable, and if there was anything in the statements that signalled truth and deception, respectively. Both theoretical – the psychology of guilt and innocence – and applied aspects of the findings are discussed.
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| 3. |
- Deeb, H., et al.
(författare)
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Mapping Details to Elicit Information and Cues to Deceit: The Effects of Map Richness
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 14:1, s. 11-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Investigators often use maps in forensic interviews to verify a route that was taken by a suspect to obtain additional information, and to assess credibility. Method: We examined the effects of the level of map richness on the elicitation of information and cues to deceit. A total of 112 participants completed a mock secret mission and were asked to tell the truth (to a friendly agent) or to lie (to a hostile agent) about it in an interview. In phase 1 of the interview, all participants provided a verbal free recall of the mission. In phase 2, half of the participants were given a detailed map that included all street names and landmarks of the city where they completed the mission (zoomed in to 80%), and the other half were given a less detailed map that included the names of only major streets and landmarks (zoomed in to 60%). All participants were asked to verbally describe the mission and the route taken while sketching on the map. Results: Compared to lie tellers, truth tellers provided more location, action, temporal, and object details and complications in phase 1, and new person, location, action, and object details and complications in phase 2. Map richness did not have an effect on the amount of information elicited and had an equal effect on truth tellers and lie tellers. Conclusions: This initial experiment in this research area suggests that investigators do not have to worry about the exact level of map detailedness when introducing maps in interviews.
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| 4. |
- Deeb, H., et al.
(författare)
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Police Officers’ Perceptions of Statement Inconsistency
- 2018
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Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 45:5, s. 644-665
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined police officers’ (N = 71) perceptions of statement inconsistency types (within-statement, between-statement, statement-evidence, and within-group inconsistencies). Approximately half of the officers reported looking for statement inconsistency to detect deception. Officers generally associated contradictions and omissions with deception, and repetitions and reminiscences with truthfulness, but they were most likely to use contradictions. Officers reported using statement-evidence inconsistency more than any other inconsistency type, and they believed it was the easiest type to assess. Younger officers tended to believe that liars attempt to eliminate within-statement inconsistency unless they are strategically presented with incriminating evidence. Moreover, the majority of officers indicated that they have used drawings to assess inconsistencies with suspects’ verbal statements. Finally, suspects’ criminal history, intelligence, and personality were believed to influence statement (in)consistency. These findings are discussed in light of the literature on statement inconsistency, and recommendations regarding the applied use of statement inconsistency types are offered.
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| 5. |
- Deeb, H., et al.
(författare)
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Sketching routes to elicit information and cues to deceit
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 36:5, s. 1049-1059
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sketching while narrating involves describing an event while sketching on a blank paper (self-generated sketch) or on a printed map. We compared the effects of self-generated sketches and printed maps on information elicitation and lie detection. Participants (N= 211) carried out a mock mission and were instructed to tell the truth or to lie about it in an online interview. In the first phase of the interview, all participants provided a free recall. In the second phase, participants provided another free recall or verbally described the mission while sketching on a blank paper or on a printed map. Truth tellers provided richer accounts than lie tellers. Larger effect sizes emerged for the self-generated sketch condition than for the printed map and free recall conditions. This suggests that self-generated sketches are more effective lie detection tools when information on routes and locations is sought.
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| 6. |
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Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approahes
- 2015
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 'Deception detection' presents state-of-the-art coverage of the science and practice of evaluating truthfulness and uncovering deceit, featuring contributions from leading international experts in the burgeoning fornesic subfield of deception detection.
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| 7. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Detecting deception
- 2005
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Ingår i: Brewer, N. & Williams, K. D. (eds). Psychology & Law: An empirical perspective. - New York : Guilford Press. - 1593851227 ; , s. 43-92
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter we examine some of the latest research findings and explore what scientific psychology can tell us about the detection of deception. We focus mainly on research that has been conducted within the framework of psychology and law. First, we define deception and provide an overview of of the different lines of research found within the field. Then we explore the underlying core beliefs that people hold about the cues to deception. Next we focus on people ability to detect deception, and review research on the accuracy of the most commonly used lie detection methods (i.e., speech, physiological, and behavioural analysis). We then turn to objective cues to deception, differentiating the verbal and non-verbal cues that are, to some extent, diagnostic of deception from those that are not. Fi-nally, we examine attempts made to train people to detect deception.
