| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish flex-fuel failure
- 2016
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Ingår i: BEHAVE 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Linda, et al.
(författare)
-
Transition towards sustainable transportation : What determines fuel choice?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 90, s. 31-38
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the transport sector to become more sustainable, substantial technological and behavioural changes are required. Increased understanding about household choices related to more green alternatives in transportation is needed in order for policy makers to make efficient policies in the future. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze which factors that determines the fuel choice between ethanol and gasoline for owners of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs). We evaluate how the self-reported fuel choice is influenced by the relative price, as well as individual differences in norms and perceptions about environmental and quality attributes of ethanol. Data was collected through a survey sent to Swedish FFV owners and is analyzed in a binary choice and a LCM framework. Results show that price, perceptions about quality, age and environmental attitudes influence the self-reported willingness to choose ethanol. Furthermore, results show that preferences are not homogenous, three groups are identified; price conscious respondents, ethanol skeptical respondents and respondents with pronounced environmental concern. However, although the motive for introducing and subsidizing ethanol was to reduce climate and environmental impacts, the group that chooses ethanol based on climate and environmental motives is small. The results further reveal that the debate about motor damages from ethanol have had a long lasting effect on the willingness to choose ethanol. Thus, it is necessary to try to prevent or mitigate concerns regarding e.g. potential technical or ethical issues when promoting future technologies or fuels aimed at a sustainable transportation sector.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Linda, et al.
(författare)
-
Why flex-fuel failed? : A household perspective
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Meeting Sweden's current and future energy challenges, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2016. - Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Ek, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Motives for walking and cycling when commuting - differences in local contexts and attitudes
- 2021
-
Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 13:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The purpose of this study is to analyse what factors that explain individual differences in walking and cycling when commuting in different parts of Sweden. Walking and cycling is potentially accessible all over the country, while well developed public transport is mainly a viable option in densely populated areas. Methodology The importance of differences in local characteristics for the choice of transport mode will be scrutinised, together with individual differences in attitudes andpreferences. Data is collected through a survey sent to people living in five Swedish municipalities with different demographic, socio-economic ,infrastructural and geographical characteristics. Results The results for the pooled sample indicate that the choice to walk/cycle when commuting is related to health considerations and environmental concerns. Distance to work/school is also an important factor. Men tend to be more prone to choose active transport, and so do respondents with lower income. The results further reveal that availability of safe routes for walking and cycling are important for the choice to walk/cycle when commuting. As health considerations are important, we suggest policy makers to stress health motives when they promote walking and cycling in the future. Our results further suggest that it is important to consider availability and accessibility in community planning, and to prioritize safety and comfort of walking and cycling, not least in parts of the country where public transport is not an economically viable option.
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| 6. |
- Ek, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
-
Regionala skillnaders betydelse för transportpolitiken : Slutrapport
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transportsektorn står för en betydande del av utsläppen av växthusgaser i Sverige. Eftersom fossila bränslen fortfarande dominerar denna sektor är en omställning av transportsektorn en förutsättning för att nå de nationella och internationella klimatmålen. Det finns dock betydande skillnader i förutsättningar för transporter, både inom svenska kommuner, mellan de som bor i centrum och de som bor i ytterområden eller glesbygd, och mellan kommuner. De skilda förutsättningarna påverkar en omställning av privata transporter. I projektet har vi fokuserat på sådana skillnader genom att studera förutsättningarna i fem svenska kommuner, en storstad (Stockholm), två mellanstora städer (Örebro och Luleå), samt två små landsbygdskommuner (Gislaved och Arvidsjaur). Det övergripande syftet med projektet Regionala skillnaders betydelse för transportpolitiken har därmed varit att bidra med vetenskaplig kunskap om regionala skillnaders betydelse för transportpolitiken i Sverige. För att uppfylla syftet har vi översiktligt kartlagt vilka nationella och lokala styrmedel som används för att nå målet om fossilfria transporter, samt undersökt vilka faktorer som påverkar medborgares val av transportsätt och huruvida dessa skiljer sig åt för boende i kommuner med olika förutsättningar. Vidare har vi utifrån resultaten diskuterat vilka kostnadseffektivitets- och fördelningsimplikationer olika nationella och lokala styrmedel kan förväntas ha givet de regionala skillnaderna. Tre delstudier har genomförts där den första fokuserat på faktorer som förklarar skillnader i bilåkande till olika aktiviteter, den andra på förklaringar till aktiva transporter (gå/cykla) vid arbetsresor och den tredje delstudien fokuserar på inställning till transportpolitiska styrmedel.Resultaten av den första delstudien visar att respondenterna kör mer bil i alla andra studerade kommuner än i Stockholm. Skillnaderna i tillgång till kollektivtrafik och i städernas täthet innebär att omställningskostnaderna skiljer sig mellan de inkluderade kommunerna (lägst i Stockholm och högst i Gislaved och Arvidsjaur). I analysen av normers betydelse för hur respondenterna brukar transportera sig identifierades endast måttliga skillnader mellan kommunerna. Vi konstaterar även att det är svårare att identifiera vilka faktorer som förklarar resor i samband med fritidsaktiviteter och nöjen, vilket kan bero på att dessa resor skiljer sig tydligt med avseende på exempelvis syfte och tidpunkt. Icke desto mindre är det viktigt att förändra dessa resor för att uppnå målet om en hållbar transportsektor. Ur ett samhällsplaneringsperspektiv är det viktigt att utforma bostadsområden så att så många resor som möjligt kan genomföras inom begränsade avstånd. Att satsa på infrastruktur för alternativa transportsätt, inte minst gång- och cykelbanor, är också ett viktigt verktyg för att minska bilkörning.Den andra delstudien visar att det är relativt stora skillnaderna i hur vanligt det är att gå eller cykla till arbete/skola i våra kommuner, vilket indikerar att det finns potential att få fler människor att använda aktiva transportsätt. Det är dock en långt ifrån homogen grupp som går eller cyklar, så förutsättningarna för insatser riktade mot specifika grupper är sannolikt begränsade. Förändringar som gör aktiva transporter mera attraktiva har däremot potential. Sådana åtgärder inkluderar förbättrad infrastruktur för gående och cyklister, vilket kan öka komforten och säkerheten med gång och cykling. Även åtgärder som gör bilresor dyrare, som exempelvis trängselskatter, höjd bränsleskatt eller högre parkeringsavgifter, gör aktiva transportsätt mera attraktiva relativt. Resultaten från den tredje delstudien visar att det är skillnader i viljan att stödja olika kraftfulla åtgärder för att minska transportsektorns utsläpp av växthusgaser mellan kommuner, och att de som bor i områden som har högre omställningskostnad har lägre acceptans för högre skatter på bensin och diesel. Detta är i linje med vad vi ser i andra länder och indikerar att det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till detta vid förslag på ytterligare åtgärder (exempelvis ökad koldioxidskatt) för att inte riskera att politikens acceptans och legitimitet ska erodera. Möjligen kan ett förslag om återföring av skatten, likt det system som har införts i Kanada, bidra till ökad acceptans.Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att det är betydande skillnader i omställningskostnader för människor som bor i landsbygdskommuner, i glesbygd eller i centrala delar av städer. Det är betydligt enklare för hushåll som bor i centrala delar att ställa om till en hållbar transportsektor, detta eftersom avstånden generellt är kortare och utbudet av kollektivtrafik är mera utvecklat. Elektrifiering av transporter är sannolikt särskilt viktigt för små kommuner med litet befolkningsunderlag och långa avstånd, där förutsättningarna för kollektivtrafik är begränsade. Tillgång till infrastruktur för laddning av elbilar behöver därför finns i hela landet, och det är problematiskt att utbyggnaden av sådan infrastruktur främst sker i storstadsområden idag. Här ser vi ett utrymme för tydligare riktade statliga styrmedel för att denna infrastruktur ska utvecklas även i små kommuner med få alternativ till bilar. Det finns även åtgärder som möjligen är underutnyttjade i samtliga kommuner. En sådan är att utveckla infrastrukturen för att ytterligare underlätta för medborgarna att välja aktiva transporter (gå/cykla), inte minst eftersom aktiva transporter är tillgängliga även i små och relativt glesa kommuner. Aktiva transporter är fördelaktiga även ur ett hälsoperspektiv, men eftersom dessa hälsofördelar, både för den enskilda och för samhället, uppstår relativt långt fram i tiden och fördelarna tillfaller olika områden, är incitamenten svaga för exempelvis kommuner att enskilt finansiera åtgärder för ökad användning av aktiva transporter. Givet att hälsofördelarna av ökad fysisk aktivitet fördelas över hela samhället kan det finnas skäl för flera aktörer (stat, region och kommun) att i samverkan vidta åtgärder för att uppmuntra aktiva transporter både av miljö- och hälsoskäl.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Gałaś, Andrzej, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative case-study on social and public administration aspects on mineral deposits safeguarding in chosen European countries
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 85:part B
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Representatives of the municipality decide about the country's resources, making decisions at the local level in spatial planning. Our task was to check whether they are aware of how important they are taking steps for the region and country. For this purpose, a survey was conducted in Poland, Austria, Serbia and Sweden. The analysis of the received responses indicates that the respondents know the deposits of raw materials in their area of work. However, they only partially perceive the need to protect them against development that may sterilize the raw material. The analysis shows that the respondents, do not consider of non-renewable mineral resources wider importance against the background of public interest. Additionally, there is no rational assessment of the consequences of losing non-renewable resources through planning decisions. We notice that the national guidelines, where a wider perspective can be present, should be clearer regarding the importance of safeguarding minerals – so that development that hampers their future use is avoided. The changing geopolitical situation makes it necessary to raise awareness about the problem of raw material security and reconsider the systems to safeguard them.
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| 9. |
- Gałaś, Andrzej, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Covid-19 on the Mining Sector and Raw Materials Security in Selected European Countries
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Resources. - : MDPI. - 2079-9276. ; 10:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Events that change the global economy rapidly, without warning, in principle strongly affect mining, which is one of the pillars of global development. After the first months of the Covid-19 pandemic, the mining pillar seems to be relatively stable. In this study, thanks to the meeting of an international team, it was possible to collect and compare a set of data on the impact on mining. In contrast to the general assessments of the stability of the mining sector, the authors decided to assess the impact of Covid-19 at individual stages of the mining project life cycle. In this way, it was possible to identify the most impacted fragments of the mining pillar. It was assessed that the highest influence of Covid-19 is observed in projects implementing feasibility studies and in projects for the development of new mines. The same is true of extracting residual resources in mines prior to the closure decision. The medium impact was confirmed at the exploration and discovery stage. The authors conclude that the impact on the current mining production is smaller and the effects in this case are short term, which is mainly due to a continued strong demand for minerals in China, which has balanced the weaker demand in other parts of the world. On the other hand, stopping the exploration and development of new mines will have a long-term impact, including an increased possibility of disruption of the future security of supplies of raw materials.
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| 10. |
- Hellmer, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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On the evaluation of market power and market dominance—The Nordic electricity market
- 2009
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 37:8, s. 3235-3241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies different concentration and dominance measures using structural indexes used to initially screen the competitive situation in a market. The Nordic and Swedish electricity markets are used as the empirical cases. Market concentration issues in the Nordic electricity market in general and in Sweden in particular have been, at least in initial screenings, approached by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). This article uses an alternative measure to HHI, which is based on market shares of the two largest firms in the market. The results shows that only the Swedish wholesale market has a firm that can be regarded as dominant, but only during very short periods. The results from a hypothetical merger between the second and third largest company in the Swedish wholesale market shows that when the dominant position of the largest firm is reduced, by increasing the size of the second largest firm, the threshold value indicates that competition actually will increase (contradicting to the HHI).
