| 1. |
- Hedin, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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The aerodynamics of the MAGIC meteoric smoke sampler
- 2007
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Ingår i: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 40:6, s. 818-824
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The detection of nanometre-sized meteoric smoke particles in the Earth’s mesosphere and lower thermosphere is difficult. The particles are too small for optical detection and so far only the charged fraction of the particles has been probed by rocket-borne instruments. One way to obtain maximum information about the smoke particles is direct sampling with rocket-borne particle samplers. The MAGIC project (Mesospheric Aerosol – Genesis, Interaction and Composition) aims to quantitatively answer fundamental questions about the properties of smoke in the atmosphere. The first launch of such particle samplers was performed during the MAGIC rocket campaign from Esrange, Sweden, in January 2005. In order to characterise the sampling process, we have performed simulations of the trajectories of nanometre-sized dust particles towards the MAGIC detectors with a new particle motion model. An important feature of this model is the Brownian motion of the particles due to thermal collisions of the gas molecules. As a result, we obtain the detection efficiency for the MAGIC detectors as a function of altitude and particle size. Our simulations confirm that particles of radii down to 0.75 nm impact on the sampling surface with an efficiency exceeding 80% over the entire mesospheric altitude range of interest.
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| 2. |
- Hedin, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
The MAGIC meteoric smoke particle sampler
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-6826 .- 1879-1824. ; 118, s. 127-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Between a few tons to several hundred tons of meteoric material enters the Earth's atmosphere each day, and most of this material is ablated and vaporized in the 70-120 km altitude region. The subsequent chemical conversion, re-condensation and coagulation of this evaporated material are thought to form nanometre sized meteoric smoke particles (MSPs). These smoke particles are then subject to further coagulation, sedimentation and global transport by the mesospheric circulation. MSPs have been proposed as a key player in the formation and evolution of ice particle layers around the mesopause region, i.e. noctilucent clouds (NLC) and polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE). MSPs have also been implicated in mesospheric heterogeneous chemistry to influence the mesospheric odd oxygen/odd hydrogen (O-x/HOx) chemistry, to play an important role in the mesospheric charge balance, and to be a significant component of stratospheric aerosol and enhance the depletion of O-3. Despite their apparent importance, little is known about the properties of MSPs and none of the hypotheses can be verified without direct evidence of the existence, altitude and size distribution, shape and elemental composition. The aim of the MAGIC project (Mesospheric Aerosol - Genesis, Interaction and Composition) was to develop an instrument and analysis techniques to sample for the first time MSPs in the mesosphere and return them to the ground for detailed analysis in the laboratory. MAGIC meteoric smoke particle samplers have been flown on several sounding rocket payloads between 2005 and 2011. Several of these flights concerned non-summer mesosphere conditions when pure MSP populations can be expected. Other flights concerned high latitude summer conditions when MSPs are expected to be contained in ice particles in the upper mesosphere. In this paper we present the MAGIC project and describe the MAGIC MSP sampler, the measurement procedure and laboratory analysis. We also present the attempts to retrieve MSPs from these flights, the challenges inherent to the sampling of nanometre sized particles and the subsequent analysis of the sampled material, and thoughts for the future. Despite substantial experimental efforts, the MAGIC project has so far failed to provide conclusive results. While particles with elemental composition similar to what is to be expected from MSPs have been found, the analysis has been compromised by challenges with different types of contamination and uncertainties in the sticking efficiency of the particles on the sampling surfaces.
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