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| 8. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Police officers lie detection accuracy: Interrogating freely versus observing video
- 2004
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Ingår i: Police Quarterly. ; :7, s. 429-456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigated experienced police officers (N = 30) lie detection accuracy. Each police officer conducted an interrogation of a college student acting as a suspect either guilty or innocent of a mock crime, and made a veracity judgment of the suspect. The police officers had the opportunity to conduct the interrogation in the manner of their own choice. The lie detection accuracy of these police officers was compared to that of police officers judging video-taped versions of the interrogations. The police officers failed to perform detect deception better than chance. There was no difference in accuracy between police officers interrogating live and observing video. The interrogators reported to rely on verbal content more when interrogating than when watching video. It seems as if police officers have a difficult time detecting deception not only in passive contexts but also in active ones
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| 9. |
- Hartwig, Maria, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Deception detection via strategic disclosure of evidence
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 14th European Conference on Psychology and Law, Cracow, Poland.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deception detection research has largely neglected an important aspect of many investigations, namely that there often exists evidence against a suspect. This study examined the potentials of timing of evidence disclosure as a deception detection tool. The main prediction was that observers (N = 116) would obtain higher accuracy rates if the evidence against the suspects (N = 58) was presented in a late rather than early stage of the interrogation. This prediction was based on the idea that late evidence disclosure would trigger lack of consistencies between the liars stories and the evidence, this could be used as a cue to deception. The main prediction received support. Late disclosure observers obtained an overall accuracy of 61.7%, compared to 42.9% of Early disclosure observers. Deceptive statements were identified with high accuracy (67.6%) in Late disclosure, indicating that the technique in this form is beneficial mainly for pinpointing lies
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| 10. |
- Hartwig, Maria, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Detecting Deception Via Strategic Disclosure of Evidence
- 2005
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Ingår i: Law and human behavior. ; 29:4, s. 469-484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deception detection research has largely neglected an important aspect of many investigations, namely that there often exists evidence against a suspect. This study examined the potentials of timing of evidence disclosure as a deception de-tection tool. The main prediction was that observers (N = 116) would obtain higher accuracy rates if the evidence against the suspects (N = 58) was presented in a late rather than early stage of the interrogation. This prediction was based on the idea that late evidence disclosure would trigger lack of consistencies be-tween the liars stories and the evidence, this could be used as a cue to deception. The main prediction received support. Late disclosure observers obtained an overall accuracy of 61.7%, compared to 42.9% of Early disclosure observers. De-ceptive statements were identified with high accuracy (67.6%) in Late disclosure, indicating that the technique in this form is beneficial mainly for pinpointing lies.
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| 11. |
- Izotovas, Aleksandras, 1985, et al.
(författare)
-
Memory based lie detection: The effects of different memory enhancing techniques on delayed recall.
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Association for Psychology and Law (EAPL). Toulouse, France: 5-8 July.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research to date has revealed significant differences between truth-tellers and liars in terms of quantity and quality of details provided in statements after a delay; especially when specific interviewing strategies have been used (e.g. strategic use of evidence or unanticipated questions or tasks; Lancaster, Vrij, Hope, & Walker, 2013; McDougall & Bull, 2015). Previous findings suggest that memory-enhancing techniques can aid in detecting deception (e.g. Hernández-Fernaud & Alonso-Quecuty, 1997; Vrij et al., 2010), however, it is not clear yet how they influence statements after a delay. In the current research we explore how memory-enhancing techniques (context reinstatement, sketch, and timeline) during an immediate interview after a target event affects the statements of truth-tellers and liars after a longer retention interval (two-week period). Interviews will be analysed using the Reality Monitoring approach (Johnson & Raye, 1981) and primarily focus on the amount of visual, spatial, temporal, and action details in the statements.
