| 1. |
- Reckermann, M., et al.
(författare)
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Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region
- 2022
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Ingår i: Earth Syst. Dynam.. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 2190-4987 .- 2190-4979. ; 13:1, s. 1-80
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are strongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affect the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and discussion of different human-induced factors and processes affecting the environment of the Baltic Sea region, and their interrelations. Some are naturally occurring and modified by human activities (i.e. climate change, coastal processes, hypoxia, acidification, submarine groundwater discharges, marine ecosystems, non-indigenous species, land use and land cover), some are completely human-induced (i.e. agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, river regulations, offshore wind farms, shipping, chemical contamination, dumped warfare agents, marine litter and microplastics, tourism, and coastal management), and they are all interrelated to different degrees. We present a general description and analysis of the state of knowledge on these interrelations. Our main insight is that climate change has an overarching, integrating impact on all of the other factors and can be interpreted as a background effect, which has different implications for the other factors. Impacts on the environment and the human sphere can be roughly allocated to anthropogenic drivers such as food production, energy production, transport, industry and economy. The findings from this inventory of available information and analysis of the different factors and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region can largely be transferred to other comparable marginal and coastal seas in the world.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Xu, Shulan, et al.
(författare)
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A regulatory modelling strategy for review of dose calculations
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of The 12th International High-Level Radioactive Waste managemenent Conference. - : American Nuclear Society. - 9780894480621 ; , s. 466-472
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To be able to carry out review functions regulatory authorities must be able to make critical evaluations of proponent's performance assessment (PA) cases. In Sweden the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI) aims to have in place its own suite of PA tools. These will be used to address the forthcoming PAs submitted by the Swedish Nuclear Waste Management Company (SKB) for a geological repository for spent fuel (2010). This paper looks at the role and application of the regulator's models to important features of current modelling in SKB 's latest PAs. The SSI modelling tools are applied to demonstrate a possible size of the contaminant area due to leakage of radionuclides from a damaged canister. An improved representation of these processes will enhance our understanding of biosphere functions and provide a better basis for evaluating radiological consequences in the safety assessment.
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| 4. |
- Ahmad, Nawaz, et al.
(författare)
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Injection of CO2-saturated brine in geological reservoir : A way to enhanced storage safety
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 54, s. 129-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Injection of free-phase supercritical CO2 into deep geological reservoirs is associated with risk of considerable return flows towards the land surface due to the buoyancy of CO2, which is lighter than the resident brine in the reservoir. Such upward movements can be avoided if CO2 is injected in the dissolved phase (CO2aq). In this work, injection of CO2-saturated brine in a subsurface carbonate reservoir was modelled. Physical and geochemical interactions of injected low-pH CO2-saturated brine with the carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite and siderite) were investigated in the reactive transport modelling. CO2-saturated brine, being low in pH, showed high reactivity with the reservoir minerals, resulting in a significant mineral dissolution and CO2 conversion in reactions. Over the injection period of 10 yr, up to 16% of the injected CO2 was found consumed in geochemical reactions. Sorption included in the transport analysis resulted in additional quantities of CO2 mass stored. However, for the considered carbonate minerals, the consumption of injected CO2aq was found mainly in the form of ionic trapping.
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| 5. |
- Ahmad, Nawaz, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Injection of CO2-saturated brine in geological reservoir : A way to enhanced storage safety
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Injection of free phase supercritical CO2 into deep geological reservoirs is associated with risk of considerable return flows towards the land surface due to the buoyancy of CO2, which is lighter than the resident brine in the reservoir. Such upward movements can be avoided if CO2 is injected in the dissolved phase (CO2aq). In this work, injection of CO2-saturated brine in a subsurface carbonate reservoir is modelled. Physical and geochemical interactions of injected low-pH CO2-saturated brine with the carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite and siderite) are investigated in the reactive transport modelling. CO2-saturated brine, being low in pH, shows high reactivity with the reservoir minerals, resulting in a significant mineral dissolution and CO2 conversion in reactions. Over the injection period of 10 years, up to 16% of the injected CO2 is found consumed in geochemical reactions. Sorption included in the transport analysis resulted in additional quantities of CO2 mass stored. However, for the considered carbonate minerals, the consumption of injected CO2aq is found mainly in the form of ionic trapping.
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| 6. |
- Ahmad, Nawaz, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Non-isothermal reactive transport modelling of dissolved CO2 leaking through a fractured caprock
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Geological storage of CO2 is considered as one of the mitigation actions for climate change adverse effects. However, some fraction of CO2 dissolved in the brine following injection, may leak from the reservoir through permeable zones such as conducting fractures. In this study we perform the reactive transport modelling of single-phase brine saturated with dissolved CO2 (CO2aq) along a conducting fracture in a clay-rich caprock. This study investigates the role of temperature and various reaction systems on the fate of migrating CO2aq, its geochemical interactions with the carbonate minerals, its conversion in geochemical reactions and associated medium porosity and permeability evolutions along the transport pathway.About 0.64% of leaking CO2aq is found converted into other ions in its geochemical interactions with calcite (simplified geochemical system). Addition of mineral dolomite in the geochemical system (extended geochemical system) results in up to 11% higher mass conversion of CO2 in reactions as compared to the simplified geochemical system. Considering extended geochemical system and heat transport by moving brine resulted in about 27.34% higher mass conversion of CO2 in reactions as compared to the simplified geochemical system. A combination of extended geochemical system, heat transport and sorption resulted in about 82.59% higher mass conversion of CO2 compared to the simplified geochemical system. Leaking CO2aq travelled less than 250 m along the fractured pathway, for a velocity of nearly 19 m/year in the fracture, due to retardation caused by mass stored in aqueous and adsorbed states.
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| 7. |
- Ahmad, Nawaz, et al.
(författare)
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Reactive transport modeling of leaking CO2-saturated brine along a fractured pathway
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 42, s. 672-689
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One concern regarding the underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is its potential leakage from reservoirs. Over short period of time, the leakage risk is related mainly to CO2 as a separate supercritical fluid phase. However, over longer periods upon complete dissolution of injected CO2 in the fluid, the leakage risk is associated with dissolved phase CO2. Over the geological time scales, large-scale groundwater motion may cause displacement of brine containing dissolved CO2 along the conducting pathways. In this paper, we present a comprehensive modeling framework that describes the reactive transport of CO2-saturated brine along a fracture in the clay caprock based on the future, hypothetical leakage of the dissolved phase CO2. This study shows that the transport of leaked dissolved CO2 is significantly retarded by a combination of various physical and geochemical processes, such as mass exchange between conducting fracture and the neighboring rock matrix through molecular diffusion, sorption and calcite dissolution in the rock matrix. Mass stored in aqueous and adsorbed states in the rock matrix caused retention of dissolved CO2 along the leakage pathway. Calcite dissolution reaction in the rock matrix resulted in consumption of leaking dissolved CO2 and reduced its mass along the leakage pathway. Consumption and retention of dissolved CO2 along the leakage pathway have important implications for analyzing the potential reduction of CO2 fluxes from storage reservoirs over large periods and long travel pathways.
