| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Chauhan, Tanya, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis, characterization, and challenges faced during the preparation of zirconium pillared clays
- 2022
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Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-5352. ; 15:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, Zr-pillared montmorillonite clays (Zr-PILCs) were synthesized using two different precursor materials: raw montmorillonite (CM) and sodium ion-saturated montmorillonite (Na-CM) at different Zr/clay ratios (2.5, 5 and 10 mmol/g). To study the effect of Zr concentration and clay pre-treatment with NaCl on pillaring, the modified clay samples were characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX). The XRD analysis showed the increase of basal spacing of Zr-PILCs prepared from both precursor materials: from 1.26 to 1.74 nm in the case of CM, and from 1.13 to 1.93 nm for Na-CM. Results from FT-IR revealed new bands ascribed to Zr-O bonds in the range of 400–500 cm−1 in Zr-pillared samples obtained from Na-CM at Zr/clay ratios of 2.5 and 5 mmol/g. The distribution and nature of Zr species in between the silicate layers were studied using STEM-EDX and HAADF imaging. They were found to be separated by a distance of 1.5–3 nm and their thickness lies in the range of 1–2 nm. Pillared clays prepared from pre-treatment with NaCl were more thermally stable at higher temperatures.
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| 3. |
- Ek, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Compositional analysis of oxide-embedded III-V nanostructures
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nanotechnology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-4484 .- 1361-6528. ; 33:37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanowire growth enables creation of embedded heterostructures, where one material is completely surrounded by another. Through materials-selective post-growth oxidation it is also possible to combine amorphous oxides and crystalline, e.g. III-V materials. Such oxide-embedded structures pose a challenge for compositional characterization through transmission electron microscopy since the materials will overlap in projection. Furthermore, materials electrically isolated by an embedding oxide are more sensitive to electron beam-induced alterations. Methods that can directly isolate the embedded material, preferably at reduced electron doses, will be required in this situation. Here, we analyse the performance of two such techniques-local lattice parameter measurements from high resolution micrographs and bulk plasmon energy measurements from electron energy loss spectra-by applying them to analyse InP-AlInP segments embedded in amorphous aluminium oxide. We demonstrate the complementarity of the two methods, which show an overall excellent agreement. However, in regions with residual strain, which we analyse through molecular dynamics simulations, the two techniques diverge from the true value in opposite directions.
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| 4. |
- Elmroth Nordlander, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Mo3Ni2N Nanoparticle Generation by Spark Discharge
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 16:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spark ablation is an advantageous method for the generation of metallic nanoparticles with defined particle sizes and compositions. The reaction of the metal particles with the carrier gas during the synthesis and, therefore, the incorporation of those light elements into structural voids or even compound formation was confirmed for hydrides and oxides but has only been suspected to occur for nitrides. In this study, dispersed nanoparticles of Mo3Ni2N and Mo with Janus morphology, and defined particle sizes were obtained by spark discharge generation as a result of carrier gas ionization and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Metal nitrides possess beneficial catalytic and thermoelectric properties, as well as high hardness and wear resistance. Therefore, this method offers the possibility of controlled synthesis of materials which are interesting for numerous applications.
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| 5. |
- Näslund, Joacim, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral type, in interaction with body size, affects the recapture rate of brown trout Salmo trutta juveniles in their nursery stream
- 2018
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Ingår i: Integrative Zoology. - : Wiley. - 1749-4877. ; 13:5, s. 604-611
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Movement activity levels of wild animals often differ consistently among individuals, reflecting different behavioral types. Previous studies have shown that laboratory‐scored activity can predict several ecologically relevant characteristics. In an experiment on wild brown trout Salmo trutta, spanning from June to October, we investigated how spring swimming activity, measured in a standardized laboratory test, related to relative recapture probability in autumn. Based on laboratory activity scores, individuals clustered into 2 groups, which showed contrasting patterns in the size‐dependency of their recapture probability. Size had a slightly positive effect on recapture probability for passive fish but a clear negative effect on active fish. Our results show that the population structure in a cohort, in terms of relative proportions of behavioral types in different size classes, can vary over time. The results of this study could depend on either selective mortality or migration. However, selective disappearance of individuals with specific phenotypes, regardless of the mechanism, will have implications for trout population management, such as stocking efficiency of hatchery fish with high growth rates or maintenance of fishways past migration barriers.