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| 12. |
- Jang, Minhwan, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Evidence Type on Police Investigators' Perceptions of Suspect Culpability and Evidence Reliability
- 2020
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2190-8370. ; 228:3, s. 188-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a repeated-measures experimental study, we examined how evidence type influences police investigators' beliefs about (a) suspect's culpability and (b) reliability of incriminating evidence. South Korean detectives (N = 202) read four crime reports including general information about a crime and a suspect. In the general case information, one piece of critical and several pieces of noncritical evidence collected during the investigation were presented. Officers read four simulated reports of crimes, and in each report, they were given one piece of evidence linking the suspect to the crime. We manipulated the critical evidence identifying the suspect with four evidence types: CCTV, DNA, fingerprint, and eyewitness testimony. We found that evidence type influenced detectives' judgments about suspect's culpability and evidence reliability, such that when eyewitness (vs. CCTV, DNA, fingerprint) evidence was given as critical evidence, officers were more likely to think that the suspect was less culpable and that the evidence was less reliable. Theoretical and legal implications of these results are discussed.
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| 13. |
- Knieps, Melanie, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Back to the Future: Asking About Mental Images to Discriminate Between True and False Intentions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0022-3980 .- 1940-1019. ; 147:6, s. 619-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we asked participants to mentally travel back to the future. The participants were asked to remember and report on a mental image of the near future. We predicted that participants who, during an interview, told the truth about their intentions would differ in their descriptions of their mental images compared to participants who lied about their future intentions. We found partial support for this overarching assumption. More specifically, we found that more truth tellers than liars reported to have had a mental image activated during the planning of their intentions. We also showed that liars (vs. truth tellers) found the question on the mental image more difficult to answer. However, they did not differ in other aspects (number of words and amount of details reported, and subjective perception of the mental image activated). The suspects were interviewed twice, with an interval of one week, and in line with our prediction we found that liars' (vs. truth tellers') reports were less consistent over time. This study departures from episodic future thought and aims to contribute to the development of a scientifically based interview protocol for discriminating between true and false intentions.
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| 14. |
- Knieps, Melanie, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Been there before? Examining "familiarity" as a moderator for discriminating between true and false intentions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prospection is thinking about possible future states of the world. Commitment to perform a future action-commonly referred to as intention-is a specific type of prospection. This knowledge is relevant when trying to assess whether a stated intention is a lie or the truth. An important observation is that thinking of, and committing to, future actions often evoke vivid and detailed mental images. One factor that affects how specific a person experiences these simulations is location-familiarity. The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent location-familiarity moderates how liars and truth tellers describe a mental image in an investigative interview. Liars were instructed to plan a criminal act and truth tellers were instructed to plan a non-criminal act. Before they could carry out these acts, the participants were intercepted and interviewed about the mental images they may have had experienced in this planning phase. Truth tellers told the truth whereas liars used a cover story to mask their criminal intentions. As predicted, the results showed that the truth tellers reported a mental image significantly more often than the liars. If a mental image was reported, the content of the descriptions did not differ between liars and truth tellers. In a post interview questionnaire, the participants rated the vividness (i.e., content and clarity) of their mental images. The ratings revealed that the truth tellers had experienced their mental images more vividly during the planning phase than the liars. In conclusion, this study indicates that both prototypical and specific representations play a role in prospection. Although location-familiarity did not moderate how liars and truth tellers describe their mental images of the future, this study allows some interesting insights into human future thinking. How these findings can be helpful for distinguishing between true and false intentions will be discussed.