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Henriksson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial electricity demand and energy efficiency policy : the case of the Swedish mining industry
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 7:3, s. 477-491
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyze long-run electricity demand behavior in the Swedish mining industry with special emphasis on the impact of energy prices and private research and development (R & D) on electricity use. Methodologically, we estimate a generalized Leontief variable cost function using a panel data set of nine mining operations over the time period 1990-2005. Since the lower boundary of a set of short-run cost functions confines the long-run cost function, we can compute the long-run own- and cross-price elasticities of electricity demand. The empirical results indicate that long-run electricity demand in the mining industry is sensitive to changes in the own price, and already in a baseline setting Swedish mining companies tend to allocate significant efforts towards improving energy efficiency, in part through private R & D. From a policy perspective, the results imply that taxes (and tax exemptions) on electricity can have significant long-run impacts on electricity use. Moreover, future evaluations of so-called voluntary energy efficiency programs must increasingly recognize the already existing incentives to reduce energy use in energy-intensive industries
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| 13. |
- Henriksson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial electricity demand and energy efficiency policy : The role of price changes and private R&D in the Swedish pulp and paper industry
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 47, s. 437-446
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to analyze electricity demand behaviour in the Swedish pulp and paper industry in the context of the increased interest in so-called voluntary energy efficiency programs. In these programs tax exemptions are granted if the participating firms carry out energy efficiency measures following an energy audit. We employ a panel data set of 19 pulp and paper firms, and estimate both the own- and cross-price elasticities of electricity demand as well as the impact of knowledge accumulation following private R&D on electricity use. The empirical results show that electricity use in the Swedish pulp and paper industry is relatively own-price insensitive, and the self-reported electricity savings following the voluntary so-called PFE program support the notion of important information asymmetries at the company level. However, the results display that already in a baseline setting pulp and paper firms tend to invest in private R&D that have electricity saving impacts, and our model simulations suggest that up to about one-third of the industry sector's self-reported electricity savings in PFE could be attributable to pure baseline effects. Future evaluations of voluntary energy efficiency programs must increasingly recognize the already existing incentives to reduce energy use in energy-intensive industries.
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| 14. |
- Häggquist, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges and opportunities with charging for geological information in land use planning
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Geologist Magazine. - 1028-267X. ; :41, s. 31-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land use should meet current and future societal needs while keeping conflicts bounded and functional (e.g. at a minimum). Analysis of mapped data has become an important part of understanding and managing land use. This paper discusses the economic characteristics of geological information in relation to land use conflicts and the impact of adopting different pricing models for the provision of geological information. Moreover, we highlight some aspects that may make geological maps less pertinent than other geoinformation sources, given the often scarce data, slow diffusion and the high cost of investing in additional information.
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| 15. |
- Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja, et al.
(författare)
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Public participation as an element of mineral deposit safeguarding system – international experiences : [Partycypacja społeczna jako element systemu ochrony złóż kopalin – doświadczenia międzynarodowe]
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management. - : Committee for Sustainable Mineral Resources Management of the Polish Academy of Sciences. - 0860-0953 .- 2299-2324. ; 38:4, s. 5-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Every social group exhibits a need to make decisions that are binding for all its members and the participation of various interest groups in decision-making today is an integral part of modern political and legal thought as well as administrative processes. Recently, increased community engagement and greater awareness of the society with regard to the possibility of influencing the development on a microregion (commune) scale have also been observed. This often translates into problems in obtaining a social license for a given project, which is particularly visible in mining activities. However, obtaining such a license requires the involvement and awareness of many stakeholder groups on which a project will have a direct impact. It should be ensured that this engagement takes place at a very early stage of a given project. In the case of mining activity, which is possible only after obtaining appropriate licenses (exploration or exploitation), this involvement takes the form of public consultation. This is due to the legal conditions presented in the following article for 3 EU countries (Poland, Austria, Sweden) and Serbia. The analysis showed that participation is mainly at the level of consultation in all countries and is an important element of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure of the mining project, which is an important stage in obtaining a mining (less frequently exploration) license. Public consultations at the stage of spatial planning are also present and have a diverse scope. However, special attention should be paid to these as they are crucial for proper mineral deposit safeguarding. Stakeholders’ awareness of planning decisions taken by local authorities can be crucial for the fast path to obtaining both formal and informal concessions, which takes the form of social license to operate (SLO).
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| 16. |
- Kumpiene, Jurate, et al.
(författare)
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In situ chemical stabilization of trace element-contaminated soil : Field demonstrations and barriers to transition from laboratory to the field : A review
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Applied Geochemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0883-2927 .- 1872-9134. ; 100, s. 335-351
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chemical stabilization, or immobilization, of trace elements (metals and metalloids; TE) in contaminated soil has been studied for decades. A vast number of scientific publications are available on the method performance in laboratory settings, reporting that the application of various soil amendments to contaminated soil reduces TE mobility, bioavailability and toxicity. The most commonly used soil amendments include organic matter, iron oxides, phosphates, ashes, and lately biochar, alone or in combination with each other and/or lime. Most of the implemented field studies show a certain degree of improvement in soil and/or vegetation status following amendment. Regardless the positive performance of the technique in the laboratory, field validations and demonstrations remain scarce. The establishment of a field experiment often involves permits from authorities and agreements with site owners, both of which are considerably more time-consuming than laboratory tests. Due to conservative institutional structures, public authorities have been slow to adopt alternative remediation technologies, especially when the total TE concentration in soil remains the same and all of the associated risks are not yet convincingly described. For this reason, researchers should also focus on enhancing public knowledge of alternative remediation techniques so that future projects which aim to demonstrate the effectiveness of in situ immobilization techniques under natural conditions will be supported.
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| 17. |
- Lundmark, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Horizontal mergers in the iron ore industry : an application of PCAIDS
- 2008
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 33:3, s. 129-141
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyse the price effects of the iron ore mergers between Rio Tinto and North Ltd in 2000, and CVRD and Caemi in 2001. The analyses are conducted using a merger simulation model that, based on the pre-merger situation, estimates the post-merger outcome. This paper applies the so-called proportionality-calibrated almost ideal demand system (PCAIDS) model, which assumes that the product is differentiated and that the strategic variable is price. The results from the merger simulations show that in the case of the merger between Rio Tinto and North Ltd, the merged firm has a combined market share of almost 20%. However, the estimated market weighted average price effect is only 2.6%. Regarding the merger between CVRD and Caemi, the merged firm's market share is about 29%, and the estimated market weighted average price effect is 4.6%. When removing Caemi's Canadian asset, which was the Commission decision in order to allow the merger, the market price effect decreases to 3.1%. Overall the results in this study support the Commission's decisions regarding both merger cases, and shows that merger simulations of price effects can be valuable tools in merger assessments.
