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Sökning: WFRF:(Wallbaum Holger 1967)

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1.
  • Peters, Gregory, 1970, et al. (författare)
  • A Swedish comment on ‘review: the availability of life-cycle studies in Sweden’
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 24:10, s. 1758-1759
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The article entitled ‘Review: the availability of life-cycle studies in Sweden’ by Croft and colleagues (January 2019, volume 24, issue 1, pages 6–11) has puzzled many researchers in Sweden. The stated purpose of the article is to review the availability of water and carbon footprinting studies and life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies in Sweden. Despite its title and purpose suggesting otherwise, the article appears to be about the accessibility of life-cycle case studies from Sweden in South Africa. It is problematic that the article claims to be a review in the title and text, but is presented by the journal as a commentary. We believe that the article’s method is unclear and that its title and results are misleading. The authors of the article found only 12 academic papers, 10 academic theses, 8 company reports, and 1 presentation. This result significantly underestimates the actual production and availability of Swedish LCA case studies.
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2.
  • Abuimara, Tareq, et al. (författare)
  • Detailed Case Studies
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Occupant-Centric Simulation-Aided Building Design. - 9781000865752 ; , s. 257-367
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are one of the key technologies that support the development of pervasive health monitoring (remote patient monitoring systems), which has attracted more attention in recent years. These WBAN applications requires stringent security requirements as they are concerned with human lives. In the recent scenario of the corona pandemic, where most of the healthcare providers are giving online services for treatment, DDoS attacks become the major threats over the internet. This chapter particularly focusses on detection of DDoS attack using machine learning algorithms over the healthcare environment. In the process of attack detection, the dataset is preprocessed. After preprocessing the dataset, the cleaned dataset is given to the popular classification algorithms in the area of machine learning namely, AdaBoost, J48, k-NN, JRip, Random Committee and Random Forest classifiers. Those algorithms are evaluated independently and the results are recorded. Results concluded that J48 outperform with accuracy of 99.98% with CICIDS dataset and random forest outperform with accuracy of 99.917, but it takes the longest model building time. Depending on the evaluation performance the appropriate classifier is selected for further DDoS detection at real-time.
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3.
  • Adl-Zarrabi, Bijan, 1959, et al. (författare)
  • Sustainability Assessment of Infrastructure Elements with Integrated Energy Harvesting Technologies
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 9781119307761 ; , s. 221-234
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The possibility of integrating energy harvesting devices into the bridge/tunnel structures along Coastal Highway Route E39 has been investigated in a feasibility study by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA). The main advantage of integrating energy conversion devices in a structural element is the reduction of costs compared to stand-alone devices. The construction could be used as a foundation, a mooring point and provide a dry environment for electrical devices. Easy access to the production site could also reduce the cost for installation, operation and maintenance. Two important challenges related to harvesting renewable energy by infrastructure elements, without concerning about the energy source, are to store it or feed the energy to the grid. In the second case, tailoring generation to demand is of critical importance. Tasks such as supply and demand management, for instance, peak hour management, what kind of storage should be used - electrical or thermal - need be solved. Furthermore, integrating energy production devices in a structure might cause negative environmental impacts and affect the life expectancy and maintenance costs of such structures. The potential environmental impacts associated with renewable technologies are the consequences for bird life or marine fauna at the fjord crossing locations, as well as noise and visual impact. Thus, a sustainability assessment should be performed in order to quantify the ecological, economical and societal impacts of the suggested alternatives.
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4.
  • Andersen, Sarah Cecilie, et al. (författare)
  • Environmental impacts of circularity in the built environment: How do system boundaries affect decision support?
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Developments in the Built Environment. - 2666-1659. ; 18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Life-Cycle Assessments (LCA) have become a common tool of decision support in the built environment regarding environmental impacts. The goal of this study is to investigate the influence of different LCA approaches and system boundaries on decision support regarding circular design strategies. Three different ways of applying attributional LCA (ALCA) and one consequential LCA (CLCA) are assessed using a case study of a wooden beam with either virgin or reclaimed timber. While the conclusions are not readily scalable, the case study's results indicate that using reclaimed material is environmentally beneficial when applying ALCA. However, when applying CLCA the reclaimed material performs worse than the virgin material. This highlights the potential pitfalls of scaling up solutions based on LCA results without considering the broader consequences. While the current ALCA approach is useful for declarations, it may not provide comprehensive decision support for driving a transition in the built environment.
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5.
  • Beemsterboer, Sjouke, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Bridging the gap between assessment and action: recommendations for the effective use of LCA in the building process
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:2
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) witnesses increasing popularity in the built environment. LCA stimulates among others an efficient use of natural resources and a reduction of carbon emissions through quantification of material and energy inputs and emissions in the building life cycle. Thereby, LCA aspires to contribute to SDG12 on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. Despite high ambitions, the actual influence of LCA in construction projects is often modest. The mere application of LCA methodology in a building project is insufficient to produce a more environmentally friendly building. To better understand the practical conditions under which an LCA may induce change in a building project, we propose to analyse the use of LCA from a processual perspective. This paper presents a case study of a building product development project in which a processual perspective is applied on LCA. Using a longitudinal ethnographic methodology, key actors are followed through environmentally relevant episodes as the building project matures. A progressive LCA quantifies the potential environmental impact of the project as it progresses through different stages of the building process. Based on the learnings from this study, recommendations are presented to support the effective use of LCA in sustainable building practices, and contribute to SDG12 on sustainable consumption and production patterns.
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6.