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| 15. |
- Knieps, Melanie, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Repeated Visits to the Future: Asking about Mental images to Discriminate between True and False Intentions
- 2013
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Advances in Psychology. - 2169-494X .- 2169-4958. ; 2:2, s. 93-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study participants were interviewed on two occasions about a mental image of a future action. It was predicted that during an investigative interview, participants who told the truth would be more forthcoming when reporting a mental image of their future actions (such as using more words and details) compared to participants who lied about their future actions. We found that truth tellers more than liars reported to have had a mental image activated during the planning of their future actions. In addition, truth tellers used more words to describe their mental images than liars. However, no difference was found between liars and truth tellers regarding the type of details they used to describe their mental images. The subjective ratings ‐ truthfully answered by all participants ‐ revealed that truth tellers perceived their mental image as significantly clearer than liars. The results indicated that repeated interviews conducted on the same day are unlikely to elicit more cues to deception compared to a single interview. Future research should refine methods to more accurately pinpoint how liars and truth tellers differ in the type of details they use when describing a mental image of a claimed future intention.
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| 16. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between true and false intentions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Detecting deception. - Chichester : Wiley Blackwell. - 9781118509753 ; , s. 155-174
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Only in recent years have psycho-legal researchers turned to the topic of true and false intent. This chapter summarizes the work conducted within this emerging strand, and we also highlight critical questions and new avenues for research.
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| 17. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between True and False Intentions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches. - Chichester : Wiley. - 9781118510001 ; , s. 155-173
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The topic of true and false intent marks a rapidly expanding area of the psychological research of deception. In brief, this research concerns truths and lies about statements of future events. In the first sections of this chapter, we provide a review of the extant research on the topic. First, we present research that has extended traditional deception detection techniques to the field of intent. Such methods primarily include physiological measures (e.g. the concealed information test and thermal imaging approaches) and strategic interviewing methods (e.g. the strategic use of evidence and the use of unanticipated questions). Next, we cover intention-specific approaches. These approaches have availed of basic psychological research on intention-related topics to devise novel tools to detect deceit. Such topics have so far included goals, planning and episodic future thought. The final sections of the chapter build on these intention-specific approaches by suggesting possible avenues for future research. Specifically, we highlight how other research areas, different forms of intent and hitherto unstudied contextual factors can provide new avenues of exploration. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 18. |
- Mann, S, et al.
(författare)
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Two heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception
- 2013
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259. ; 18:2, s. 324-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. We examined the effect of a second interviewer’s demeanour on cues to deception. We predicted that a supportive demeanour would be the most beneficial for eliciting verbal cues to deceit, as it would encourage truth tellers, but not liars, to say more. In addition, we examined the extent to which interviewees deliberately made eye contact with the interviewers. Liars take their credibility less for granted than truth tellers, and therefore have a greater drive to be convincing. Liars are thus more likely to monitor the interviewer to determine if the interviewer appears to believe them. Method. Participants appeared before two interviewers: the first asked all the questions and the second remained silent. The second interviewer exhibited either a supportive, neutral, or a suspicious demeanour. Results. Truth tellers provided significantly more detail than liars, but only in the supportive second interviewer condition. The effect of a second interviewer’s demeanour on detail was perhaps remarkable given that the interviewees hardly looked at the second interviewer (less than 10% of the time). Liars displayed more deliberate eye contact (with the first interviewer) than truth tellers did. Conclusions. A supportive second interviewer has a positive effect on interviewing. We discuss this finding in the wider contexts of investigative interviewing and interviewing to detect deception.
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| 19. |
- Mann, S., et al.
(författare)
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Windows to the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact as a Cue to Deceit
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0191-5886 .- 1573-3653. ; 36:3, s. 205-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although people overwhelmingly believe that liars avoid eye contact, meta-analyses of deception literature have shown a non-significant relationship between gaze and deception. In the present experiment we measured eye movements in an innovative way. We coded the extent to which interviewees deliberately made eye contact with the interviewer. Liars take their credibility less for granted than truth tellers. They therefore may have a greater desire to be convincing and hence more inclined to monitor the interviewer to determine whether they seem to be being believed. We therefore hypothesized that liars would give more appearance of deliberately making eye contact than truth tellers (a relationship which opposes the stereotypical belief that liars look away). A total of 338 passengers at an international airport told the truth or lied about their forthcoming trip. As well as the deliberate eye contact variable, we coded the amount of time the interviewees looked away from the interviewer (e.g., gaze aversion), which is typically examined in deception research. Liars displayed more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers, whereas the amount of gaze aversion did not differ between truth tellers and liars.