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| 18. |
- Lundmark, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation of the competitive effects of a horizontal merger in the iron ore industry
- 2005
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Ingår i: Iron Ore Conference 2005. - Carlton, Victoria : The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. - 1920806377 ; , s. 411-418
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During recent years the iron ore industry has experienced a continuous consolidation trend following increased merger and acquisition activities. Analysing and evaluating these mergers is important in order to establish potential effects. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the price effects caused by the merger between Rio Tinto and North Ltd in 2000. The merger was cleared by the European Commission, as well as the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, shortly after its announcement. The analysis will be conducted using a simulation model based on a proportionality calibrated almost ideal demand system, which uses the premerger situation in order to estimate the post-merger outcome. The relevant market is defined using shipments data. This is followed by the simulation model applied to the defined relevant market. The results show that the concentration on the market, given by the HHI, increases approximately 15 per cent, and that the market share of the new company's reaches almost 20 per cent. Compared to the Commission's assessment the results indicate a more concentrated market and thus a higher concern for possible competitive effects. Furthermore, the results suggest that the predicted average market price increase from the merger is 1.6 per cent. However, the merged firm is able to increase their average price by 5.1 per cent.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Moritz, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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The local employment impacts of mining : an econometric analysis of job multipliers in northern Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Mineral Economics. - : Springer. - 2191-2203 .- 2191-2211. ; 30:1, s. 53-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The way in which mining contributes to job opportunities in the region where it takes place has become increasingly important for the industry’s relations to the local community. The employment impacts of mining are however far from straightforward to assess. Considering these uncertainties about real-life job impacts, it is vital that there are sound assessments of these employment effects. The purpose of this paper is to apply a novel econometric approach to assess mining-induced job multipliers in the empirical context of northern Sweden. This analysis employs data on the number of employees in selected non-mining sectors and in the mining sector, respectively, and covering the relatively recent mining boom period (2003-2013). We also highlight differences across the two main mining counties in northern Sweden. The results show a positive statistical relationship between increases in the number of employees in the mining sector and changes in the number of employees in other sectors. The private services sector is particularly affected, while the industrial sector also benefits in the specific case of mining municipalities. The results also indicate relatively large inter-county differences, in turn highlighting the importance of addressing the context-specific circumstances when estimating the employment effects of mining.
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| 21. |
- Pädam, Sirje, et al.
(författare)
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Samhällsekonomisk analys av fjärrvärme : Fjärrvärmens samhällsekonomiska nytta i energisystemet idag och i framtiden
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet har varit att analysera och kvantifiera effekter av att producera och använda fjärrrvärme för att ge en uppfattning om fjärrvärmens bidrag till samhället, bl.a. i termer av resursanvändning och sysselsättning. Fjärrvärmen utgör idag en viktig länk mellan flera näringsgrenar, vilket gör att det krävs ett helhetsperspektiv. I de diskussioner som förs kring framtidens energisystem hänvisas ofta till samhällsekonomi för att analysera och utforma relevanta styrmedel, något som för närvarande är aktuellt vad gäller bl.a. energieffektivisering. I projektet används resultat från energisystemmodellkörningar och även från regionalekonomiska modellberäkningar som ligger till grund för samhällsekonommiska resonemang om effekterna av ett energisystem utan fjärrvärme. Resultaten visar att fjärrvärmen har en betydande roll i dagens och i framtidens energisystem i Sverige. I frånvaro av fjärrvärme ökar den årliga elanvändningen med cirka 5 TWh. Den ökade elanvändningen skulle tillföras från vindkraft, eftersom elcertifikatssystemet gör vindkraft till det mest lönsamma alternativet. Vindkraften ersätter då all biobränslebaserad kraftvärmeproduktion, då kraftvärmen mister sina intäkter från värmeproduktionen. Totalt sett visar resultaten på mellan 6 och 9 TWh mer vindkraft i frånvaro av fjärrvärme, beroende på vilket år som betraktas.
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| 22. |
- Radetzki, Marian, et al.
(författare)
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A Handbook of Primary Commodities in the Global Economy
- 2016. - 2
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The 2010s have been a dramatic period for most primary commodity markets. Producers suffered heavily as prices fell in response to new supply facilities going into production, juxtaposed against disappointing demand evolution from China in particular, marking the end of the most powerful and enduring commodity boom since the Second World War. This book is a guide to the primary commodity universe, an increasingly crucial part of the world economy. In this updated edition, Marian Radetzki and Linda Wårell introduce and explain pertinent issues surrounding international commodity markets, including the importance of fossil markets among commodities, price formation, price trends, the shift in primary commodity consumption towards Asia, the increasing reliance on commodity exchanges, new relaxed attitude towards depletion, cartel action, and the revival of nationalism and state ownership. This is an accessible read for graduates, academic researchers, and professionals in the mineral and energy sectors.
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| 23. |
- Radetzki, Marian, et al.
(författare)
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A Handbook of Primary Commodities in the Global Economy
- 2020. - 3
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The dramatic price falls of 2014–2015 marked the end of the most powerful and enduring commodity boom since the Second World War. Now in its third edition, this book acts as a guide to the ins and outs of the primary commodity universe. Updates to this edition reflect on the consequences of both China's economic slowdown as its industrialization enters a new, less commodity demanding phase, and changes in the USA's trade policy under the Trump administration. Additionally, this edition takes into account recent developments in world oil markets and examines the effects of increased climate concerns. The authors introduce and explain pertinent issues surrounding international commodity markets such as the global geography of raw materials, price formation, price trends, the role of commodity exchanges, the threat of depletion, cartel action, state ownership, emerging commodity nationalism and more.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Söderholm, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Market opening and third party access in district heating networks
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 39:2, s. 742-752
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyse the possible effects of introducing TPA in district heating networks by identifying and scrutinizing a number of possible scenarios for increased competition. The analysis builds on a theoretical discussion of economic efficiency in district heating operations, and the possible impacts on consumer prices of a market opening. An important conclusion is that regulated TPA may have small positive effects on competition, and at the same time it can have a negative impact on the possibility to run the integrated district heating operations in a cost-effective manner. This conclusion stems in part from the observation that most district heating networks are local in scope. Moreover, district heating operations are highly interdependent in, for instance, that the level of the return temperature of the water will affect the efficiency of combined heat and power plants. For these reasons, the introduction of the so-called single-buyer model or, perhaps even more preferable, an extended and more transparent producer market could represent more efficient market designs. Moreover, in networks with clear natural monopoly characteristics an ex ante price regulation must be considered.