  • Beemsterboer, Sjouke, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Ways to get work done: a review and systematisation of simplification practices in the LCA literature
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 25:11, s. 2154-2168
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose Within the field of life cycle assessment (LCA), simplifications are a response to the practical restrictions in the context of a study. In the 1990s, simplifications were part of a debate on streamlining within LCA. Since then, many studies have been published on simplifying LCA but with little attention to systematise the approaches available. Also, despite being pervasive during the making of LCA studies, simplifications remain often invisible in the final results. This paper therefore reviews the literature on simplification in LCA in order to systematise the approaches found today. Methods A review of the LCA simplification literature was conducted. The systematic search and selection process led to a sample of 166 publications. During the review phase, the conceptual contributions to the simplification discourse were evaluated. A dataset of 163 entries was created, listing the conceptual contributions to the simplification debate. An empirically grounded analysis led to the generative development of a systematisation of simplifications according to their underlying simplifying logic. Results and discussion Five simplifying logics were identified: exclusion, inventory data substitution, qualitative expert judgment, standardisation and automation. Together, these simplifying logics inform 13 simplification strategies. The identified logics represent approaches to handle the complexities of product systems and expectations of the users of LCA results with the resources available to the analyst. Each simplification strategy is discussed with regard to its main applications and challenges. Conclusions This paper provides a first systematisation of the different simplification logics frequently applied in LCA since the original streamlining discussion. The presented terminology can help making communication about simplification more explicit and transparent, thus important for the credibility of LCA. Despite the pervasiveness of simplification in LCA, there is a relative lack of research on simplification per se, making further research describing simplification as a practice and analysing simplifications methodologically desirable.
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7.
  • Booto, G. K., et al. (författare)
  • Road Planning and Route Alignment Selection Criteria in the Norwegian Context
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. - 1757-8981 .- 1757-899X. ; 471:6
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper reveals the main factors that guide road alignment design process in Norway. The goal is to discover what constitutes the main priorities for road planners, how these priorities are ranked when it comes to alignment selection, and how they are related to guiding factors identified in official planning documents and government transport plans throughout the life cycle of a road. This is done through a comprehensive literature and data search, involving published academic research in the road alignment design field, and by exploring Norwegian road planning documents and guidelines. Examples from a recently implemented road project are also included as a way to illustrate alignment priorities in theory versus how alignment decisions are made in practice. Particular attention is paid to how key factors influence environmental and social dimensions and how much importance these dimensions are given in the overall decision-making process. The focus on the Norwegian case is relevant in that it will identify which knowledge gaps need to be filled based on actual practices in the Norwegian road sector. The results of this study found that the dominating factors in road planning and alignment selection are the user cost and the environmental and socio-economic as they are directly related to the main national transport strategy of developing a carbon-neutral and resilient transport system. These results can be used to reinforce and amplify existing road planning strategies and to understand where challenges for environmental and social responsible road planning and alignment selection are found.
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8.
  • Camarasa, Clara, 1986, et al. (författare)
  • Energy Efficiency Measures and Data Needs. The Case of the European Building Portfolio Owners
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 503:1
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In line with EU Directives, European building portfolio owners are required to bring their stock to nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) standards by 2050. To fulfil this goal in a timely and cost-effective manner, they will need to have a comprehensive understanding of their buildings’ condition, as well as consistent information on viable energy and low-carbon technology measures. Currently, in Europe, there is a lack of knowledge of what energy efficiency measures are being implemented in residential buildings. It is also unknown what are the decision-making processes behind the selection of these measures. On this basis, the aim of this study is to shed light on (1) what energy efficiency measures are currently carried out across European building portfolio owners (BPOs), (2) how are these measures selected (i.e. decisionmaking processes and information sources), and (3) what data would be needed to foster the uptake of low carbon energy efficiency technologies. The applied methodology combines desk research on scientific and grey literature, with findings in the field of building maintenance & operation. The later based on semi-structured interviews with 23 selected private and public BPOs across 7 European countries: Sweden, UK, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. Results show that the most often implemented actions are the maintenance of the roof and the upgrade of the heating system. Measures are decided based on a combined planned and “reactive” (i.e. problem/solution) approach. The data that is typically used by BPOs is basic building information, such as gross floor area or year built. Although currently unavailable, the most often solicited evidence by the BPOS in favour of energy efficiency and low carbon technology measures is related to energy consumption and other user data.
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9.
  • Christen, Marc, et al. (författare)
  • Application of Industrial Maintenance Methods on Building Maintenance
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: 6th International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference, June 21-26, 2011, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. - 9789810879204
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Currently, the existing building stock is refurbished or replaced at a very low annual rate. Nevertheless due to its immense total value this slow replacement requires a considerable part of the GDP. It is important to ensure that this capital is invested in the best way with most profit for the society and future generations as well as for the investors. This presentation explores differences between maintenance of industrial facilities and maintenance of real estate. Industrial maintenance has developed different instruments to optimize the costs of maintenance while ensuring the required productivity or reliability. Building maintenance historically was more driven by external factors like profitability or the urban development in the surrounding area. Based on the assumption that maintenance of industrial facilities is more advanced, industrial maintenance methods have been classified and their application in real estate maintenance explored. The paper gives examples of these methods and explores if it is possible to adapt proven methods from industrial maintenance for building maintenance and looks at the potential to improve the sustainability of buildings by using industrial maintenance methods on buildings.
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10.
  • Christen, Markus, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of strategic building maintenance and refurbishment budgeting method Schroeder
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Strategic Property Management. - 1648-715X .- 1648-9179. ; 18:4, s. 393-406
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The method Schroeder is accepted amongst real estate professionals in Switzerland as a near standard for condition monitoring, budgeting of maintenance and refurbishment, and strategic decision support in point of building portfolios. It is based on the devaluation curves of 12 or more building elements. Main results are the actual and the prognosticated future building condition in percentage of its reinstatement value, the residual useful service life of building elements, and the calculationof future maintenance and refurbishment costs. 25 years after its first publication, this paper analyses the assumptions made, compares the method to other methods in this field, and validates the method in several steps, based on scientific or empirical evidence. Furthermore, a desktop simulation of a well-documented portfolio was performed and compared, the answers from a questionnaire amongst users are provided, and the partially controversial conclusions are discussed.