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| 8. |
- Ahmad, Nawaz, 1972-
(författare)
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REACTIVE TRANSPORT MODELLING OF DISSOLVED CO2 IN POROUS MEDIA : Injection into and leakage from geological reservoirs
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the options of controlling the greenhouse gas emissions. However, leakage of CO2 from the storage reservoir is a risk associated with geological sequestration. Over longer times, large-scale groundwater motion may cause leakage of dissolved CO2 (CO2aq).The objectives of this thesis are twofold. First, the modelling study analyzes the leakage of CO2aq along the conducting pathways. Second, a relatively safer mode of geological storage is investigated wherein CO2aq is injected in a carbonate reservoir. A reactive transport model is developed that accounts for the coupled hydrological transport and the geochemical reactions of CO2aq in the porous media. The study provides a quantitative assessment of the impact of advection, dispersion, diffusion, sorption, geochemical reactions, temperature, and heat transport on the fate of leaking CO2aq.The mass exchange between the conducting pathway and the rock matrix plays an important role in retention and reactions of leaking CO2aq. A significant retention of leaking CO2aq is caused by its mass stored in aqueous and adsorbed states and its consumption in reactions in the rock matrix along the leakage pathway. Advection causes a significant leakage of CO2aq directly from the reservoir through the matrix in comparison to the diffusion alone in the rock matrix and advection in a highly conducting, but thin fracture. Heat transport by leaking brine also plays an important role in geochemical interactions of leaking CO2aq. Injection of CO2aq is simulated for a carbonate reservoir. Injected CO2-saturated brine being reactive causes fast dissolution of carbonate minerals in the reservoir and fast conversion of CO2aq through considered geochemical reactions. Various parameters like dispersion, sorption, temperature, and minerals reaction kinetics are found to play important role in the consumption of CO2aq in reactions.
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| 9. |
- Ahmad, Nawaz, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of advection and dispersion in the rock matrix on the transport of leaking CO2-saturated brine along a fractured zone
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- CO2 that is injected into a storage reservoir can leak in dissolved form because of brine displacement from the reservoir, which is caused by large-scale groundwater motion. Simulations of the reactive transport of leaking CO2aq along a conducting fracture in a clay-rich caprock are conducted to analyze the effect of various physical and geochemical processes. Whilst several modelling transport studies along rock fractures have considered diffusion as the only transport process in the surrounding rock matrix (diffusive transport), this study analyzes the combined role of advection and dispersion in the rock matrix in addition to diffusion (advection-dominated transport) on the migration of CO2aq along a leakage pathway and its conversion in geochemical reactions. A sensitivity analysis is performed to quantify the effect of fluid velocity and dispersivity. Variations in the porosity and permeability of the medium are observed in response to calcite dissolution and precipitation along the leakage pathway. We observe that advection and dispersion in the rock matrix play a significant role in the overall transport process. For the parameters that were used in this study, advection-dominated transport increased the leakage of CO2aq from the reservoir by nearly 305%, caused faster transport and increased the mass conversion of CO2aq in geochemical reactions along the transport pathway by approximately 12.20% compared to diffusive transport.
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| 10. |
- Ahmad, Nawaz, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of advection and dispersion in the rock matrix on the transport of leaking CO2-saturated brine along a fractured zone
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Advances in Water Resources. - : Elsevier. - 0309-1708 .- 1872-9657. ; 98, s. 132-146
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CO2 that is injected into a geological storage reservoir can leak in dissolved form because of brine displacement from the reservoir, which is caused by large-scale groundwater motion. Simulations of the reactive transport of leaking CO2aq along a conducting fracture in a clay-rich caprock are conducted to analyze the effect of various physical and geochemical processes. Whilst several modeling transport studies along rock fractures have considered diffusion as the only transport process in the surrounding rock matrix (diffusive transport), this study analyzes the combined role of advection and dispersion in the rock matrix in addition to diffusion (advection-dominated transport) on the migration of CO2aq along a leakage pathway and its conversion in geochemical reactions. A sensitivity analysis is performed to quantify the effect of fluid velocity and dispersivity. Variations in the porosity and permeability of the medium are found in response to calcite dissolution and precipitation along the leakage pathway. We observe that advection and dispersion in the rock matrix play a significant role in the overall transport process. For the parameters that were used in this study, advection-dominated transport increased the leakage of CO2aq from the reservoir by nearly 305%, caused faster transport and increased the mass conversion of CO2aq in geochemical reactions along the transport pathway by approximately 12.20% compared to diffusive transport.
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| 11. |
- Bandeira, Jefferson Vianna, et al.
(författare)
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Nuclear Techniques for Monitoring Sediment Dynamics in the Coastal Zone
- 2014
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Ingår i: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY FOR SOCIETY AND TERRITORY, VOL 4. - CHAM : SPRINGER INT PUBLISHING AG. - 9783319086606 - 9783319086590 ; , s. 151-155
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The knowledge of sediment transport in the coastal region is of vital importance to the management of this critical interface between land and sea, where most of the world population lives. For the assessment of sediment behaviour, hydraulic and sediment measurements, bathymetric survey, mathematical and physical models, are applied. Sediment tracers provide a unique capability for understanding sediment transport assisting in sediment management which cannot be obtained any other way, whether conventional monitoring or physical and numerical models because tracers integrate all the hydrodynamic actions in time and space. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is now an essential tool for the management of the natural systems and is increasingly used to study the fate and behaviour of particulates and contaminants. Tracer techniques are often employed to validate hydrodynamic models to enhance confidence in the predictive value of the models. In-situ detection afforded by the use of a radioactive tracer allows accurate quantitative determination of the rate of sediment transport, compared with other tracer methods. Also, it is cost effective and safe: its radiological impact to the environment is minimal. Several case studies, performed in different regions of the world, are presented.
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| 12. |
- Boano, F., et al.
(författare)
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Hyporheic flow and transport processes : Mechanisms, models, and biogeochemical implications
- 2014
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Ingår i: Reviews of geophysics. - 8755-1209 .- 1944-9208. ; 52:4, s. 603-679
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fifty years of hyporheic zone research have shown the important role played by the hyporheic zone as an interface between groundwater and surface waters. However, it is only in the last two decades that what began as an empirical science has become a mechanistic science devoted to modeling studies of the complex fluid dynamical and biogeochemical mechanisms occurring in the hyporheic zone. These efforts have led to the picture of surface-subsurface water interactions as regulators of the form and function of fluvial ecosystems. Rather than being isolated systems, surface water bodies continuously interact with the subsurface. Exploration of hyporheic zone processes has led to a new appreciation of their wide reaching consequences for water quality and stream ecology. Modern research aims toward a unified approach, in which processes occurring in the hyporheic zone are key elements for the appreciation, management, and restoration of the whole river environment. In this unifying context, this review summarizes results from modeling studies and field observations about flow and transport processes in the hyporheic zone and describes the theories proposed in hydrology and fluid dynamics developed to quantitatively model and predict the hyporheic transport of water, heat, and dissolved and suspended compounds from sediment grain scale up to the watershed scale. The implications of these processes for stream biogeochemistry and ecology are also discussed.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Chen, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Step-drawdown test for identifying aquifer and well loss parameters in a partially penetrating well with irregular (non-linear increasing) pumping rates
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1694 .- 1879-2707. ; 614
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A step-drawdown test with an increasing pumping rate at each step in a fully penetrating well is a typical procedure for estimating aquifer parameters and well losses. However, partially penetrating wells in closed aquifers have also been adopted mainly due to economic constraints with a stepwise increase in the pumping rate. In this study, a new empirical method is proposed based on the stepwise drawdown defined by irregular pumping rates in a partially penetrating well. The method was validated by fitting drawdown data from classical works. The characteristics of the drawdowns and well losses were discussed for varying pumping scenarios. The results indicate that the new empirical method interprets previous works more accurately for a fully penetrating well and also effectively estimates the aquifer and well loss parameters. A new coefficient, the pumping ratevarying index a, was introduced to indicate the pumping rate difference (Delta Q) between the two steps. As such, a negative pumping rate difference would decrease the well-loss and result in a negative a. In addition, the effect of the ratio of the well's screen length to aquifer thickness demonstrates that a longer screen would cause a larger well loss. Finally, the proposed empirical method was applied to a fieldwork conducted in Xiangyang city, central China, to investigate the aquifer and well loss parameters using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method.