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| 28. |
- Tomasdotter, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysing individual differences in car use to maintenance and discretionary leisure activities
- 2023
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Ingår i: Case Studies on Transport Policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2213-624X .- 2213-6258. ; 14
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on car use for commuters dominates literature although transport for leisure purposes constitutes a substantial share of the total transported kilometres. This study contributes by its focus on car use to maintenance (e.g. grocery shopping) and discretionary (e.g. social visits) leisure activities. We analyse whether individual perceptions about a personal responsibility to contribute to a sustainable transport sector restricts car use, and we also control for other factors such as type of municipality, residential area and sociodemographic characteristics. The analysis is based on survey data from 1024 car users living in rural, urban or metropolitan municipalities in Sweden. Data is analysed by applying recursive bivariate probit models. The results show that those who feel a personal responsibility to contribute to a sustainable transport sector drive less when travelling, in particular to maintenance activities. As well, those who regularly commute by car are more likely to use the car also for leisure purposes, which indicates that measures aimed at reducing commuting by car may spill over to travel for leisure.
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| 29. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
A horizontal merger in the iron ore industry : an event study approach
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 32:4, s. 191-204
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyse the competitive and efficiency impacts of a large merger in the world iron ore industry, using an event study approach. This method builds on an analysis of stock market reactions of the merging firms as well as close rivals at the time of the merger announcement. The event study method allows for the possibility to assess both the motivations behind as well as the welfare effects of the merger. The event study results for the merger announcement of Rio Tinto and North Ltd. show that, according to the market reactions, the main motive behind the merger was either the market power or the efficiency hypothesis. When adjusting the analysis to include several information releases about the merger, the overall result indicates that efficiency improvements were the predominant motives behind the merger. Thus, the event study results suggest that there are positive welfare effects to expect and the European Commission's decision to allow the merger is supported.
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| 30. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
An analysis of iron ore prices during the latest commodity boom
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Mineral Economics. - : Springer. - 2191-2203 .- 2191-2211. ; 31:1-2, s. 203-216
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper performs a quantitative analysis of iron ore prices, and is an extension of Wårell (2014), which analyzed the change in iron ore pricing regime on iron ore prices using data from 2003 until September 2012. However, considering that the iron ore market still was characterized by surging prices in 2012, it is of interest to see if the same conclusions hold today when the latest commodity boom has come to an end. The quantitative analysis uses monthly data between January 2003 and June 2017, and performs both statistical tests for structural breaks and a reduced price regression of the most important factors for iron ore prices during the time period. The overall results indicate that the change in pricing regime does not have a significant impact on the iron ore prices when extending the time period; rather, it is the end of the commodity boom in 2014 that is picked up as a structural break in the price series. Furthermore, results regarding whether the variables are cointegrated are more inconclusive when analyzing the entire commodity boom. However, the result that GDP growth in China has had the strongest impact on iron ore prices is though robust when extending the time period. To conclude, even though the commodity boom now has come to an end the developments in China still seems to be the most influential factor determining international iron ore prices.
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| 31. |
- Wårell, Linda, et al.
(författare)
-
Brännhett om fjärrvärmen i Sverige : ekonomiska och tekniska förutsättningar för tredjepartstillträde på den svenska fjärrvärmemarknaden
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad är effekterna av att öppna för konkurrens på de separata fjärrvärmenätverken? Läs här om förutsättningarna för ett utökat så kallat tredjepartstillträde på den svenska fjärrvärmemarknaden. Detta innebär att en tredje part, utöver fjärrvärmeleverantören och kunden, får tillträde till fjärrvärmenätet och på så sätt får avsättning för sin värme. Rapporten redovisar för och nackdelar med fyra möjliga utvecklingsvägar för framtida tredjepartstillträde på den svenska fjärrvärmemarknaden: reglerat tredjepartstillträde, förhandlat tredjepartstillträde, singlebuyer modellen samt utökat producentsamarbete. Rapporten ger också kunskap om en rad faktorer som är viktiga för att förstå de samhällsekonomiska effekterna, inte minst den trade-off som finns mellan ökad konkurrens genom ökat tillträde och att säkerställa en kostnadseffektiv drift av fjärrvärmenätet och interaktionen med elproduktionen.
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| 32. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
Defining geographic coal markets using price data and shipments data
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 33:17, s. 2216-2230
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given the importance of coal in world energy supply an analysis of the relevant geographic market is essential for consumers, producers, as well as for competition policy. The purpose of this paper is to define the relevant economic market for steam and coking coal, and to test the hypothesis of single world markets for these coal products. Methodologically the paper relies on two different tests for defining markets, using both shipments data and price data. The results from both methods point in the same direction. In the case of coking coal the results indicate that the market is essentially global in scope, and also that the market has become more integrated over time. The results for steam coal show that the market is more regional in scope, and there exist no clear tendencies of increased integration over time. One policy implication of the finding that the steam coal market is more regional in scope, and thus that the market boundary is smaller than if the market would have been international, is that a merger and acquisition in this market likely would have been of a more concern for antitrust authorities than the same activity on the coking coal market.
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| 33. |
- Wårell, Linda, et al.
(författare)
-
Defining Mineral Deposits of National Interest : The Case of Sweden
- 2016
-
Ingår i: European Geologist Magazine. - 1028-267X. ; :41, s. 35-37
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The exploitation of minerals in Europe is a necessary activity for securing continued growth and development of the European society. In order to ensure this, it is vital that access to mineral deposits is safeguarded, which is why there is currently an increased focus on “defining mineral deposits of public importance” in Europe. However, there are a number of countries that have already defined mineral deposits of public interest on a national level, for example Sweden. The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the definition of mineral deposits of national interest in Sweden. The paper further aims at discussing the value of geological information in this process.