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| 6. |
- Ronchi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Mobile-powered head-mounted displays versus cave automatic virtual environment experiments for evacuation research
- 2019
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Ingår i: Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds. - : Wiley. - 1546-4261 .- 1546-427X. ; 30:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different virtual reality (VR) experimental tools and equipment are available for evacuation research, ranging from highly immersive systems such as cave automatic virtual environments (CAVEs) to head-mounted displays (HMDs). In particular, mobile-powered HMDs are an extremely cost-efficient solution, for which the research potential for evacuation studies needs to be assessed. This study compares the results of tunnel evacuation experiments aimed at investigating the design of flashing lights on emergency exit portals using two different VR methods (CAVE vs. mobile-powered HMD). The experiments were performed by repeating the same case study in a CAVE laboratory and a low-cost mobile-powered HMD. The CAVE experiment involved 96 participants, whereas the HMD experiment involved 55 participants. An affordance-based questionnaire was used to interview participants immersed in a VR road tunnel emergency evacuation scenario and rank different emergency portal designs. Questionnaire results show consistency between the two experimental methods for the variables investigated, thus leading to be in favor of the use of low-cost mobile-powered HMD tools in evacuation scenarios with a relatively limited level of complexity.
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| 7. |
- Ternero, Pau, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of the carrier gas on the structure and composition of Co–Ni bimetallic nanoparticles generated by spark ablation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Aerosol Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-8502. ; 170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spark ablation is a versatile technique for producing pure size-selected nanoparticles. The carrier gas used in spark ablation affects the nanoparticles’ generation, crystalline structure, and chemical composition. The comprehension of this phenomenon can contribute to the design of nanoparticles with tailored properties. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of reducing (95%N2 + 5%H2), inert (N2), and oxidative (air) carrier gases in a spark ablation setup with Co–Ni alloyed electrodes. The agglomerates’ particle size distribution, morphology, structure, and composition were highly dependent on the carrier gas, especially its relative oxygen content. The agglomerates were then sintered into compacted particles. Three different crystalline structures and chemical compositions were observed with X-ray diffraction and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy for the compacted particles. For 95%N2 + 5%H2 and air, single-phase (Co,Ni) and (Co,Ni)O particles were identified, respectively, whereas for N2, two-phase (Co,Ni) and (Co,Ni)O particles were obtained. This work opens up new possibilities of tuning the structure and composition, i.e., distribution of metallic and oxide phases, of the produced particles and thus tailor their properties for specific applications by simply changing the carrier gas.
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| 8. |
- Wahlqvist, David, et al.
(författare)
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Nanocarbon oxidation in the environmental transmission electron microscope - Disentangling the role of the electron beam
- 2024
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Ingår i: Carbon. - : Elsevier. - 0008-6223 .- 1873-3891. ; 218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) can provide unique insights into nanocarbon oxidation processes through atomic resolution and real time imaging of materials at high temperatures in reactive atmospheres. However, the electron beam can also influence the reaction rates, and even alter the processes entirely, complicating the interpretation of the in situ observations. Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for the impact of the electron beam, predominantly involving ionization of the oxidative gases to form more reactive species. However, these mechanisms have not been critically evaluated and compared to predictions from theory. Here, we evaluate the impact of the electron beam both qualitatively (oxidation mode and spatial extent) and quantitatively (oxidation rates), using high resolution imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy, at different electron energies and dose rates. We demonstrate that transient defects generated by elastic scattering, forming highly active sites for carbon abstraction by oxygen, is the main mechanism for the enhanced oxidation rates observed in situ. This is evident from an insensitivity to electron energy and saturation of the effects at high electron dose rates. To avoid undue influence of the electron beam in future ETEM studies, we therefore recommend conditions where the intrinsic oxidation dominates over the beam-enhanced oxidation (note that no conditions are completely “safe”) and extensive comparisons with other methods.