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| 20. |
- Nahari, G., et al.
(författare)
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'Language of lies': Urgent issues and prospects in verbal lie detection research
- 2019
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 24:1, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since its introduction into the field of deception detection, the verbal channel has become a rapidly growing area of research. The basic assumption is that liars differ from truth tellers in their verbal behaviour, making it possible to classify them by inspecting their verbal accounts. However, as noted in conferences and in private communication between researchers, the field of verbal lie detection faces several challenges that merit focused attention. The first author therefore proposed a workshop with the mission of promoting solutions for urgent issues in the field. Nine researchers and three practitioners with experience in credibility assessments gathered for 3 days of discussion at Bar-Ilan University (Israel) in the first international verbal lie detection workshop. The primary session of the workshop took place the morning of the first day. In this session, each of the participants had up to 10 min to deliver a brief message, using just one slide. Researchers were asked to answer the question: 'In your view, what is the most urgent, unsolved question/issue in verbal lie detection?' Similarly, practitioners were asked: 'As a practitioner, what question/issue do you wish verbal lie detection research would address?' The issues raised served as the basis for the discussions that were held throughout the workshop. The current paper first presents the urgent, unsolved issues raised by the workshop group members in the main session, followed by a message to researchers in the field, designed to deliver the insights, decisions, and conclusions resulting from the discussions.
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| 21. |
- Shaw, D. J., et al.
(författare)
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Expect the Unexpected? Variations in Question Type Elicit Cues to Deception in Joint Interviewer Contexts
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 27:3, s. 336-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the effect of (i) a second interviewer's demeanour and (ii) asking expected and unexpected questions on cues to deception. We predicted that liars compared with truth tellers would provide more detail to expected questions and less detail to unexpected questions, particularly when the second interviewer is supportive. Liars prepare answers for expected questions, and a supportive interviewer will encourage them to provide more detail. By definition, liars have not prepared answers for unexpected questions, and their answers to such questions will be less detailed. Participants (N=168) appeared before two interviewers: The first asked all the questions, and the second remained silent. The second interviewer exhibited either a supportive or a neutral demeanour. As predicted, liars provided more detail to expected questions and less detail to unexpected questions, particularly when the second interviewer was supportive. In conclusion, a supportive second interviewer elicits cues to deceit. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 22. |
- Shaw, D J, et al.
(författare)
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Mimicry and investigative interviewing: Using deliberate mimicry to elicit information and cues to deceit
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759. ; 12:3, s. 217-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the effect of deliberate mimicry on eliciting (accurate) information and cues to deceit. Mimicry is considered to facilitate cooperation and compliance in truth tellers, whereas liars are constrained to provide detail. We therefore expected truth tellers to be more detailed than liars, particularly after being mimicked. A total of 165 participants told the truth or lied about a meeting they attended. During the interview, an interviewer mimicked half of the participants. Truth tellers were more detailed than liars, but only in the ‘mimicry present’ condition. Truth tellers also gave more accurate units of information than liars, and the difference was most pronounced in the ‘mimicry present’ condition. Mimicry as a tool for eliciting information and cues to deceit fits well with the emerging ‘interviewing to detect deception’ literature, particularly in the ‘encouraging interviewees to say more’ approach.
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| 23. |
- Shaw, D, et al.