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| 34. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
Geographic market delineation : the case of internationally traded coal
- 2003
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of the existence of a world market for the international coal industry, and to investigate whether or not the industry has experienced increased market integration over time. The study consists of an introductory part and two self- contained papers where two different methods for market delineation are applied, evaluated and compared. Paper [1] uses a cointegration approach to analyze market integration for internationally traded coal, and investigate whether the industry has experienced increased market integration over time. Both the coking coal and the steam coal market show evidence of global market integration, as demonstrated by the presence of a stable long run cointegrating relationship. This supports the hypothesis of a globally integrated market. The long run price correlation is higher for steam coal than for coking coal, but the short run error correction estimates indicate a faster adjustment towards the long run equilibrium level for coking coal than for steam coal. Thus, the overall conclusion on which of the two markets that is more integrated than the other is indecisive. When analyzing market integration over time it is not possible to confirm cointegration in the 1990s for steam coal, and thus the conclusion of a single economic market cannot be maintained. Regarding coking coal, there are tendencies of increased integration given the faster adjustment to the long run equilibrium level in the 1990s. Paper [2] aims at delineating the relevant economic market for steam coal and coking coal by using shipments data (the so-called Elzinga-Hogarty method), and to test the hypothesis of a single world market for coal. Regarding coking coal the results indicate that the market is essentially global in scope, and also that the market has become more integrated over time. The results for steam coal show that these markets are more regional in scope, and there exist no clear tendencies of increased integration over time. In order to scrutinize the Elzinga-Hogarty method in more detail, some of the criticism towards the method is addressed empirically. The overall conclusion is that the method is not well equipped to detect potential market participation or potential anticompetitive behavior within a defined area (especially when there are large differences in the size of the market participants). Still, the Elzinga-Hogarty method is useful as a first step in market delineation analysis as it contributes to a good understanding of the prevailing product flow patterns. The main conclusion of the study is that the market for internationally trade coal is integrated globally. However, the levels of market integration as well as the development over time differ between the steam coal and the coking coal markets. The results point towards a more integrated market for coking coal than for steam coal. However, this finding does not have to imply that competition in the steam coal market is restrained. The methods applied in this study are useful for delineating economic markets, but in order to detect anticompetitive behaviour complementary information providing a more detailed analysis of the specific industry is needed.
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| 35. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
Integration of international coal markets : an econometric analysis
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Enerday - Conference of Energy Economics and Technology.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall purpose of this paper has been to test the hypothesis of steam and coking coal markets being integrated into global markets. This has been conducted by analysing whether or not the quarterly steam and coking coal prices in Europe and Japan between 1980 and 2006 are cointegrated. The results for the entire time period show that neither the steam or coking coal markets are cointegrated, and thus we cannot conclude that the price series in Europe and Japan follow a long-run trend. This result does not confirm the existence of a world market for steam and coking coal, rather it indicates that these coal markets are separated into two regional markets. The finding of regional markets is in conflict with the finding in Wårell (2006), who found cointegrated steam and coking coal prices between 1980 and 2000. Before concluding that the steam and coking coal markets are regional in scope, cointegration analysis has also been performed for the separated time series 1980-1999 and 2000-2006. The results for the steam coal market shows that cointegration of the price series can be confirmed for the time period 1980-1999, but not for the period 2000-2006. The finding that the steam coal market cannot be considered cointegrated 2000-2006, i.e., that the market has become more regional in scope has important policy implications. Firstly, a more regional market implies that the competitive situation becomes different compared to a world market. Secondly, in order to identify any potential security of supply issue for coal, it is important to know whether the market is regional or world-wide.
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| 36. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
Market integration and merger assessments in the minerals industries
- 2007
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of an introductory part and five self-contained papers dealing with market definitions and economic assessments of horizontal mergers in the minerals industries world-wide. Paper I analyses the relevant geographic market for internationally traded steam and coking coal using Cointegration and Error Correction models. Quarterly price series data between 1980 and 2000, in the two dominating regions Europe and Japan, are used. The results show that for both markets the null hypothesis of the existence of a world market cannot be rejected, as demonstrated by the long- run cointegrating relationship between the price series. However, the short- run adjustments to the long-run levels indicate a faster adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium for coking coal than for steam coal. In Paper II the relevant economic markets for steam and coking coal are also in focus, and this paper applies two different tests using shipments data and price data, respectively. The results from both methods point in the same direction. In the case of coking coal the results indicate that the market is essentially global in scope, and also that the market has become more integrated over time. The results for steam coal show that the market is more regional in scope, and there exist no clear tendencies of increased integration over time. One policy implication of the finding that the steam coal market is more regional in scope, is that a merger in this market would likely be of more concern for antitrust authorities than the same activity in the coking coal market. Paper III estimates the price and welfare effects from the iron ore mergers between Rio Tinto and North Ltd in 2000, and CVRD and Caemi in 2001. The analyses are conducted using a merger simulation model that, based on the pre-merger situation, estimates the post-merger outcome. A standard Cournot framework model assuming homogenous product and that firms set quantities have been applied. The results from the merger simulations show that the estimated prices increases due to the mergers are about 6% and 7%, respectively. In both merger simulations the overall welfare effect is estimated to be negative, something which thus does not support the European Commission's decisions to allow these mergers. However, none of the simulations did take into account possible cost efficiencies resulting from the mergers. Paper IV also applies merger simulations to the same mergers as in Paper III. However, the merger model in this paper (PCAIDS) assumes that the product is differentiated and that the firms' strategic variable is price. The increases in the estimated market-weighted average price are 2.6% and 4.6%, respectively. When removing Caemi's Canadian asset, which is the Commission's verdict for allowing the merger, the estimated market price following the CVRD-Caemi merger decreases to about 3%. Overall the results support the Commission's decisions regarding both merger cases, and show that merger simulations of price effects can be a valuable tool in merger assessments. Finally, Paper V applies an event study to the Rio Tinto and North Ltd merger in order to analyse the competitive and efficiency impacts of the merger, and to investigate the main motivation behind the merger. The event study method analyses stock market reactions of the merging firms and close rivals at the time of the merger announcement. These reactions indicate whether the merger has had a positive or negative impact on the value of the firms, information that in turn can be used to assess the overall efficiency and welfare effects of the merger. The main result shows that efficiency improvements were the predominant motive behind the merger. This suggests that there are positive welfare effects to expect and the Commission's decision to allow the merger is supported. An overall conclusion from this thesis is that all the quantitative economic techniques that have been applied can provide information that is valuable in a comprehensive merger assessment study, but all methods need to be complemented by supplementary (often qualitative) analyses.