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| 16. |
- Ferdos, Farzad, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of hydraulic behaviours of coarse rock materials in a large permeameter
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2327-4336 .- 2327-4344. ; 1:3, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hydraulic behavior of a rock material structure is a major feature for its design and safety assessment. Similar to all other physical prob-lems, in order to enclose the governing equations systems and achieve a solution, the hydraulic characteristics of these materials need to be determined experimentally and implemented then into adopted thermo-dynamical models. This paper covers the process of the design, con-struction and operation of an experimental rig built for this specific purpose. Using the constructed large-scale permeameter, tests have been conducted. The non-linear hydraulic behavior of various materials under extreme turbulent conditions, where Reynolds number reaches un-precedented values, has not been studied before. Preliminary results are presented and discussed.
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| 17. |
- Ferdos, Farzad, et al.
(författare)
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Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse Rockfill used in Hydraulic Structures
- 2015
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Ingår i: Transport in Porous Media. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0169-3913 .- 1573-1634. ; 108:2, s. 367-391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internal erosion is a major cause of embankment dam failure. Unravelling and instability of the downstream slope, initiated by internal erosion and leakage through the dam core, is one of the most likely breach mechanisms for large, zoned embankment dams. To be able to model this mechanism, the relationship between the hydraulic gradient and the flow velocity for the coarse rockfill material must be understood. Because most studies of this topic have focused on the flow parameters in gravel-size materials with Reynolds (Re) numbers lower than 25,000, permeability measurements are needed coarser rockfill material under heavily turbulent flow regimes prevailing in rockfill material under certain design flow scenarios. This paper presents the set-up and results of a series of field and laboratory experimental studies and the subsequent data interpretation, from which relevant hydraulic conductivity parameters, defined in applicable flow laws, were extracted. This study demonstrates that the exponent of a power flow law relating the hydraulic gradient and the flow velocity is Re number dependent for pore Re numbers 60,000. The power remains constant (Re number independent) above this Re number threshold for the fully developed turbulent regime. This validity threshold as well as the constant behaviour also applies if the flow law is written in a quadratic form. The aforementioned threshold lies beyond the ranges investigated experimentally by previous researchers. The experiments in this study examined Re numbers as large as 220,000 for grain-diameter distributions in the range 100-160 mm and as large as 320,000 in the range 160-240 mm.
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| 18. |
- Ferdos, Farzad, 1984-
(författare)
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Internal Erosion Phenomena in Embankment Dams : Throughflow and internal erosion mechanisms
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study, two major internal erosion initiation processes, suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms, which lead to both defect formation in a dam’s body and its foundation and high throughflow in dams subjected to internal erosion were studied. This understanding has the potential to facilitate numerical modelling and expedite dam safety assessment studies. The throughflow properties of coarse rockfill material were studied by; analysing filed pump test data, performing extensive laboratory experiments with a large-scale apparatus and numerically simulating the three-dimensional flow through coarse rock materials, replicating the material used in the laboratory experiments.Results from the tests demonstrate that the parameters of the nonlinear momentum equation of the flow depend on the Reynolds number for pore Reynolds numbers lower than 60000. Numerical studies were also carried out to conduct numerical experiments. By applying a Lagrangian particle tracking method, a model for estimating the lengths of the flow channels in the porous media was developed. The shear forces exerted on the coarse particles in the porous media were found to be significantly dependent on the inertial forces of the flow.Suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms were also studied by means of laboratory experiments to develop a theoretical framework for continuum-based numerical modelling. An erosion apparatus was designed and constructed with the capability of applying hydraulic and mechanical loading. Results were then used to develop constitutive laws of the soil erosion as a function of the applied hydromechanical load for both suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms. Both the initiation and mass removal rate of were found to be dependent on the soil in-situ stresses.A three-dimensional electrical-resistivity-based tomography method was also adopted for the internal erosion apparatus and was found to be successful in visualising the porosity evolution due to suffusion.
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| 19. |
- Hamisi, Rajabu, 1978-
(författare)
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Filtration System For On-Site Wastewater Treatment : Experiences From Modelling and Experimental Investigations
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many on-site wastewater treatment systems in Sweden are not sustainable in terms of treatment efficiency, nutrient recycling and economics. Achieving reliable and sustainable systems to meet on-site wastewater treatment demands requires comprehensive field investigations of the performance of novel technologies. This thesis investigated the performance of a new leading-edge technology for on-site wastewater treatment in a real field environment in northwest of Baltic Proper Sea, Sweden. The system integrates septic tank treatment technology with a package treatment plant (PTP) and a sequencing batch subsurface flow constructed wetland (SBCW). The investigation combined three approaches: field monitoring, laboratory-scale column experiments and process-based modelling, to provide a better understanding of system performance, predict contaminant retention and test system response to various environmental factors, design scenarios and operational conditions.The overall results indicated that the entire system is efficient in removing total phosphorus (83%), biological oxygen demand (BOD7, 99%) and Escherichia coli bacteria (89%). It is less efficient in total inorganic nitrogen removal (22%). Mean concentration of phosphorus (0.96 mg/L) and pH (8.8) in effluent from the entire system were found to be below the Swedish threshold values for on-site wastewater discharge. This indicates that the system could be reliable and sustainable technology for on-site wastewater treatment in cold climate conditions.A complementary three-dimensional (3D) model developed using COMSOL Multiphysics® software proved to be a useful and rapid tool for predicting the behaviour of complex hydraulic dynamics. It provided valuable insights into the spatial and temporal variability in sorption processes caused by changes in different wastewater treatment system design parameters, environmental factors and modes of operation. Through process-based modelling, a reactive filter material with longer lifetime and a SBCW design that improved the sustainability of on-site wastewater treatment system were successfully identified.It was concluded that long-term performance of reactive filter materials in PTP systems can be achieved when the system is loaded intermittently with low influent contaminant concentrations (<3 mg/L). Optimum phosphorus and nitrogen removal in SBCW can be achieved by manipulating drainage pipe placement and feeding mode, to enable longer contact time and artificial aeration conditions.
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| 20. |
- Hamisi, Rajabu, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term phosphorus sorption and leaching in sand filters for onsite treatment systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 833, s. 155254-155254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sorption capacities of sand filters used for onsite wastewater treatment and their associated risks of phosphorus (P) leaching on contact with rainwater were investigated in column experiments and with modelling tool for over 300 days. Columns packed with sand were exposed to real domestic wastewater of different characteristics and hydraulic loading modes. The wastewater fed into the columns was effluent collected from three different treatment units in the field: a septic tank (ST), biofiltration tank (BF) and Polonite® filter bag (PO). The risk of P leaching to groundwater and surface water was also assessed, by exposing the same sand columns to natural rainwater. Overall results indicated that sand soils can exhibit different adsorption and desorption capacities for electrical conductivity (EC), Total-P, phosphate-P and total suspended solids, depending on the characteristics of influent wastewater, loading rate and total operation time. The removal efficiencies of the sand columns increased in the order ST (98.16 %) > PO (93.36%) > BF (81.57%) for PO4-P and slightly decreased ST (97.11 %) > PO (92.06%) > BF (76.76%) for Total-P columns. All sand columns loaded with actual wastewater solutions from septic tanks and biofiltration tank have demonstrated high risks of phosphorus leaching (> 99.99%) to the groundwater. The modelling was successful captured behavior of EC tracer and adsorption of PO4-P with acceptable prediction uncertainty in the PO < 8% columns. The modelling results indicated that the decrease of loading rate from 83.3 mL d-1 to 20.83 mL d-1 led to an average increase of removal efficiency and prolong operational lifetime and mass of adsorbed Total-P in the sand soil. This study concludes that sand is a valuable filter medium at low loading rate for phosphorus removal in full-scale operations of onsite treatment systems, however very vulnerable for leaching P when in contact with rainwater.