(författare)
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‘We'll Take It from Here’: The Effect of Changing Interviewers in Information Gathering Interviews
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 28:6, s. 908-916
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary: A common strategy in interviewing is to repeatedly focus on the same topics, for example by asking to recall an event first in chronological order and then in reverse order. We examined the effect of changing interviewers between the two questions or keeping the same interviewers throughout on cues to deception. Truth tellers may be most encouraged to recall again what they have witnessed when confronted with new interviewers, as these new interviewers have not heard their story before. Liars may be most encouraged to recall again their story when confronted with the same interviewers, realising that these interviewers will check for consistency in their answers. The impact of changing interviewers should lead to more pronounced differences between truth tellers and liars in terms of detail and repetition in the ‘Changed Interviewers’ condition compared with the ‘Same Interviewers’ condition. Participants were interviewed by two interviewers about a mock security meeting they attended. In half the interviews, the same two interviewers remained throughout, and in the other half, two new interviewers took over half-way through. As predicted, differences between truth tellers and liars in terms of detail and repetition were most pronounced in the ‘Changed Interviewers’ condition. Changing interviewers during an interview effectively differentiates liars and truth tellers with respect to detail and repetition. We discuss this finding and its place within investigative interviewing and deception detection literature.
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| 24. |
- Sooniste, Tuule, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Statements about true and false intentions: Using the Cognitive Interview to magnify the differences
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564. ; 56:4, s. 371-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the combined effect of the Cognitive Interview (CI) and the unanticipated questions approach on the magnitude of the elicited cues to true and false intentions. The participants (N=125) planned for either a mock crime or a non-criminal event, half of them were interviewed with a standard interview (SI) and half with the CI. All participants were asked one set of questions targeting their intentions (anticipated questions) and one set of questions targeting the phase in which they planned their stated intentions (unanticipated questions). As predicted, the questions about the planning phase were perceived as unanticipated by both liars and truth-tellers. Furthermore, and as predicted, the truth-tellers' (vs. the liars') answers to the unanticipated questions were significantly more detailed. Importantly, and in line with our predictions, for the answers given to questions about the planning-phase, liars and truth-tellers differed more clearly in the CI-condition than in the SI-condition, indicating that the CI indeed magnified the differences between liars and truth-tellers. In addition, and as predicted, the truth-tellers' (vs. the liars') descriptions of their intentions were more characterized by information related to how to attain the stated goal.
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| 25. |
- Sooniste, Tuule, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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True and false intentions: asking about the past to detect lies about the future
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Psychology Crime & Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 19:8, s. 673-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is on how to discriminate between true and false intentions, an emerging area within psycholegal research. We argue that asking about the past (the planning phase) might be a promising way to detect lies about the future (intentions). That is, participants who had developed false intentions to mask their criminal intentions were assumed to provide equally long and detailed answers to questions about intentions, compared to participants who told the truth about their intentions. In contrast, we predicted that lying participants would be worse at answering questions about the planning of their stated (false) intentions, compared to participants telling the truth about the planning of their stated (true) intentions. To test our assumptions, we used a newly devised experimental set-up accommodating the main characteristics of intent. Both lying and truth-telling suspects perceived the questions on planning as more unanticipated, and more difficult to answer, compared to the questions about their intentions (future actions). Furthermore, in support of our predictions we found that the truth-telling (vs. lying) suspects' answers to questions on planning were longer and perceived as more detailed and clear, whereas liars' and truth-tellers' answers to questions on intentions were equally long and perceived as equally detailed.
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| 26. |
- Srivatsav, Meghana, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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How do the questions asked affect suspects' perceptions of the interviewer's prior knowledge?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759 .- 1544-4767. ; 17:2, s. 160-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to understand if guilty suspects' perceptions regarding the prior information or evidence held by the interviewer against the suspect could be influenced through the content of the investigative questions. To test this idea, we explored three question-phrasing factors that we labeled as topic discussion (if a specific crime-related topic was discussed or not), specificity (different levels of crime-related details included in the questions), and stressor (emphasis on the importance of the specific crime-related detail in the questions). The three factors were chosen based on relevance theory, a psycholinguistic theory that explores how people draw inferences from the communicated content. Participants (N = 370) assumed the role of the suspect and read a crime narrative and an interview transcript based on the suspect's activities. After reading the narrative and the transcripts, participants responded to scales that measured their perception of interviewer's prior knowledge (perceived interviewer knowledge [PIK]) regarding the suspects' role in the crime, based on the questions posed by the interviewer in the transcripts. Of the three factors tested, we found that questioning about a specific crime-related topic (topic discussion) increased their PIK. This study is the first to explore the underlying mechanisms of how suspects draw inferences regarding the interviewer's prior knowledge through the content of the investigative questions adopting concepts of psycholinguistic theory.