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11.
  • Christen, Marc, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of new European Facility Management Standards on Building Cost Structures
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: 6th International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference, June 21-26, 2011, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. - 9789810879204
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There are a large number of different cost structures available for building construction and building operation both in standards and in guidelines. Changes in these structures have far reaching consequences as they are often used for a wide range of activities from cost calculation and tendering to benchmarking in the country of origin. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is currently developing standards in the field of Facility management(FM). It is now working on the topics processes, quality, taxonomy (classification, products and structures), space measurement and benchmarking in FM. To overcome the problem of differing national cost structures, it has defined requirements for a harmonized support cost structure. No single structure was found to meet these requirements. What is needed is a system of interlocked structures for e.g. costs codes, facilities, activities/processes, etc. Centralin this system is the new facility product structure. The new European standards in FM mark a shift from a building perspective to an organization perspective and from construction phase thinking to life cycle analysis. The consequences are new requirements for the building construction industry and new opportunities towards the sustainability of buildings. The paper reviews existing cost structures and explores the question if the facility product structure is compatible with the different existing construction cost structures.
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12.
  • Christen, Markus, et al. (författare)
  • On the usefulness of a cost-performance indicator curve at the strategic level for consideration of energy efficiency measures for building portfolios
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 119, s. 267-282
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is an increasing desire by managers to reduce the amount of energy consumed by the buildings in their portfolio. Energy efficiency measures on existing buildings, however, are often economically feasible only if executed at the same time as the execution of necessary maintenance and refurbishment measures. At the strategic level it would be useful to be able to better plan the costs and benefits of energy efficiency measures so that decisions could be made to execute them when the opportunity arises.In this paper, a Cost-Performance-Indicator (CPI) curve is proposed to indicate additional costs and benefits of energy efficiency measures at a strategic level, and evidence is given that corroborates the hypothesis that energy efficiency measures follow the law of increasing relative costs. The usefulness of the CPI curve is demonstrated through two case studies. An example is provided and the potential is discussed for using this curve for the planning and budgeting of refurbishment and energy efficiency measures, and as a tool to explain the relation between costs and benefits of measures enhancing building energy efficiency, including the production of renewable energy, to investors.
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13.
  • Clements-Croome, Derek, et al. (författare)
  • Research Roadmap for Intelligent and Responsive Buildings
  • 2018
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Intelligence has three parts cognitive, emotional and practical. A building needs to reflect this. So an intelligent building will responsive to people in terms of not only being functional but to the human senses besides serving a community in the location. It will be resource effective in terms of energy , water and waste with low pollution. It will be smart in terms of technology selected to enable the systems to respond effectively but also make them easier for people to use. Today there is a focus on health and wellbeing and so intelligent buildings must produce a healing environment. Buildings need to be functional and practical but also expressive. Equally important is the infrastructure that services buildings and the people moving between them.
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14.
  • Cobaleda Cordero, Antonio, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • Smart and Sustainable Offices (SSO). Showcasing a holistic approach to realise the next generation offices
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Informes de la Construccion. - : Editorial CSIC. - 0020-0883 .- 1988-3234. ; 69:548, s. 1-10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Smart Sustainable Offices project (SSO) is a product of years of research with large sets of data collected from more than 30 office buildings in Switzerland, Sweden, and Spain. Based on scientific evidence, the concept of SSO, initially conceived as a research plan to address the interdependencies between office users and their working environment in a European context, is now used as a qualitative and quantitative mixed method approach for office diagnosis and ideation. At the current stage, the SSO methodology aims to implement a new paradigm of user-oriented, lower carbon footprint and resilient office design solutions. The main strategy is articulated around the “office DNA” of every organisation, decoded as a compound of work patterns, operational and individual needs, and their potential to define design criteria. The practical application of SSO and its tentative findings exemplified through three pilot test office-demonstrators are described in this paper.
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15.
  • Conter, Marco, et al. (författare)
  • PROCEEDR - Optimizing Resources for more Sustainable Noise and Safety Barriers on European Roads
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Transportation Research Procedia. - 2352-1465 .- 2352-1457. ; 72, s. 596-603
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PROCEEDR aims to create tools to enable National Road Administrations to identify innovative and sustainable solutions to facilitate the transition from linear to circular economy in the field of roadside infrastructure. At the same time, high functional demand and technical performance requirements still need to be met. Therefore, the scope of PROCEEDR is to gather an overview of innovative and sustainable solutions with focus on noise and safety barriers, as well as to provide tools for selecting the most suitable and cost-effective solutions. The paper gives a general overview of the project goals and the methodology to be used, showing also the first activities performed. More detailed results will be presented at the conference in November 2022, while other project results will be presented in the frame of upcoming conferences.
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16.
  • Dineva, Denitsa, et al. (författare)
  • Pathways towards an Energetic Refurbishment Replication Strategy for Eastern European Countries - Findings from the EU project BEEM-UP
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the World Sustainable Building Conference 2014.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The goal of significantly increasing the energetic performance of multifamily buildings through effective retrofit measures has been proven to be feasible in three pilot sites in the Netherlands, Sweden and France in the BEEM-UP project. Further development of the project would naturally be to seek ways towards implementation of the gained experience on an even bigger scale, namely Eastern European countries with a large energetic refurbishment potential. However, the European Union comprises of countries of various stages of economic development, social-cultural values and environmental framework conditions so that the strategies discovered need to be translated to the specific national context. The goal of this paper is to evaluate seven countries from Eastern Europe by collecting and condensing information to great levels of abstraction, divided into seven major categories. The paper concludes on the major barriers towards energy efficiency and proposed a concrete strategy on how to overcome them.