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| 21. |
- Hamisi, Rajabu, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling phosphorus sorption kinetics and the longevity of reactive filter materials used for on-sitewastewater treatment
- 2019
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 11:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of reactive filter media (RFM) is an emerging technology in small-scale wastewater treatment to improve phosphorus (P) removal and filter material longevity for making this technology sustainable. In this study, long-term sorption kinetics and the spatial dynamics of sorbed P distribution were simulated in replaceable P-filter bags filled with 700 L of reactive material and used in real on-site treatment systems. The input data for model calibration were obtained in laboratory trials with Filtralite P®, Polonite® and Top16. The P concentration breakthrough threshold value was set at an effluent/influent (C/C 0 ) ratio of 1 and simulations were performed with P concentrations varying from 1 to 25 mg L -1 . The simulation results showed that influent P concentration was important for the breakthrough and longevity, and that Polonite performed best, followed by Top16 and Filtralite P. A 100-day break in simulated intermittent flow allowed the materials to recover, which for Polonite involved slight retardation of P saturation. The simulated spatial distribution of P accumulated in the filter bags showed large differences between the filter materials. The modelling insights from this study can be applied in design and operation of on-site treatment systems using reactive filter materials.
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| 22. |
- Hamisi, Rajabu, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of on-site wastewater treatment efficiency and recovery based on nutrient mobility and adsorption kinetics modelling using HYDRUS-2D coupled with PHREEQC
- 2024
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A closed-loop on-site wastewater treatment system (OWT) was studied comprising steps of septic tank to remove organics (Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)), biofiltration clarifier for biological removal of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and BOD, reactive Polonite® filter for chemical adsorption and precipitation removal of dissolved P, and tidal flow constructed wetland (TFCW) sand filter for polishing the effluent to low P and N effluent Swedish standards. The field experimental data that have been used to optimize TFCW design in the numerical modelling using HYDRUS-2D coupled with and without PHREEQC indicated that the adsorption efficiency of the reactive Polonite® adsorbent was nearly double to that obtained in TFCW sand filters for PO4-P (95 %) and Total-P (85 %) removal in summer at a high temperature range (15.4–18.8 °C) and pH range (9.9–10.8). The weaker PO4-P (53 %) and Total-P (25 %) removal efficiency in winter was due to a low temperature (1.5–8.1 °C) and low pH (7.2–7.9). This decrease in pH was attributed to salinity in the domestic wastewater and dilution of rainwater. Modelling results revealed that the transport mechanisms and rate of P adsorption kinetics in the TFCW sand filters enhanced with calcium and iron flow from chemical dissolution in the preceding Polonite® adsorbent was increased with the increase in temperature. However, the P adsorption was less sensitive at high ferrihydrite (Fe(OH)3) dose, suggesting limited effects of cations dissolution and abundance of metal oxides and hydroxide ions at the mineral surface for anions exchange with phosphate for surface complexation. The strategy of combining field data and modelling provided valuable insights for assessing adaptability and optimizing TFCW design under variable fluxes and scenario effects of insulated/uninsulated and dilution by rainwater in cold-climate regions.
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| 23. |
- Hamisi, Rajabu, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of a tidal flow constructed wetland used for post-treatment of on-site wastewater in cold climate
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Water Process Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-7144. ; 47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of a tidal flow constructed wetland (TFCW) following wastewater treatment in a package plant designed for two households was studied in a nine-month field trial and its design evaluated through process modelling and pumping tests. The TFCW is operated by filling and draining periods lasting five to nine days, depending on wastewater production by users. The effects of passive aeration, temperature, influent concentration of nutrients and bacteria as well as hydraulic loading on the treatment efficacy of the TFCW system were studied. Results showed that the TFCW system removed ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N, 76%), phosphate -phosphorus (PO4-P, 56%), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN, 28%) and reduced water pH by15%. The removal efficiency of TIN was significantly improved in the summer (> 50%). The average influent concentration of total phosphorus (TP) was low after the preceding package plant treatment (1.12 mg L-1), but the TFCW showed ability to further reduce TP to the average concentration of 0.57 mg L-1. A coupled reactive transport model was developed in the COMSOL Multiphysics (R) 5.6 software to predict processes of water flow and was validated against the actual data from the field. The modelling exhibited a satisfactory prediction accuracy and capability to capture behavior of effluent PO4-P, NH4-N and dissolved oxygen concentration. Moreover, modelling processes helped to understand the defects of water flow and adsorption processes within the treatment wetland.
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| 24. |
- Hamisi, Rajabu, et al.
(författare)
-
Phosphorus sorption and leaching in sand filters used for onsite wastewater treatment - a column experiment
-
Recension (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sorption capacities of filter sands used for onsite wastewater treatment and their associated risks of phosphorus (P) leakage on contact with rainwater were investigated in column experiments and modelling studies. Columns packed with sand were exposed to real domestic wastewater of different characteristics and hydraulic loading modes. The wastewater fed into the columns was effluent collected from three different treatment units in the field: a septic tank (ST), biofiltration tank (BF) and Polonite® filter bag (PO). The risk of P leaching to groundwater and surface water was also assessed, by exposing the same sand columns to artificial rainwater. The results indicated that sand columns can exhibit different adsorption capacities for Total-P, phosphate-P and total suspended solids, depending on the characteristics of influent wastewater. The adsorption capacity increased in the order ST > BF > PO, based on availability of organic matter to form biofilm. Effluent from Pol columns was significantly clearer, indicating lower organics content, than effluent from ST and BF columns. The modelled breakthrough curves for Total-P desorption agreed satisfactorily with the measured values, but further model improvement is needed.
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| 25. |
- Hamisi, Rajabu, et al.
(författare)
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Simulating the hydraulic dynamics and treatment performance of a sequencing batch flow constructed wetland
-
Recension (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a six-month field trial, the performance of a full-scale sequencing batch flow constructed wetland (SBCW) treating on-site wastewater was determined. The filling and draining periods lasted 5-9 days, depending on wastewater production by users (two households). The results indicated that the SBCW system efficiently removed ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N, 76%) and Escherichia coli (89%). However, draining by pumping increased preferential water flow and considerably limited removal of dissolved phosphorus (PO4-P) in the filter bed. Analysis of water samples from nine points and three vertical levels of the wetland bed showed that pumping aerated the bed, resulting in removal of NH4-N being highest in the top 0-0.2 m layer (43%) intermediate in the 0.2-0.4 m layer (32%), and lowest in the deep (0.4-0.6 m) layer (4%). Complementary modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics software to predict the hydraulic dynamics for three different SBCW designs indicated that the drainage system of the present SBCW should be re-designed to increase contact time and aeration, for improved phosphorus and nitrogen removal.