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| 27. |
- Uil, Taco G, et al.
(författare)
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A lentiviral vector-based adenovirus fiber-pseudotyping approach for expedited functional assessment of candidate retargeted fibers.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The journal of gene medicine. - : Wiley. - 1521-2254 .- 1099-498X. ; 11:11, s. 990-1004
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Many studies aimed at retargeting adenovirus (Ad) rationally focus on genetic modification of fiber, which is the primary receptor-binding protein of Ad. Retargeted fibers ultimately require functional validation in the viral context. METHODS: Lentiviral vectors (LV) were used to express fiber variants in cells. Infections with a fiber gene-deleted Ad vector yielded fiber-pseudotyped viruses. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot-based assays probed target binding-ability of retargeted fibers. Differential treatments with an alkylating agent prior to western blot analysis allowed for examination of intra- and extracellular redox states of fibers. RESULTS: In the present study, LV-based fiber-pseudotyping of Ad is presented as an accelerated means to test new fibers. LV-mediated gene transfer yielded stable and uniform populations of fiber variant-expressing cells. These populations were found to effectively support fiber-pseudotyping of Ad. As a secondary objective of the study, we functionally assessed a chimeric fiber harboring a tumor antigen-directed single-chain antibody fragment (scFv). This fiber was shown to trimerize and achieve a degree of binding to its antigenic target. However, its capsid incorporation ability was impaired and, moreover, it was unable to confer a detectable level of target binding upon Ad. Importantly, subsequent analyses of this fiber revealed the improper folding of its scFv constituent. CONCLUSIONS: LV-based fiber-pseudotyping was established as a convenient method for testing modified fibers for functionality within Ad particles. Furthermore, a new chimeric fiber was found to be inadequate for Ad retargeting. The folding difficulties encountered for this particular fiber might be generally inherent to the use (i.e. for genetic Ad capsid incorporation) of complex, disulfide bridge-containing natural ligands.
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| 28. |
- Vrij, A, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison between lying about intentions and past activities: Verbal cues and detection accuracy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - 0888-4080. ; 25, s. 212-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present two experiments we compared lying about intentions and past activities. In Experiment 1 truth tellers and liars left a building to collect a package from a specified location and deliver it somewhere else. They were interviewed about their intentions before leaving the building and about their activities after having completed the mission. Based on the concepts ‘cognitive load’, ‘episodic future thought’, ‘avoidance strategies’ and ‘impression management’ we expected the recall of truthful intentions and past activities to be more plausible and detailed than descriptions of deceptive intentions and past activities. Participants in Experiment 2 read transcripts of these interviews. Although Experiment 1 revealed more cues to deceit in the past activities interviews (plausibility and detail) than in the intentions interviews (plausibility), participants in Experiment 2 were best at distinguishing between true and false intent.
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| 29. |
- Vrij, A, et al.
(författare)
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Collective interviewing of suspects
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - 2211-3681. ; 1:4, s. 41-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When people are interviewed about possible wrongdoing that has been committed in groups, they typically are interviewed separately. Yet, in several settings it would be more intuitive and convenient to interview suspects together. Importantly, such collective interviews could yield verbal cues to deception. This is the first deception experiment to investigate collective interviewing. Twenty-one pairs of truth tellers and 22 pairs of liars were interviewed pair-wise about having had lunch together in a restaurant. Given that truth tellers adopt a “tell it all” strategy in the interviews while, in contrast, liars prefer to keep their stories simple, we predicted that pairs of truth tellers would (i) interrupt and (ii) correct each other more, and would (iii) add more information to each other’s answers than pairs of liars. The results supported these hypotheses. Theory-driven interventions to elicit more cues to deception through simultaneous interviewing are discussed.