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17.
  • Ebrahimi, Babak, 1987, et al. (författare)
  • Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Road Pavements: Comparing the Quality and Point of Application of Existing Software Tools on the basis of a Norwegian Case Study
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: CIB World Building Congress 2016. - 1797-8904. - 9789521537455 ; 5:Tampere, s. 749-760
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Various software tools have been developed to evaluate the life cycle performances of roads toprovide decision supports for road authorities and contractors. It is therefore important to comparethe strengths and limitations of these software tools to understand the appropriate application andto identify the points for optimization. This study evaluated EFFEKT 6.6, EKA, and LICCERsoftware tools, by applying the environmental life cycle assessment following the ISO 14040standard. The assessment was based on an open-air road (excluding tunnels and bridges) with afunctional unit of one kilometer and greenhouse gas emissions as well as embodied energyindicators were evaluated in the considered software tools. The open-air road was modeled foreach software tool with respects to road class H9 characteristic in Norway, classed as a nationalroad. The assessment showed that the system boundary and purpose of use differed between theconsidered software tools. This resulted in performing the assessment only over A1 – 4 and B6modules according to EN 15978 standard for the hypothetical open-air road to provide acomparable boundary condition. The results demonstrated that EFFEKT overall yielded highervalues for greenhouse gas emissions and embodied energy compared to the two other softwaretools, while, the three software tools quantified nearly the same amount of asphalt use within the20-year analysis period.
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18.
  • Ebrahimi, Babak, 1987, et al. (författare)
  • Estimation of Norwegian Asphalt Surfacing Lifetimes Using Survival Analysis Coupled with Road Spatial Data
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Engineering Part B: Pavements. - 2573-5438. ; 145:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Combinations of different factors and their relative importance have a mixed effect on the longevity of pavements, which are essential to be understood to enhance long-term maintenance planning. This study used spatial road data from Norway followed by integrating temporal-spatial and statistical analyses to show a potential approach to estimate the lifetimes of asphalt surfacing. For the statistical part, a stratified Cox proportional hazard model was used to understand the relationship between longevity of surface mixtures and different factors, while avoiding having predefined assumptions rooted in deterministic modeling. In addition, rutting was used as the response variable to determine distress-specific asphalt surfacing lifetimes and to handle censored data. Inclusion of rutting as the response variable showed that the median technical lifetime of asphalt surfacing is about 2 years shorter than that of the maintenance activity records. The results showed the significance of each covariate; however, aggregate nominal maximum size and heavy traffic volume were consistently the significant covariates across the studied traffic classes. In addition, the results were fitted to reference categories in each covariate to show a practical approach to interpret absolute values of lifetimes from a survival table.
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19.
  • Ebrahimi, Babak, 1987, et al. (författare)
  • Machine learning-based stocks and flows modeling of road infrastructure
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley. - 1530-9290 .- 1088-1980. ; 26:1, s. 44-57
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper introduces a new method to account for the stocks and flows of road infrastructure at the national level based on material flow accounting (MFA). The proposed method closes some of the current shortcomings in road infrastructures that were identified through MFA: (1) the insufficient implementation of prospective analysis, (2) heavy use of archetypes as a way to represent road infrastructure, (3) inadequate attention to the inclusion of dissipative flows, and (4) limited coverage of the uncertainties. The proposed dynamic bottom-up MFA method was tested on the Norwegian road network to estimate and predict the material stocks and flows between 1980 and 2050. Here, a supervised machine learning model was introduced to estimate the road infrastructure instead of archetypical mapping of different roads. The dissipation of materials from the road infrastructure based on tire-pavement interaction was incorporated. Moreover, this study utilizes iterative classified and regression trees, lifetime distributions, randomized material intensities, and sensitivity analyses to quantify the uncertainties.
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20.
  • Ebrahimi, Babak, 1987, et al. (författare)
  • Regionalized environmental impacts of construction machinery
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 25:8, s. 1472-1485
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: This study aims to establish a regionalized environmental impact assessment of construction machinery equipped with diesel engines certified by the European emission standard Stage V, and operated in cold climatic zones in Europe. Method: The study quantifies potential environmental impacts associated with construction machinery over the entire lifecycle, from extraction of materials to the end-of-life. For the operation phase, a meso-level emission accounting method is applied to quantify tailpipe emissions for certain subcategories of construction machinery. This is achieved by determining the operational efficiency of each machine in terms of effective hours. The quantified emission data are then adjusted based on engine deterioration models to estimate the rate of increase in emissions throughout the lifetime of each machine. Finally, the CML impact assessment method is applied to inventory data to quantify potential environmental impacts. Results: The study shows that tailpipe emissions, which largely depend on an engine’s fuel consumption, had the largest contribution to environmental impacts in most impact categories. At the same time, there was a positive correlation between the operation weight and the impacts of the machinery. Also, machinery with similar operation weight had relatively similar impact patterns due to similar driving factors and dependencies. In addition, network, sensitivity, and uncertainty analyses were performed to quantify the source of impacts and validate the robustness of the study. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the responsiveness of the studied systems is very sensitive to changes in the amount of fuel consumption. In addition, the uncertainty results showed that the domain of uncertainty increased as the operation weight subcategory of machinery increased. Conclusion: This study extends previous work on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of construction machinery, and the methodology developed provides a basis for future extension and improvement in this field. The use of effective hours as the unit of operational efficiency helps to resolve uncertainties linked to lifetime and annual operation hours. Also, the obtained results can be of use for decision support and for assessing the impacts of transition from fossil fuels to alternative fuel types.