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| 37. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
Market integration in the international coal industry : a cointegration approach
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Energy Journal. - 0195-6574 .- 1944-9089. ; 27:1, s. 99-118
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis of the existence of a single economic market for the international coal industry, separated for coking and steam coal, and lo investigate market integration over time. This has been conducted by applying cointegration and error-correction models on quarterly price series data in Europe and Japan over the time period 1980-2000. Both the coking and the steam coal markets show evidence of global market integration, as demonstrated by the stable long-run cointegrating relationship between the respective price series in different world regions. This supports the hypothesis of a globally integrated market. However, when analyzing market integration over time it is not possible to confirm cointegration in the 1990s for steam coal. Thus, compared to the coking coal market, the steam coal market looks somewhat less global in scope.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
Mineral Deposits Safeguarding and Land Use Planning—The Importance of Creating Shared Value
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Resources. - : MDPI. - 2079-9276. ; 10:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last few decades many European countries have developed policies directed towards mineral deposit safeguarding. However, as other land uses often are in conflict with mineral deposit safeguarding, the implementation of these policies is many times more difficult in practice. The aim of this paper is to investigate the link between land use planning and mineral resources, when using a shared value perspective. The analysis is focused on the mineral-rich Nordic countries—Sweden, Norway and Finland—and a number of mining projects are analyzed. The analysis rests in Porter and Kramer’s arguments for the importance of creating shared values. The results indicate that a shared value perspective has been present in the analyzed case studies, as many of the key ways for creating shared value are identified in the projects. This illustrates the importance of linking social value to economic value in mining projects, even if this is not clearly stated in the relevant legislation. As it is often the unpredictability of the regulatory framework that hinders mineral extraction, it is suggested that Social Impact Assessments (or similar) are formalized in the regulatory framework to ensure that social value is linked more clearly to the land use process related to access to minerals.
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| 40. |
- Wårell, Linda, et al.
(författare)
-
Price effects of mergers in natural resources industries
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 53:1-2, s. 57-69
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyse the price and welfare effects from the mergers between Rio Tinto and North Ltd. in 2000, and CVRD and Caemi in 2001. The analyses are conducted using a merger simulation model that, based on the pre-merger situation estimates the post-merger outcome. This paper applies a standard Cournot framework model where each firm produces a single homogenous product, and the firms' strategic variable is quantities. The results from the merger simulation regarding the Rio Tinto/North Ltd. merger show that the merged firm has a combined market share of almost 20%. The estimated price increase due to the merger is 5.8%. Regarding the CVRD/Caemi merger the initial concentration in the pre-merger market is substantially larger than the year before, and the results indicate that the estimated price effect from the merger is more significant, almost 7%. Regarding the effect of prices on resource extraction, the estimated higher price of iron ore after the merger implies that substitution towards steel scrap in the steel-making process increases. This finding implies that resource extraction possibly has been lower than what might have been the case without the merger. Note that this effect is analysed as ceteris paribus, i.e., other impacts on iron ore demand and prices than the specific mergers have not been considered. In both merger simulations the overall welfare effect is estimated to be negative, something which thus does not support the European Commission's decisions to allow these mergers. However, none of the simulations did take into account possible cost efficiencies resulting from the mergers.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Wårell, Linda, et al.
(författare)
-
Resource efficiency in a district heating context
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Meeting Sweden's current and future energy challenges, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2016. - Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 44. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
The effect of a change in pricing regime on iron ore prices
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 41, s. 16-22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper performs a quantitative analysis of iron ore prices. The analysis will focus on two general issues. First, are prices more volatile before or after the introduction of spot market pricing in 2008/2009? Second, has the change in pricing regime had a significant effect on the iron ore price? The quantitative analysis uses monthly data between January 2003 and August 2012. The overall results show that when including transportation costs to the price series we do not find that iron ore prices are more volatile after the introduction of spot market pricing. Furthermore, the change in pricing regime does not have a significant impact on the iron ore price in the econometric model. Iron ore prices, GDP growth in China, and the freight rates are found to be cointegrated (when regressed with a market dummy variable), and the short run results indicates that GDP growth in China has the strongest impact on the iron ore price series for the period tested.
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| 45. |
- Wårell, Linda, et al.