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| 26. |
- Hamisi, Rajabu, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment efficiency and recovery in sand filters for on-site wastewater treatment: Column studies and reactive modelling
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 462
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the adsorption capacity and treatment efficiency of sand filters in on-site treatment systems for cold climate regions. The effects of different operating conditions, porosity and kinetics parameters were investigated in column experiments and COMSOL Multiphysics® modelling, to comprehensively reveal the mechanisms and optimize treatment efficiency of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal in a field tidal flow constructed wetland (TFCW), treating effluent from a package treatment plant with P filter material. The results from column experiments with sand showed that Total-P adsorption rate was dependent on feed water quality (Septic tank >0.77 ± 0.06 g kg−1; Biotreatment >0.41 ± 0.07 g kg−1; Reactive material Polonite® <0.18 ± 0.07 g kg−1). In the field TFCW trial, Total-P adsorption in the top layer (>1.42 ± 0.55 g kg−1) and middle layer (>1.06 ± 0.51 g kg−1) was twice that in laboratory columns, due to strong interaction with the air-water interface and use of fluctuated domestic wastewater solutions. The breakthrough curve (BTCs) of the coarse sand matched the physical behaviour of tracer electrical conductivity (EC) in effluent from the sand column experiments. The modelling results demonstrated that high filter porosity and low hydraulic load were significant factors for optimal removal of NH4–N, Total-N, PO4–P, Total- P in the top layer (>99.95 ± 0.03 %, 44.37 ± 28.75%, 70.89 ± 28.30%, 76.18 ± 20.3%), middle layer (>98.94 ± 1.77%, 18.23 ± 23.04%, 76.62 ± 28.73%, 65.40 ± 31.85%) and deep layer (>99.99 ± 0.02%, 65.50 ± 20.64%, 75.53 ± 23.16%, 41.54 ± 28.81%) in the TFCW system, respectively. The results show that on-site wastewater treatment in cold climate TFCW can be applied as a technology to polish effluent from a three-step pretreatment system. However, hydraulic optimization is an important factor for the design of the TFCW to receive a successful long-term operating system.
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| 27. |
- Hao, Shuang, et al.
(författare)
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A Model for Assessing the Importance of Runoff Forecasts in Periodic Climate on Hydropower Production
- 2023
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 15:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydropower is the largest source of renewable energy in the world and currently dominates flexible electricity production capacity. However, climate variations remain major challenges for efficient production planning, especially the annual forecasting of periodically variable inflows and their effects on electricity generation. This study presents a model that assesses the impact of forecast quality on the efficiency of hydropower operations. The model uses ensemble forecasting and stepwise linear optimisation combined with receding horizon control to simulate runoff and the operation of a cascading hydropower system. In the first application, the model framework is applied to the Dalalven River basin in Sweden. The efficiency of hydropower operations is found to depend significantly on the linkage between the representative biannual hydrologic regime and the regime actually realised in a future scenario. The forecasting error decreases when considering periodic hydroclimate fluctuations, such as the dry-wet year variability evident in the runoff in the Dalalven River, which ultimately increases production efficiency by approximately 2% (at its largest), as is shown in scenarios 1 and 2. The corresponding potential hydropower production is found to vary by 80 GWh/year. The reduction in forecasting error when considering biennial periodicity corresponds to a production efficiency improvement of about 0.33% (or 13.2 GWh/year).
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| 28. |
- Henkel, Herbert, et al.
(författare)
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A deep rock laboratory in the Dellen impact crater
- 2010
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Ingår i: GFF. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1103-5897 .- 2000-0863. ; 132:1, s. 45-54
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Deep Rock Lab is a platform to establish a comprehensive subsurface bedrock characterization approach, by integrating site characterization techniques applied from different disciplines of geo-mechanics, geochemistry, hydrogeology, structural geology, lithology and geophysics, with consideration of the effects of coupled geological processes of importance for the understanding of groundwater renewal, continental shield deformations, engineering issues related to geological disposal of nuclear waste and CO2, and geothermal energy retrieval in crystalline rocks. The approach will focus on the physics and chemistry of crystalline rocks and groundwater with down-the-hole measurements of relevant variables, using and developing more efficient geo-scientific site investigation techniques for deep boreholes at a chosen site, and develop more advanced down-the-hole measurements and numerical modelling methods with more advanced inversion algorithms to help integrate data interpretations and object representations. The goal is to develop this platform into a long-term research facility that can be readily used by the scientific community for both subsurface fundamental and engineering-oriented research. Such a platform will be especially important for the education of PhD students for generations to come. The integrated drilling and research facility is suggested to be located at the Dellen site. This site has an impact crater with a large range of expected physical property changes with depth, complex and multiple thermal processes that have affected the bedrock, a favorable infrastructure and local supporting activities, and a large body of existing geo-scientific data.
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| 29. |
- Hoedl, Iris, et al.
(författare)
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Voronoi Tessellation Captures Very Early Clustering of Single Primary Cells as Induced by Interactions in Nascent Biofilms
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:10, s. e26368-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biofilms dominate microbial life in numerous aquatic ecosystems, and in engineered and medical systems, as well. The formation of biofilms is initiated by single primary cells colonizing surfaces from the bulk liquid. The next steps from primary cells towards the first cell clusters as the initial step of biofilm formation remain relatively poorly studied. Clonal growth and random migration of primary cells are traditionally considered as the dominant processes leading to organized microcolonies in laboratory grown monocultures. Using Voronoi tessellation, we show that the spatial distribution of primary cells colonizing initially sterile surfaces from natural streamwater community deviates from uniform randomness already during the very early colonisation. The deviation from uniform randomness increased with colonisation - despite the absence of cell reproduction - and was even more pronounced when the flow of water above biofilms was multidirectional and shear stress elevated. We propose a simple mechanistic model that captures interactions, such as cell-to-cell signalling or chemical surface conditioning, to simulate the observed distribution patterns. Model predictions match empirical observations reasonably well, highlighting the role of biotic interactions even already during very early biofilm formation despite few and distant cells. The transition from single primary cells to clustering accelerated by biotic interactions rather than by reproduction may be particularly advantageous in harsh environments - the rule rather than the exception outside the laboratory.
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| 30. |
- Hu, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing energy storage demand by spatial-temporal coordination of multienergy systems
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 329, s. 120277-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Utilizing the spatial heterogeneity and climate periodicity of various available renewable energy sources can enhance the multienergy complementarity, which will further reduce the energy storage demand and contributes to the "virtual energy storage gain." In this paper, we propose a spatiotemporal coordination method based on spectral analysis for a wind-PV-hydropower system that targets the maximum virtual energy storage gain. The complementary effect of hydropower on wind and PV power can be seen as changes in the regulation ability resulting from the hydropower construction development as well as a decreased variance in the total system production output. This method is used to determine the optimal coordination distance of multiple energy sources that are matched over different periods representing typical climate variation. A case study in the Yalong River basin in China obtains the best range of hydropower bundling surrounding wind power and PV power stations under different hydropower construction planning scenarios, and it reveals that increased regulation capacity of hydropower will reduce the optimal coordination distance but can achieve more energy balance if both actual storage and virtual storage is accounted for. This approach can realize energy delivery with the optimal coordination distance to meet intensive and efficient development needs, which can provide guidance and support for the planning and construction of wind-PV-hydropower storage systems.
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| 31. |
- Jiang, Xiangang, et al.
(författare)
-
Internal erosion of debris-flow deposits triggered by seepage
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Engineering Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-7952 .- 1872-6917. ; 314, s. 107015-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Debris flows can be triggered by runoffs at considerably steep natural channels and streams. Specifically, runoffgenerated debris-flow deposits are loose mixtures, comprising coarse and fine particles. Owing to seeping water, these fine particles are eroded and transported through the skeleton formed by the coarse particles. Such erosion can modify the porosity of deposits and influence their mechanical characteristics, which can be non-negligible for geotechnical and geological engineering. In this study, seven groups of seepage tests on gravel-sand-clay mixtures with different coarse particle content proportions (48%, 52%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%) were conducted to investigate the erosion characteristics of debris-flow deposits triggered by seepage flows. In particular, concentrated leak erosion, internal instability erosion, and piping were noted in the soil with a coarse particle content of 48%-80%. Further, when the coarse particle content exceeds 80%, the soil does not disintegrate. A model coupling seepage and internal erosion was also developed to characterise internal erosion. For this model, mass conservation equations were reformulated for different types of internal erosion, based on the assumptions for the pore channel erosion of suspended materials and general erosion. Moreover, an equation based on the internal erosion rate, considering the pore size distribution and hydraulic gradient, was firstly introduced for concentrated leak and internal instability erosion. This equation could efficiently evaluate the mass of particles eroded from the soil. Lastly, the model was calibrated based on experimental data; the corresponding results are discussed herein.