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21.
  • Ebrahimi, Babak, 1987, et al. (författare)
  • Tank-to-wheel emissions from articulated steered wheel loaders
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Performing a comprehensive emission accounting via monitoring equipment to survey the performance of machinery is often an intensive work and costly. This often requiring hours of measurements and a sufficient number of observations to obtain valid findings. The purpose of current work is to introduce a screening emission accounting as a way to have a quick overview of emissions associated with non-road mobile machinery by having a simplified assessment method. To meet this aim, this study uses documented data from performances of machinery and couples them with the recently published guidebook by the European Emission Agency. To map the results, operational performances of four wheel loaders operating in quarries to move stone materials are used, equipped with Stage IV engines and net power output in a range between 130 ≤ kW < 560. The obtained results showed that the positive correlation between an increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is not changed. The mass of emissions, however, is better addressed if emissions are linked with the efficiency of equipment, instead of effective hour. Machinery that consumed less fuel per m3 moved volume of materials, resulted in having less emissions compared to those that had higher fuel consumption per m3 moved volume.
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22.
  • Feige, Annika, et al. (författare)
  • Harnessing stakeholder motivation: towards a Swiss sustainable building sector
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Building Research and Information. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-4321 .- 0961-3218. ; 39:5, s. 504-517
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The contribution of stakeholders to the development and implementation of a sustainable built environment has emerged as crucial to the delivery of meaningful change. The inclusion of all affected parties can facilitate the development of patterns, structures and buildings that are sustainable in the social, ecological and economic dimensions. The slow development of a more sustainable building sector often results from the absence of knowledge about possible benefits because of financial constraints or the presence of conflicting interests. Furthermore, in most cases, measures to foster a sustainable building sector do not include all of the relevant stakeholders or are only one-sided. Based on a literature review of stakeholders in the building sector, this paper describes the stakeholders involved in the development of sustainable buildings and the challenges in stakeholder motivation. The practical case of the Network for Sustainable Construction Switzerland demonstrates how to foster sustainable construction by including a wide range of stakeholders and the need to address stakeholders with diverse initiatives. This case study supports the hypothesis that stakeholder motivation cannot be created by a single initiative; rather, a variety of actions are required to deliver change successfully.
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23.
  • Feige, Annika, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of sustainable office buildings on occupant's comfort and productivity
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Corporate Real Estate. - 1463-001X .- 1479-1048. ; 15:1, s. 7-34
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to research the impact of sustainable office buildings on occupant’s comfort and self-assessed performance and work engagement. Design/methodology/approach – The research consists in an empirical study of 18 office buildings and is based on survey data from almost 1,500 employees.Findings – The study shows that the building itself has a clear impact on the comfort level of the building user. Also, the positive impact of certain features, such as operable windows and the absence of air conditioning, can be clearly identified.While productivity is not directly correlated to comfort levels, work engagement is. Generally, the analysis shows that specific building aspects seem to have an influence on user comfort and with that, also an impact on productivity; however, this impact appears to be limited.Originality/value – This is a very important insight since this shows the connection between employee and company and thus demonstrates that a high user comfort can reduce the turnover rate of employees. Therefore, additional planning towards user comfort and social sustainability can beshown to yield real returns.
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24.
  • Feige, Annika, et al. (författare)
  • Rental price and sustainability ratings: which sustainability criteria are really paying back?
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Construction Management and Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-433X .- 0144-6193. ; 31:4, s. 322-334
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Given the centrality of the price mechanism to resource allocation in market economies, the effect of sustainable construction on real estate prices has become an increasingly important empirical issue for market participants and policy makers in the real estate sector. Drawing upon a sample of approximately 2500 residential building units in Switzerland, this study assesses the effects of buildings’ sustainability on their rental prices. In contrast to the vast majority of previous studies that have focused on the price effects of eco-labels, this study investigates the effects of individual sustainability attributes. Overall, we find a positive relationship between the environmental performance of residential buildings and their rental levels. Sustainable building characteristics, especially those which enhance the water efficiency, the health and comfort level and the building’s safety and security, have significant positive price effects. It is argued that the unexpected negative relationship between energy performance and rental prices is attributed to the bundling of energy costs and rents in Swiss lease structures.
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25.
  • Fernando, Dilum, et al. (författare)
  • A Preliminary Investigation into the Sustainable Design of Structures
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: 1st International Speciality Conference on Sustainable Public Infrastructure, June 6-9, 2012, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An important part of designing a sustainable structure is to minimize the negative impacts of the structure over its entire life-cycle, including the initial (design and construction), operation, and end-of-life phases. Conventional approaches for the design of structures that deal explicitly with sustainability, normally are focused on a small number of specific impacts and processes, e.g. the amount of CO2 emitted during the production of the building materials and ignore the time dependent structural performance. In such cases, the negative impacts related to the performance of structures during normal operation are neglected. Conventional approaches for the design of structures that deal explicitly with time dependent structural performance, normally take into consideration only a small number of negative impacts related to structural performance. This is done through the use of defined limit states, i.e. thresholds for acceptable performance, e.g. a deflection limit on a column under a given load. For such cases the variations in the values of impacts that are considered, e.g. costs of labor used in interventions that are to be executed if a failure occurs, when the structure is performing on either side of the limit states are neglected, and the values of many impacts that should be considered are not, e.g. the amount of CO2 produced during maintenance interventions.In this paper, the results of a preliminary investigation with respect to how these two approaches could be combined is presented. The potential impact of such a combination on structural design is demonstrated using a building column.