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| 9. |
- Wahlqvist, David
(författare)
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Taming of Oxygen in the Electron Microscope : Effects of High Energy Electron Irradiation on O2 and Oxides
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an atomic resolution technique that allows for in depth analysis of the properties of different materials by passing high energy electrons through a thin sample and detecting how they are affected. However, due to the strong interaction between electrons and matter, the probability of the sample remaining unperturbed by the electron irradiation is small. This is an issue as there can be ambiguity about if the effects seen in TEM are inherent for the material or induced, fully or in part, by electron irradiation.One especially useful application of TEM is to observe dynamic processed by introducing external stimuli such the introduction of reactive gases into close proximity of the sample, referred to as Environmental TEM (ETEM). ETEM allows for the observation of morphological, elemental, atomic, and chemical changes in a solid in a solid–gas reaction, providing insight into the function of the solid during the reaction. However, during dynamic processes, due to the increased complexity of the interactions, it is even more difficult to deconvolve the inherent effects from the ones induced by electron irradiation. When a reactive gas is introduced into the TEM, it will be affected by the electron irradiation and may become even more reactive. The gas may also interact with defects in the sample caused by electron irradiation. Both these interactions generally lack equivalents in applications outside the ETEM, resulting in further ambiguity.Herein I discuss the ramifications of electron irradiation in TEM, both in vacuum and with reactive gases present, especially as they pertain to carbon black oxidation and the electron irradiation induced oxidation of cobalt nickel nanoparticles. In both of these cases there is a substantial effect from electron irradiation. For carbon black oxidation, the oxidation rate is highly dependent on the electron flux and in observations of cobalt nickel nanoparticles, electron irradiation induces surface oxidation of the particles. In this thesis I provide some suggestions for how the interpretative problems arising from electron irradiation can be compensated for, and how to best mitigate the effects in the first place.
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| 10. |
- Weiland, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Inorganic Chemistry during Pyrolysis, Gasification, and Oxyfuel Combustion of Kraft Pulping Black Liquor
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society. - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 38:6, s. 5279-5287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Changed utilization of black liquor in the pulp and paper industry has the potential to offer simplified carbon capture and, thus, negative net emissions from these large point sources. This can be achieved either by adapting existing recovery boilers to oxyfuel combustion or by replacing them with black liquor gasification technology. In this work, the chemistry during black liquor conversion was therefore studied in detail under different atmospheres relevant for pyrolysis, gasification, and oxyfuel combustion. Experiments were performed using environmental scanning transmission electron microscopy (ESTEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), supported with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations (TECs) to understand and interpret the results. Black liquor conversion was found to be generally similar in air and oxyfuel atmospheres containing approximately 20-25 mol % oxygen. The results however indicated that there was a higher probability of forming carbonates in the melt at higher carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressures, which in addition was found to be associated with potentially higher sulfur loss during black liquor conversion. Both of these characteristics can negatively affect the chemical recycling at the pulp mill by increasing the need for lime and makeup chemicals.
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| 11. |
- Wengström, Niklas, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Do individual Activity Patterns of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) alter the Exposure to Parasitic Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) Larvae?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ethology. - : Wiley. - 0179-1613 .- 1439-0310. ; 122:9, s. 769-778
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypothesis that interindividual differences in the activity of brown trout alter the exposure to parasitic freshwater pearl mussel glochidia was tested in a Swedish stream. Wild yearling brown trout (N=103) were caught, individually tagged for identification and scored for open-field activity during standardized laboratory tests in June. Fifty gravid freshwater pearl mussels were relocated to the stream, where after the trout were released back into the stream. The fish were recaptured in October (N=35), checked for glochidia encystment (infested individuals: n=6) and re-scored for open-field activity traits. Swimming velocity during the test was higher in fish infected with glochidia, suggesting that high activity could increase their exposure to glochidia. Potentially, as metabolism rate and ventilation rate typically increase with activity, elevated activity may lead to an increased likelihood of glochidia passing over the gills. This novel finding suggests that glochidia infestation is non-random and that the behaviour of the host fish can influence the likelihood of glochidia infestation.
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