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| 32. |
- Jiang, Xiangang, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanism of the progressive failure of non-cohesive natural dam slopes
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Geomorphology. - : ELSEVIER. - 0169-555X .- 1872-695X. ; 363
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Progressive failure, which begins in the downstream slopes of dams, is one of the main failure modes for natural dams in the field. However, this failure mode lacks attention in the scientific literature, especially regarding its formation mechanism. In this paper, flume tests were conducted to simulate the progressive failure of a natural dam. The results show that the progressive failure process is induced by seepage water discharging on the downstream slope, including the erosion of individual soil particles, repeated minor slip failures, upward head-cutting erosion of the dam crest, and finally the collapse of the dam when the processes have evolved sufficiently. This study focuses on analyzing the initiation mechanism of soil particle migration. The influence of seepage and interflow stresses on the incipient erosion of soil particles is analyzed. In addition, the buoyancy of soil particles on the downstream slope surface is not considered in the vertical direction in this paper but in the direction perpendicular to the downstream slope surface. The paper also discusses how to estimate the occurrence of the progressive failure of a natural dam. In the estimation method, the stress of the interfacial flow, the seepage flow stress, and the friction stress of the soil particles are considered when the phreatic line reaches the downstream slope surface.
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| 33. |
- Johansson, H., et al.
(författare)
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Retention of conservative and sorptive solutes in streams - simultaneous tracer experiments
- 2001
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 266:03-jan, s. 229-238
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effective transport velocity of solutes in rivers and streams is governed by transient storage in hyporheic zones in which the longitudinal advection velocity is small relative to the main stream flow velocity. Results from a simultaneous tracer experiment using a non-reactive (tritium, (H2O)-H-3) and a sorptive tracer [chromium, Cr-51(III)] have formed the basis of a more accurate interpretation of the retention characteristics of solutes in streams than previously has been possible. By using a simultaneous injection of these two tracers, it was possible to distinguish between their different behaviours. Based on estimations of fluxes, the retained mass of chromium in the storage zones along the 30-km-long study-reach was 76% after 150 h. Independent observations in the bed sediment indicated that the loss of chromium observed in the water was mainly a result of uptake into the bed sediment. To describe the transport in the stream, a model concept including solute sorption kinetics in the bed sediment was proposed. Evaluation of parameters in the model, indicated that the uptake of chromium in the bed sediment is controlled by sorption kinetics.
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| 34. |
- Jonsson, Karin, 1974-
(författare)
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Effect of Hyporheic Exchange on Conservative and Reactive Solute Transport in Streams : Model Assessments Based on Tracer Tests
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Understanding of the processes affecting solute transport in flowing water is important for the possibility to predict the evolution with time of polluted stream systems. This thesis presents tracer experiment methodology and model developments for solute transport in streams, with special focus on retention processes and their effect on solute stream transport. Results are presented from a tracer experiment in the Säva Stream, Uppland County, Sweden, where both a conservative (3H as tritiated water) and a reactive (51Cr as trivalent chromium ion) tracer were injected simultaneously. The time and length scales of the experiment were prolonged compared to previous studies, which allowed for new critical tests of different model concepts. It was found that the hyporheic exchange greatly affected the solute transport of both tracers. However, the retention of chromium was significantly more pronounced. About 76% of the injected chromium was lost from the stream water phase directly after the passage of the pulse 30 km downstream of the injection point. The inventory of chromium in the sediments indicated that the main part was retrieved in the hyporheic zone. Both a diffusive and an advective hyporheic exchange model were developed and evaluated versus independent observations in the stream water and hyporheic zone. Analytical expressions for the central temporal moments of the breakthrough curve and semi-analytical solutions for the solute concentration in the Laplace domain were derived. Both models were found useful in representing the observations.For the transport of the reactive solute, it was found essential to consider a kinetic sorption on to particulate matter in the hyporheic zone. The time needed for a wash-out of 75% of the maximum uptake in the hyporheic zone was found to be ~85 times longer for the reactive solute, compared to the conservative solute. Neglecting the sorption kinetics in the transport model yielded significant errors in the central temporal moments, which implied an incorrect description of the wash-out process from the hyporheic zone. Independent observations in the stream water and hyporheic zone as well as choice of evaluation method are essential for a correct interpretation of the processes.A first attempt was also made to link model parameters such as the residence time in the hyporheic zone with measurable parameters of the stream. Such a relationship offers the possibility to generalize results for other streams and stream conditions. A generic study of the transport of an inert solute in the Lule River, Sweden, using this kind of relationship, indicated that the hyporheic exchange can have a large practical implication.
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| 35. |
- Jonsson, K., et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of sorption kinetics on the transport of solutes in streams
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 266:03-jan, s. 239-247
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To provide an appropriate description of the transport of a reactive substance in a stream, it is important to include a kinetic description of sorption in a transport model. In this study, first-order sorption kinetics was taken into account in both the transient storage zone and the stream water, and analytical expressions for relative error in statistical moments of the residence time PDF, resulting from disregarding sorption kinetics, were derived. The sorption rate coefficient in the water was found to influence the error in the expected value, and the error was found to approach infinity as the travel distance or sorption rate coefficient approaches zero. The sorption rate coefficient in the storage zone influences only higher-order moments. For sufficiently long distances, the error in the variance was found to be more pronounced when sorption kinetics in the storage zone was disregarded, than when sorption kinetics in the stream water was disregarded. Parameter values from a tracer experiment with Cr-51 revealed that the relative error in the variance could be more than 100%, if sorption kinetics in the storage zone is disregarded.
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| 36. |
- Jonsson, K., et al.
(författare)
-
Hyporheic exchange of reactive and conservative solutes in streams - tracer methodology and model interpretation
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1694 .- 1879-2707. ; 278:04-jan, s. 153-171
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A transient storage model is evaluated using results from a tracer experiment, where a conservative and a reactive tracer (H-3 and Cr-51(III)) were injected simultaneously and monitored in stream water and bed sediment. About 76% of the chromium was lost from the stream water on the reach 30 km downstream of the injection point directly after the passage of the pulse in the flowing water. The bed sediment hosted the main part of the retained chromium. The time to washout 75% of the maximum solute uptake in the sediment was similar to 85 times longer for chromium than for tritium (i.e. similar to 45 days). It was possible to describe the sediment-water exchange with a diffusive flux formulation that could be evaluated using tritium breakthrough curves in the stream water or the tritium inventory breakthrough curves in the sediment. This experiment revealed further that observations of chromium concentrations in the sediment were essential for the quantifying of sorption properties, as it was not possible to catch accurately the time scale of sorption within the duration of the breakthrough curves in the stream water. There was a clear need for a rate-limited description of the sorption of chromium in the sediment. We found that a first-order kinetic description of the sorption process could acceptably describe the breakthrough curves in both the stream water and the bed sediment.