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26.
  • Forooraghi, Melina, 1989, et al. (författare)
  • Exploring Office Design Approaches in Relation to Health and Wellbeing: A Scoping Review
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: S.ARCH 2019. - 9783982075839 ; , s. 181-195
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: This article explores emerging design approaches in relation to health in the context of office building design. Background: Design for health is an emergent theme in architectural design. Healthcare sector has long dealt with the built environment and its health outcomes. In the past decades, there has been growing interest in the potential of design approaches with a key focus on patients’ health such as Co-design, Evidence-based design, Salutogenic design, User-centred design. Some of these approaches extend beyond healthcare to sectors such as schools and offices. Nevertheless, very little is currently known about how these design approaches relate to employee health and wellbeing in office building design. Therefore, new insights into the existing literature is needed to support discussions on future office design among researchers. Methods: A scoping review of 7432 papers was conducted in 2018, in four electronic databases and five scientific journals to scan design approaches in relation to health and wellbeing in office building design resulting in the selection of 26 papers. Result: The review, firstly, disclosed a mismatch between the research outputs and target population. Secondly, a limited understanding of health in relation to office physical environment was noted. Lastly, design approaches were found to be underdeveloped in the field of office design. Conclusion: It was noted that Salutogenic orientation toward health is not well-recognized in work environments. Further research might be useful to conceptualize positive aspects of health in relation to physical office environment. Design for health is becoming more visible in office context, however, more research is required to expand our thinking toward the impact of the interplay of design aspects on those health and wellbeing related outcomes. This might be through firstly identifying the dimensions of office environments that can support employee well-being, and, secondly, testing and validating existing frameworks. Considering the different cultural norms for dissemination, with research agenda focusing on scholarly communication, against a far more visual language used by designers, we need to identify ways to increase visibility and readability of research outputs
  •  
27.
  • Forooraghi, Melina, 1989, et al. (författare)
  • Health & wellbeing in offices - A study of literature on the Nordic perspective
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 297
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim : This review aims to explore the relation between the physical office environment and employee health as found in the Nordic literature. Background : The Nordic countries have a worldwide fame for their high living and working standards. Nevertheless, they have also been facing global challenges related to demographic changes, aging population, and a rise in long term conditions which require a creative way of thinking, and innovative approaches in the ways we deliver buildings and the built environment. The built environment is a health determinant and a resource for health and wellbeing of building users. In office sector, however, there is little known regarding the design implications of the physical environment for health outcomes. A review of the literature on the current state of the art in the Nordic context could offer an opportunity to rethink office design and support dialogue on how better design can improve employee health outcomes. Methods : An explorative document analysis of recent literature on workplace environment in the Nordic context was carried out. Results : Three main gaps in the literature were identified, including (1) limited understanding of health, (2) unrecognised role of the physical work environment and design professions in relation to health, and (3) diverse research orientations. The combination of results suggests the paucity of the studies relating the physical office environment to positive health approaches. Conclusions : This review highlights the need for more quantitative and qualitative methods to give relevant knowledge for complex questions regarding the physical office environment and health outcomes of employees. Future research should enable dialogue and collaboration between different actors such as managers, human resources, occupational health professionals and designers, which can benefit the users of office building.
  •  
28.
  • Forooraghi, Melina, 1989, et al. (författare)
  • How Does Office Design Support Employees’ Health? A Case Study on the Relationships among Employees’ Perceptions of the Office Environment, Their Sense of Coherence and Office Design
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigated the current design circumstances of an office as well as employees’ perceptions of the office environment in relation to their perceived health, drawing on sense of coherence theory (comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness). Previous studies have related the physical office environment to employee health. However, most studies have focused on alleviating negative effects, while health-promoting potential, including employee sense of coherence, has been overlooked. This study adopted a mixed method case study approach, combining semi-structured interviews with employees, structured observations, and analysis of architectural drawings. The results indicated that employees’ perceptions did not always align with the ideas behind the architectural design and that employees understood the environment differently. The study also highlighted the interrelations (and contradictions) among the different components of sense of coherence. The findings imply that organizations may need to prioritize which components of coherence should be supported most by the office environment. It also suggests that case-specific design aspects should play a more central role in studying and conceptualizing healthy office design and that design solutions should be continuously modified during the use phase, while ensuring employees’ participation. The study concluded that an ‘ideal’ office environment should not be the goal. Instead, office design should provide an environment in which employees are able to cope with challenges in comprehensible, manageable and meaningful ways.
  •  
29.
  • Forooraghi, Melina, 1989, et al. (författare)
  • Relationship between the design characteristics of activity-based flexible offices and users’ perceptions of privacy and social interactions
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Building Research and Information. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-4321 .- 0961-3218. ; 51:5, s. 588-604
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Activity-based flexible offices (AFOs) provide a variety of workspaces to meet the need for social interactions and privacy at work. This study investigates the relationship between the design characteristics of AFOs and users’ perceptions of visual and acoustic privacy and social interactions. This case study is based on post-occupancy evaluations in three AFO layouts at a public service organization in Sweden. A mixed-method approach is adopted that combines questionnaires and layout analysis. In general, the results showed that while aesthetics received the highest satisfaction scores, office functionality, task support, storage and visual and acoustic privacy received the lowest ratings. Key design characteristics for AFOs were operationalized, observed and exemplified: zone diversity, proportion, readability, spatial enclosure, sharing ratios and functionality of furniture and tools. These insights may contribute to better-informed decisions about the design characteristics that influence privacy and social interactions in AFOs.
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30.