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| 30. |
- Vrij, A, et al.
(författare)
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Eliciting Information and Detecting Lies in Intelligence Interviewing: An Overview
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 28:6, s. 936-944
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary: Traditional police–suspect interviews differ from intelligence interviews in several important ways, and these differences merit new research activities. This article presents an overview of recent and innovative research into eliciting information and cues to deceit in intelligence interviews, and discusses research into new domains including ‘lying about intentions’, ‘undercover interviewing’, and ‘collective interviewing’. Although that research is still in its infancy, the findings reveal that truth tellers’ and liars’ answers can be distinguished from each other if the correct interview protocols are implemented, such as asking unexpected questions and introducing forced turn-taking. In addition, this new research also shows that the so-called Scharff technique is more effective for eliciting human intelligence information compared with more traditional techniques
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| 31. |
- Vrij, A, et al.
(författare)
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Interviewing to detect deception in suspects.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Offenders' memories of violent crimes Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.S. Å. Christianson (Ed.). - England : John Wiley & Sons. ; , s. 279-304
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter gives an overview of people’s ability to detect deception. It also discusses the relation between different interview/interrogation methods and deception detection accur
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| 32. |
- Vrij, A, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Lying about flying: the first experiment to detect false intent
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime & Law. - 1068-316X. ; 17:4, s. 611-620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports the results of, to our knowledge, the first ever experiment to investigate lying about intentions. Sixty passengers in an airport departure hall told the truth or lied about their forthcoming trip in an interview that comprised nine questions. The interviews were transcribed and raters coded the amount of detail in, and the plausibility of, the answers. Raters also coded whether the transcripts included contradictions and spontaneous corrections. Liars’ answers were less plausible than truth tellers’ answers but did not differ in terms of detail. Liars also included more contradictions and fewer spontaneous corrections in their answers. A total of 72% of truth tellers and 74% of liars were detected on the basis of these variables. We discuss the implications of the findings together with the limitations of the experiment and ideas for future research.
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| 33. |
- Vrij, A., et al.
(författare)
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Plausibility: A Verbal Cue to Veracity worth Examining?
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 13:2, s. 47-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Truth tellers sound more plausible than lie tellers. Plausibility ratings do not require much time or cognitive resources, but a disadvantage is that it is measured subjectively on Likert scales. The aim of the current paper was to understand if plausibility can be predicted by three other verbal veracity cues that can be measured objectively by counting their frequency of occurrence: details, complications, and verifiable sources. If these objective cues could predict plausibility, observers could be instructed to pay attention to them when judging plausibility, which would make plausibility ratings somewhat more objective. We therefore re-analysed five existing datasets; all of them included plausibility, details and complications and two of them also verifiable sources as dependent variables. Plausibility was positively correlated with all three other tested cues, but mostly predicted by complications and verifiable sources, explaining on average almost 40% of the variance. Plausibility showed larger effect sizes in distinguishing truth tellers from lie tellers than the three other cues, perhaps because the plausibility cue consists of multiple components (complications and verifiable sources). Research has shown that the cues that showed the strongest relationship with veracity typically consisted of multiple components.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Warmelink, L., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of question expectedness and experience on lying about intentions
- 2012
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918. ; 141:2, s. 178-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years researchers have started to focus on lying about intentions (Granhag, 2010). In the present experiment participants were interviewed about their forthcoming trip. We tested the hypothesis that liars (N = 43) compared to truth tellers (N = 43) would give fewer details to unexpected questions about planning, transportation and the core event, but an equal amount or more detail to expected questions about the purpose of the trip. We also tested the hypothesis that participants who had previously experienced the intention (i.e., they had made such a trip before) would give more detail than those who had never experienced the intended action. The unexpected question hypothesis was supported, whereas the previous experience effect only emerged in interactions. The benefit of using different types of questions for lie detection purposes is discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 36. |
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