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| 37. |
- Jonsson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
Hyporheic Exchange of Reactive and Conservative Solutes in Streams - Tracer Methodology and Model Interpretation
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - 0022-1694 .- 1879-2707. ; 278:1-4, s. 153-171
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A transient storage model is evaluated using results from a tracer experiment, where a conservative and a reactive tracer (3H and 51Cr(III)) were injected simultaneously and monitored in stream water and bed sediment. About 76% of the chromium was lost from the stream water on the reach 30 km downstream of the injection point directly after the passage of the pulse in the flowing water. The bed sediment hosted the main part of the retained chromium. The time to washout 75% of the maximum solute uptake in the sediment was ∼85 times longer for chromium than for tritium (i.e. ∼45 days). It was possible to describe the sediment-water exchange with a diffusive flux formulation that could be evaluated using tritium breakthrough curves in the stream water or the tritium inventory breakthrough curves in the sediment. This experiment revealed further that observations of chromium concentrations in the sediment were essential for the quantifying of sorption properties, as it was not possible to catch accurately the time scale of sorption within the duration of the breakthrough curves in the stream water. There was a clear need for a rate-limited description of the sorption of chromium in the sediment. We found that a first-order kinetic description of the sorption process could acceptably describe the breakthrough curves in both the stream water and the bed sediment.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
|
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| 40. |
- Jonsson, K., et al.
(författare)
-
Sorption behavior and long-term retention of reactive solutes in the hyporheic zone of streams
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of environmental engineering. - : American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - 0733-9372 .- 1943-7870. ; 130:5, s. 573-584
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the transport of sorbing solutes by extending the advective storage path model developed for longitudinal transport of inert solutes in streams coupled with flow-induced uptake in the hyporheic zone. Independent observations of a conservative (H-3) and a reactive (Cr-51) tracer in both the stream water and the hyporheic zone were used to differentiate between hydraulic and sorption processes. The method of temporal moments was found to be inadequate for parameter determination, whereas fitting versus the entire tracer breakthrough curves with special emphasis on the tail indicates that the proposed model could be used to represent both conservative and reactive transport. Information on the tracer inventory of the conservative tracer in the hyporheic zone was found to be of vital importance to the evaluation of the hydraulic exchange. A model evaluation based on stream water data alone can yield predictions of a wash-out in the hyporheic zone that deviates markedly from the observed wash-out. This prohibits long-term predictions of the wash-out from the hyporheic zone as well as the evaluation of sorption properties. The sorption in the hyporheic zone was found to follow a two-step model, where the first step is instantaneous and the second kinetic. A model with a single-step sorption process could not reproduce the observed breakthrough curves. An evaluation of the relative importance of including sorption kinetics in solute stream transport models is elucidated by means of the analytical expressions for the temporal moments. The omission of the kinetics in the second sorption step in the hyporheic zone will result in relative errors in the moments of second order or higher. The error will increase with decreasing residence time in the hyporheic zone. Especially, long-term predictions of the wash-out from the hyporheic zone require consideration of the rate-limited sorption.
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| 41. |
- Jonsson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
Sorption Behaviour and Long-term Retention of Reactive Solute in the Hyporheic Zone of Streams
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of environmental engineering. - 0733-9372 .- 1943-7870. ; 130:5, s. 573-584
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the transport of sorbing solutes by extending the advective storage path model developed for longitudinal transport of inert solutes in streams coupled with flow-induced uptake in the hyporheic zone. Independent observations of a conservative (3H) and a reactive (51Cr) tracer in both the stream water and the hyporheic zone were used to differentiate between hydraulic and sorption processes. The method of temporal moments was found to be inadequate for parameter determination, whereas fitting versus the entire tracer breakthrough curves with special emphasis on the tail indicates that the proposed model could be used to represent both conservative and reactive transport. Information on the tracer inventory of the conservative tracer in the hyporheic zone was found to be of vital importance to the evaluation of the hydraulic exchange. A model evaluation based on stream water data alone can yield predictions of a wash-out in the hyporheic zone that deviates markedly from the observed wash-out. This prohibits long-term predictions of the wash-out from the hyporheic zone as well as the evaluation of sorption properties. The sorption in the hyporheic zone was found to follow a two-step model, where the first step is instantaneous and the second kinetic. A model with a single-step sorption process could not reproduce the observed breakthrough curves. An evaluation of the relative importance of including sorption kinetics in solute stream transport models is elucidated by means of the analytical expressions for the temporal moments. The omission of the kinetics in the second sorption step in the hyporheic zone will result in relative errors in the moments of second order or higher. The error will increase with decreasing residence time in the hyporheic zone. Especially, long-term predictions of the wash-out from the hyporheic zone require consideration of the rate-limited sorption.
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| 42. |
- Kjellin, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Controlling factors for water residence time and flow patterns in Ekeby treatment wetland, Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Advances in Water Resources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0309-1708 .- 1872-9657. ; 30:4, s. 838-850
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Treatment wetlands play an important role in reducing nutrient content and heavy metals in wastewater and run-off water. The treatment efficiency strongly depends on flow pattern and residence times of the water. Here, we study the impact of different factors on water flow patterns based on a tracer experiment with tritiated water in a 2.6 ha constructed wetland pond. A 2D flow and inert transport model was used to evaluate the relative importance of bottom topography, vegetation distribution, water exchange with stagnant zones and dispersion. Results from computer simulations and independent measurements of friction losses as well as wetland geometry showed that variations in bottom topography, formed by several deep zones, decreased the variance in water residence times to a minor extent. Heterogeneity in vegetation, on the other hand, significantly contributed to the spread in water residence times and explained the multiple peaks observed in the breakthrough curves. Analyses showed that in the Ekeby treatment wetland, basin shape explained about 10% of the variance in the observed residence times, whereas vegetation explained about 60-80%. To explain all variance secondary factors were needed, such as dispersion and water exchange with stagnant zones. These were shown to contribute to the spread of residence times and primarily to the long tail of the observed breakthrough curves.
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| 43. |
- Kjellin, Johan, 1978-
(författare)
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Coupled Hydrological and Microbiological Processes Controlling Denitrification in Constructed Wetlands
- 2007
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Treatment wetlands play an important role in reducing nitrogen content in wastewater and agricultural run-off water. The main removal process is denitrification and the removal efficiency depends on the hydrological and microbiological features of the wetland, especially in terms of water residence times and denitrification rates. The aim of this thesis was to increase the understanding of the coupled hydrological and microbiological processes regulating the denitrification capacity. This was done by applying a broad spectrum of analyses methods, including tracer experiment, water flow modeling, denitrification rate measurements, and analyses of the microbial community structures. The tracer experiment and flow modeling revealed that the wetland design, especially the vegetation, largely can affect the water residence time distributions in wetlands. In the investigated wetland, vegetation dominated the water flow, explaining 60-80% of the variance in water residence times, whereas basin shape only explained about 10% of the variance, but also mixing phenomena significantly affected the residence times and could considerably delay solutes. Measured potential denitrification rates in the wetland exhibited significant spatial variations, and the variations were best described by concentration of nitrogen in sediments and water residence time. Analyses of the denitrifying bacteria populations indicated that a few key populations dominated and that the community diversity increased with decreasing nutrient levels and increasing water residence times. Moreover, it was found that denitrification rates in terms of Menten and first order kinetics can be evaluated by fitting a mathematical expression, considering denitrification and other nitrogen transforming processes to measured product formation in nitrate limited experiments.
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| 44. |
- Kjellin, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial variations in denitrification activity in wetland sediments explained by hydrology and denitrifying community structure
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 41:20, s. 4710-4720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We determined spatial variations in potential denitrification activity and the controlling hydrological as well as biochemical processes in the sediments of a Swedish treatment wetland. Hydrological processes, including water residence times, were analyzed using a 2D depth-averaged flow model and the denitrifier community structure was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses (DGGE) of nosZ genes, encoding nitrous oxide reductase. In addition, we provide a theoretical basis for evaluation of denitrification rates useful in nitrate-limited conditions. The results demonstrate that potential denitrification rates differed significantly between the sampling locations (CV=0.34). The variations were best described by concentration of nitrogen in sediments and water residence time. DGGE analyses indicated that a few key populations dominated and that the community diversity increased with decreasing nutrient levels and increasing water residence times. Moreover, we found that denitrification rates in terms of Menten and first-order kinetics can be evaluated by fitting a mathematical expression, comparing denitrification and other nitrogen-transforming processes to measured product formation in nitrate-limited experiments.