  • Forooraghi, Melina, 1989, et al. (författare)
  • Scoping review of health in office design approaches
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Corporate Real Estate. - 1463-001X .- 1479-1048. ; 22:2, s. 155-180
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: This paper aims to explore the literature on office design approaches (ODAs) in relation to employee health. The overall goal is to facilitate the practical use and theoretical development of design approaches to healthy offices. Design/methodology/approach: A scoping review of 7,432 papers collected from 4 electronic databases and 5 scientific journals resulted in the selection of 18 papers for content analysis. Findings: Various ODAs relating to building design features and health were identified. The findings highlight challenges for this emergent field, including a paucity of literature on ODAs, a lack of definitions of health and healthy offices, ambiguous design strategies and a lack of a holistic ODA. Originality/value: ODAs are potentially valuable resources but an under-considered topic for healthy office development. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first scoping review to map and compare different design approaches in the context of office design and its main contribution is in encouraging researchers and practitioners to bring a salutogenic and holistic perspective to their design approaches.
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31.
  • Frischknecht, Rolf, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Geosyhnthetics versus Conventional filter layer
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. - 9782859784744 ; 4, s. 3203-3206
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Geosynthetics made from plastics can replace filter layers made of gravel. In this article goal and scope, basic data and the results of a comparative life cycle assessment of gravel and geosynthetics based filter layers are described. The filter layers of a road made of 30 cm gravel and a filter geosynthetic, respectively, form the basis for the comparison. The filter layers have the same technical performance and the same life time of 30 years. The product system includes the supply of the raw materials, the manufacture of the geotextiles and the extraction of mineral resources, the construction of the road filter, its use and its end of life phase. The life cycle assessment reveals that the geosynthetics based filter layer causes lower environmental impacts per square metre. The cumulative greenhouse gas emissions amount to 7.8 kg CO2-eq (mineral filter) and to 0.81 kg CO2-eq (geosynthetic filter). The variation of the thickness of the gravel based filter layer confirms the lower environmental impacts of a geosynthetics based filter layer. Environmental impacts of the geosynthetic production are dominated by the raw material provision (plastic granulate) and electricity consumption during manufacturing.
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32.
  • Frischknecht, Rolf, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative life cycle assessment of geosynthetic versus conventional construction materials
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Ground Engineering. - 0017-4653. ; 45:10, s. 24-28
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Geosynthetic materials are used in many different applications in the civil and underground engineering. In most cases, the use of geosynthetic material replaces the use of other materials. The authors quantify the environmental performance of commonly applied construction materials (such as concrete, cement, lime or gravel) versus geosynthetics. To this end a set of comparative life cycle assessment studies have been carried out concentrating onvarious application cases, namely filtration, foundation stabilised road, landfill construction and slope retention. The environmental performance of geosynthetics is compared to the performance of conventional construction materials used for the same application. The specifications of the four construction systems were established by the members of the Association for Geosynthetic Manufacturers (EAGM), which represents the European market for geosynthetic materials, and these specifications represent best current practice.
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33.
  • Frischknecht, Rolf, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Geosynthetics versus Concrete Retaining Wall
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. - 9782859784744 ; 3, s. 1979-1982
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Geogrids made of geosynthetics can replace conventional building materials like concrete. In this article, goal andscope, basic data and the results of a comparative life cycle assessment of concrete reinforced retaining walls (CRRW) and geosynthetics reinforced retaining walls (GRRW) are described. One running meter of a three meters high retaining wall forms the basis for comparison. The two walls have the same technical performance and an equal life time of 100 years. The GRRW has a lower demand of steel and concrete compared to the CRRW. The product system includes the supply of the raw materials, the manufacture of the geotextiles and the concrete, the construction of the wall, its use and its end of life. The life cycle assessment reveals that the GRRW causes lower environmental impacts. The cumulative greenhouse gas emissions of 300 m CRRW are 400 t and 70 t in case of GRRW. The use of an environmentally friendlier lorry in a sensitivity analysis and monte carlo simulation confirm the lower environmental impacts caused by the construction of a GRRW compared to a CRRW. More than 70 % of the environmental impacts of the geogrids production are caused by the raw material provision (plastic granulate) and the electricity demand in manufacturing.
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34.
  • Fudge, Colin Edward, 1945, et al. (författare)
  • Transforming cities and health: policy, action, and meaning
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cities and Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2374-8834 .- 2374-8842. ; 4:2, s. 135-151
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article sets the scene for the special issue of Cities & Health Journal on ‘Transforming cities and health: policy, innovation and practice.’ It focuses on systematic transformations to meet sustainability and climate goals whilst also placing health at the heart of policy change and action. Our intention is to raise broad issues drawing on multiple disciplines and provoke engagement with this area of underachievement. We ask: ● How do we achieve action and momentum in transformational change? ● What are the key components for future transformations in terms of governance, business models, time and sequencing, scaling, leadership and imagination? ● Are there limits and barriers to what can be achieved? ● Do these demands require a more radical and fundamental change and strategic direction? In responding we note the policy-action gap and the failure to recognise the complexity in policy responses, the continuing growth of cities and the ongoing inability to address basic health needs, and we speculate about the changes that affect the context in which we work over the next decade. We highlight two case studies, where we are involved, that attempt to close the implementation gap and progress transformations. We then offer some further reflections in relation to research and practice in attempting to transform cities and health together to meet the Paris Agreement on climate change, the implementation of the UN SDGs and actions on biodiversity. In discussion, we return to the current pandemic and what this tells us about this moment, future transformations and the possibilities and limits to action.
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35.