(författare)
-
Tredjepartstillträde till fjärrvärmenäten i tre svenska kommuner : Underlagsrapport till betänkandet "Fjärrvärme i konkurrens" (SOU 2011:44)
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I ljuset av den kritik mot konkurrenssituationen på fjärrvärmemarknaderna som framfördes under 2009 tillsattes en utredning för att närmare analysera förutsättningarna för ett lagstadgat TPA till fjärrvärmenäten, med syftet att stärka kundernas ställning samt att åstadkomma en effektivare värmemarknad med lägre fjärrvärmepriser och en förbättrad miljö. Utredaren ska belysa för- och nackdelar samt göra en bedömning av förutsättningarna för ett lagstadgat tredjepartstillträde, och lämna förslag till ett regelverk för tredjepartstillträde samt vid behov förslag till finansiering. En viktig del av uppdraget är att utreda förutsättningarna för TPA i olika kommuner i Sverige, eftersom alla fjärrvärmenät i Sverige utgör en egen marknad och förhållandena/förutsättningarna för konkurrens är begränsade till den geografiskt definierade marknaden (fjärrvärmenätet). Föreliggande rapport utgör ett underlag till utredningen med syfte att analysera förutsättningarna för TPA i tre svenska kommuner; Göteborg, Sundsvall och Ronneby. Syftet är att därmed analysera vad TPA kan åstadkomma i de tre kommunerna. För att få en så god bild av de utvalda fjärrvärmeverksamheterna som möjligt, samt undersöka hur dessa skulle påverkas av införandet av TPA, har underlaget till rapporten till stor del insamlats via personliga intervjuer med företrädare för fjärrvärmeverksamheterna i de respektive kommunerna. En viktig del av underlagsrapporten är även att identifiera kritiska frågor som kommer att aktualiseras och behöva hanteras vid ett införande av TPA. Möjliga effekter på prisbildning samt på de viktigaste samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna och intäkterna av ett TPA införande kommer också att behandlas. Avslutningsvis diskuteras frågan om vilken roll miljöhänsyn kan – och bör – spela i TPA-sammanhang. Analysen kommer att exemplifieras utifrån de tre kommun-erna och i förekommande fall belyser vi även viktiga skillnader och likheter mellan olika typer av TPA-modeller. En betydande del av arbetet har varit att identifiera kritiska frågor som är viktiga att behandla innan införandet av TPA. Dessa kritiska frågor har bl.a. behandlat; särskiljning av produktion och distribution, tillgång till fjärrvärmenätet och betydelsen av geografisk lokalisering, investeringar och incitament, ansvarsfrågan vid olyckor och driftsstopp och reserv-, spets- och balansansvar. Det är dock viktigt att betona att det finns i princip inga tekniska begränsningar för att lösa många av de problem som uppstår vid införande av TPA, men att en separation av produktions- och distributionsverksamheterna kommer att medföra nya typer av kostnader. Rapporten har även diskuterat möjliga effekter på fjärrvärmepriserna och ett viktigt budskap är att dessa effekter med stor sannolikhet kommer att skilja sig åt mellan olika delar av landet. Den totala effekten på det pris som kunderna betalar är därmed osäker, och denna osäkerhet beror på svårigheterna att dels fastställa vilket referensalternativ vi jämför med och dels vilken konkurrensutsättning som kommer att ske i praktiken. Sammantaget pekar denna genomgång på att frågan om effekterna av TPA på fjärrvärmepriserna i hög grad är en öppen fråga, och beror på hur prisbildningen fungerar idag i respektive kommun eller region samt på de dynamiska effekter som ett öppnande av näten medför. Rapporten har även analyserat de viktigaste samhällsekonomiska effekterna av TPA. En övergripande bedömning utifrån analysen i detta avsnitt är att införande av ett lagstadgat (landsomfattande) TPA kan medföra få positiva effekter på konkurrensen och samtidigt försvåra möjligheterna till att driva den integrerade fjärrvärmeverksamheten på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt. Även om nätverken öppnas upp för konkurrens är det sannolikt att ett företag fortfarande skulle vara dominant på många av de lokala marknaderna och därigenom skulle inte konkurrenseffekterna bli de önskade. Fjärrvärmeverksamhetens olika delar (produktion och distribution) är beroende av varandra i högre utsträckning än på t.ex. elmarknaden. Detta innebär att förändringar i produktionssammansättningen kan få relativt stora konsekvenser för systemoptimeringen i hela nätverket. Gällande effekterna av TPA på miljön är vår övergripande bedömning att det är viktigt att särskilja på miljöpolitikens och konkurrenspolitikens olika målsättningar, samt (vid behov) utforma separata styrmedel för vart och ett av dessa mål. TPA bör t.ex. i första hand ses som ett möjligt verktyg för att hantera problemet med ofullständig konkurrens, och inte som ett explicit medel för att t.ex. introducera mer industriell spillvärme av miljö- och energieffektiviseringsskäl och/eller reducera utsläppen av koldioxid genom reducerad oljeanvändning. Ett förslag som utredningen bör förhålla sig till är att införa särredovisning, både av nät- och producentverksamheterna, men även redovisning av transaktioner och kostnader för produktionsanläggningarna i fjärrvärmenätet. Detta har till viss del införts redan idag, men enligt Energimarknadsinspektionen krävs ytterligare uppgifter för att underlätta kunder och myndigheters möjlighet att upptäcka prisdiskriminering och korssubventionering. För att korssubventionering skall upptäckas krävs att skäliga kostnadsnivåer för företagets produk-tionsanläggningar samt över fjärrvärmeföretagets övriga verksamheter redovisas. Ytterligare en viktig utveckling för fjärrvärmemarknaden är att finna en marknadslösning (alternativt styrmedel) som verkar för fler sammankopplingar av fjärrvärmeverksamheter. Detta är viktigt av flertalet skäl; dels ökar det marknadernas storlek, vilket innebär att det även möjliggör för en ökad konkurrens både i producent- och distributionsledet, och dels skapar det ett större utrymme för spillvärme i fjärrvärmesystemet.
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| 46. |
- Wårell, Linda
(författare)
-
Trends and developments in long-term steel demand : The intensity-of-use hypothesis revisited
- 2014
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 39:1, s. 134-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Considering the past few years rapid increase in the demand for minerals and metals, mainly stemming from the strong economic growth in China and India, an understanding of the historical development of steel demand is of importance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends and developments of steel consumption in the world by applying the so-called Intensity-of-Use (IoU) method. The empirical analysis is performed using steel consumption and GDP (in constant 2005 US Dollars) data for 61 countries over 42 years. The results show that the IoU hypothesis does not hold for the whole panel, but when dividing the sample into three income groups we find that the IoU hypothesis holds for the Middle income group, indicating that the countries in this income group have experienced the move from an industrialization phase towards a more service based economy in the time period investigated. However, when taking into account time series properties and applying panel unit root tests, the variables are confirmed as non-stationary. A panel cointegration test shows further that the variables are cointegrated, and an ECM model has been performed to test the IoU hypothesis. The results confirm that the IoU hypothesis holds for the Middle income group. Regarding the estimated turning point this is identified at a GDP per capita level of about 19,000 US. There are thus many countries that are far from the level of GDP per capita when steel IoU starts to decline. However, conclusions regarding the turning point should be made with caution.
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