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| 45. |
- Kłos, R. A., et al.
(författare)
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Site specificity in advanced dose assessment modeling
- 2015
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Ingår i: 15th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference 2015, IHLRWM 2015. - : American Nuclear Society. - 9781510808102 ; , s. 447-454
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Final disposal of high-level radioactive waste is not straightforward. The aim is to isolate the waste from the biosphere over timescales that are long compared to recorded human history. Aside from the complex engineering requirement there is a highly sensitive legal requirement, embodied in the national regulatory framework relevant to the disposing organization, to provide a proportionately detailed assessment of the potential radiological impact of the disposal system on the health of future generations. Siting, construction and disposal is an iterative process. It starts with site selection, at early stages generic interpretations are appropriate. At later stages-e.g., construction licensing-the proponent must show a detailed understanding of the repository design, construction and potential radiological impact of any release to the human environment in the biosphere. Taking the example of the Swedish Nuclear Waste Management Company's 2011 license application for the construction of a spent fuel repository on the Baltic Coast of east-central Sweden, this paper looks at the role played by the incorporation of site-specific details in the dose assessment modeling that support the review of the license application. Implications of lessons learned in the Swedish context are extended to the international waste disposal community.
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| 46. |
- Klos, R. A., et al.
(författare)
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Uncertainties in doses from agricultural ecosystems following conversion from wetlands
- 2013
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Ingår i: 14th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWMC 2013: Integrating Storage, Transportation, and Disposal. - 9781627486446 ; , s. 1024-1031
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agricultural ecosystems dominate human exposure to environmental concentrations of radionuclides following release from geologic disposal facilities. Although natural ecosystems have received considerable attention in the past decade their low productivity requires large areas of land to meet dietary requirements leading to a high a high spatial dilution when uncontaminated food sources are included. Additionally, long accumulation times may be anticipated. Accumulation in natural ecosystems followed by exposure in agricultural ecosystems is of interest. The transition period can be short, with residual activity inventories remaining unchanged. Doses in the agricultural system therefore begin with relatively high initial radionuclide concentrations in the soil column. Timescales for subsequent leaching are determined by the retention characteristics of the soils and ecosystem. There is a question of reliability of the models used in this context because of the rapid transition. This paper describes a sensitivity analysis carried out using an advanced 10-layer soil model of the upper one metre of an agricultural soil underlain by a simple geosphere-biosphere interface. As well as soil chemistry and hydrology, results here emphasise the importance of the representation of the soil-plant interaction. The mechanics of the transition between natural and managed ecosystems are also shown to be important.
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| 47. |
- Klos, Ryk, et al.
(författare)
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Potential for high transient doses due to accumulation and chemical zonation of long-lived radionuclides across the geosphere-biosphere interface
- 2011
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Ingår i: Radioprotection - Revue de la Societé Francaise de Radioprotection. - : EDP Sciences. - 0033-8451 .- 1769-700X. ; 46:6, s. S453-S459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Planning for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel is at an advanced stage in several nations around the world. Licensing of the disposal facility requires correspondingly detailed assessment of the future performance of the facility. With increased site-specific detail available to the assessment, local characteristics play an increasingly important role in determining the potential radiological risk posed by releases to the biosphere. In this paper we go beyond existing reference biosphere models and investigate the potential for specific accumulation mechanisms. The implications for the modelling carried out in long timescale performance assessment are discussed.
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| 48. |
- Klove, B., et al.
(författare)
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A study of K variability and its effect on solute transport in subsurface-flow sand filters by measurement and modelling
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A. - 1093-4529 .- 1532-4117. ; 40:07-jun, s. 1123-1132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydraulics of subsurface flow filters (SSF) was studied by measurement of soil hydraulic conductivity (K) variation and performing tracer tests in two SSF filters consisting of 1-4 mm Ca rich sand (shell sand). Soil samples were carefully taken at several locations in Filter I. A tracer experiment was conducted in the undisturbed Filter II using KI. The measured K variability in Filer I was used to analyze the variations in tracer breakthrough. The spatially distribution of K was obtained by fitting a variogram to observed data and interpolation using Kriging. The tracer residence probability density function (PDF) was determined by modelling the tracer movement with a 3-D groundwater model. The observed and simulated tracer arrival was compared for cases with constant K, constant K and dispersion (D), and for spatially variable K and dispersion. The results show that groundwater models were well suited to simulate solute movement in the SSF system studied. An almost perfect fit to observed tracer PDF was obtained when variable K and dispersion was included in the model. This indicates that information on K variability and dispersion is important for studying solute movement in SSF constructed wetlands.
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| 49. |
- Lewandowski, Jörg, et al.
(författare)
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Is the Hyporheic Zone Relevant beyond the Scientific Community?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 11:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rivers are important ecosystems under continuous anthropogenic stresses. The hyporheic zone is a ubiquitous, reactive interface between the main channel and its surrounding sediments along the river network. We elaborate on the main physical, biological, and biogeochemical drivers and processes within the hyporheic zone that have been studied by multiple scientific disciplines for almost half a century. These previous efforts have shown that the hyporheic zone is a modulator for most metabolic stream processes and serves as a refuge and habitat for a diverse range of aquatic organisms. It also exerts a major control on river water quality by increasing the contact time with reactive environments, which in turn results in retention and transformation of nutrients, trace organic compounds, fine suspended particles, and microplastics, among others. The paper showcases the critical importance of hyporheic zones, both from a scientific and an applied perspective, and their role in ecosystem services to answer the question of the manuscript title. It identifies major research gaps in our understanding of hyporheic processes. In conclusion, we highlight the potential of hyporheic restoration to efficiently manage and reactivate ecosystem functions and services in river corridors.
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| 50. |
- Liu, Ting, 1985-
(författare)
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Air-pocket transport in conjunction with bottom-outlet conduits for dams
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Undesired air entrainment in bottom outlet conduits of dams may cause pressure transients, leading to conduit vibrations, blowback, discharge pulsation and even cavitation, and jeopardize the operational safety. Due to design limitations or construction costs, it is impossible to create an air free environment in a pressurized pipe. Therefore, it is essential to understand the air transport in enclosed pipes in order to provide guidance in bottom outlet design and operation. The commonly used criterion of the air-pocket movement in pipe flow is the water flow velocity for starting moving an air pocket, the so-called critical velocity. In this thesis, the classical Volume of Fluid (VOF) model combined with the k-ε turbulence model is adopted for the computation of the critical velocity of a 150-mm pipe. The computed critical velocities are compared with the experimental results. The governing parameters investigated in this study include pipe slope and diameter, wall shear stress and air-pocket volume. Meanwhile, the carrying capacity (air-pocket velocity/ flow velocity) at all pipe slopes are analyzed. The simulation results of air pockets with different volumes in the bottom outlet conduit of Letten Dam in Sweden are presented in this study. Moreover, experimental study was conducted to measure the critical velocity for a 240-mm Plexiglas pipe. The results are in agreement with the experiments performed by HR Wallingford (HRW) in 2003 in terms of the effects of pipe slope and air-pocket volume; however, the critical Froude pipe number is slightly smaller in this study. In rough pipes, a larger critical velocity is required compared with that in the smooth pipe. The removal mechanism in the rough pipe involves the successive loss of air caused by turbulence. This explains that the air-pocket size, with the dimensionless air-pocket volume n < 0.015, has little impact on the critical velocity for the rough pipe. In addition, roughness has little impact on the air-pocket velocity when it moves upstream in the downward inclined pipe. The trapped air bubbles most likely remain permanently in the rough pipe.
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