  • Furberg, Anna, 1990, et al. (författare)
  • Assessing Transport Infrastructure Sustainability - Literature Review of Practices in Sustainability Assessment of Transport Infrastructures with the Identification of Issues and Knowledge Gaps
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Conference proceedings. International Association for Impact Assessment, IAIA15 Conference: Impact Assessment in the Digital ERA. Session: Exploring the role of SEA as a facilitator for sustainable planning. 20-23 april 2015. Florence, Italy..
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study we report a review of scientific literature, published from the year 2000 to 2014, aiming to identify the current best practices in sustainability assessment, including planning, of transport infrastructures together with current issues and knowledge gaps. Sustainability assessments of transport infrastructures are slowly increasing around the world and the practices vary considerably. Current applied methods rely basically on Environmental impact assessment (EIA) or Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) procedures, which in turn often contain one or more procedures such as Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and Life cycle analysis (LCA). In several countries legal frameworks exist for sustainability assessment of transport infrastructures, for instance the EIA and SEA Directives in Europe. However, limitations of EIA and SEA are acknowledged in literature, although a few studies report improved sustainability assessments. Suggestions are also made in literature to introduce wider perspectives in order to consider sustainability aspects more properly, e.g. the inclusion of social indicators. Assessments aiming at the consideration of sustainability aspects and influencing the strategic planning of these complex systems are rare and methods are in their infancy. Key issues and knowledge gaps that are in need of being further addressed by research include the requirement to cover wider spatial and temporal scales, the consideration of cumulative and indirect effects and a more effective incorporation of stakeholders. Other highlighted issues are inadequate monitoring of project outcomes and the general lack of combination of knowledge from different knowledge fields.
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36.
  • Földváry Ličina, Veronika, et al. (författare)
  • Development of the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323. ; 142, s. 502-512
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recognizing the value of open-source research databases in advancing the art and science of HVAC, in 2014 the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II project was launched under the leadership of University of California at Berkeley's Center for the Built Environment and The University of Sydney's Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Laboratory. The exercise began with a systematic collection and harmonization of raw data from the last two decades of thermal comfort field studies around the world. The ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II (Comfort Database), now an online, open-source database, includes approximately 81,846 complete sets of objective indoor climatic observations with accompanying “right-here-right-now” subjective evaluations by the building occupants who were exposed to them. The database is intended to support diverse inquiries about thermal comfort in field settings. A simple web-based interface to the database enables filtering on multiple criteria, including building typology, occupancy type, subjects' demographic variables, subjective thermal comfort states, indoor thermal environmental criteria, calculated comfort indices, environmental control criteria and outdoor meteorological information. Furthermore, a web-based interactive thermal comfort visualization tool has been developed that allows end-users to quickly and interactively explore the data.
  •  
37.
  • Gaylord Kabongo, Booto, et al. (författare)
  • The effect of highway geometry on fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles operating in eco-driving mode
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: CRC-Taylor & Francis Group. - Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 : CRC Press. ; , s. 2179-2185
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents an analysis of the effects of the geometry of a highway on fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles operating in eco-driving mode. Field data from a high traffic volume highway in Norway are used in this study. Vertical and horizontal profile layers of the same road sections are considered individually and merged with vehicle field data. The study includes a correlation and regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the road gradient and the rate of fuel consumption of a representative truck. The effect of road gradient is examined in both acceleration and deceleration (retardation) mode. Different models are devel-oped, which can serve as a tool for decision making at early design and planning phases of a highway project, where information on fuel consumption and its environmental impacts may influence design choices.
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38.
  • Geibler, Justus von, et al. (författare)
  • Accounting for the social dimension of sustainability: experiences from the biotechnology industry
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Business Strategy and the Environment. - : Wiley. - 1099-0836 .- 0964-4733. ; 15:5, s. 334-346
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Accounting for the social dimension of sustainability proves to be a challenge for corporate practitioners, due to its intangible, qualitative nature and lack of consensus on relevant criteria. We suggest a semi-quantitative approach based on stakeholder involvement to identify relevant aspects for a sector specific assessment of the social dimension. Our case study on biotechnology illustrates that the dialogue with internal and external stakeholders enabled the creation of a key performance indicator (KPI) set to account for social sustainability in the early design stages of biotechnological processes and product development. Indicators for eight aspects are identified for the social assessment: health and safety, quality of working conditions, impact on employment, education and training, knowledge management, innovation potential, customer acceptance and societal product benefit, and social dialogue. We describe the integration of the KPI set in a software application, tailor made for practitioners of the sector, and highlight first user experiences. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
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39.
  •  
40.
  • Gontia, Paul, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Spatial analysis of urban material stock with clustering algorithms: A Northern European case study
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley. - 1530-9290 .- 1088-1980. ; 23:6, s. 1328-1343
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A large share of construction material stock (MS) accumulates in urban built environments. To attain a more sustainable use of resources, knowledge about the spatial distribution of urban MS is needed. In this article, an innovative spatial analysis approach to urbanMS is proposed. Within this scope, MSindicators are defined at neighborhood level and clusteredwith k-mean algorithms. The MS is estimated bottom-up with (a) material-intensity coefficients and (b) spatial data for three built environment components: buildings, road transportation, and pipes, using sevenmaterial categories. The city of Gothenburg, Sweden is used as a case study. Moreover, being the first case study in Northern Europe, the results are explored through various aspects (material composition, age distribution, material density), and, finally, contrasted on a per capita basis with other studies worldwide. The stock is estimated at circa 84 million metric tons. Buildings account for 73% of the stock, road transport 26%, and pipes 1%. Mineral-binding materials take the largest share of the stock, followed by aggregates, brick, asphalt, steel, and wood. Per capita, the MS is estimated at 153 metric tons; 62 metric tons are residential, which, in an international context, is a medium estimate. Denser neighborhoodswith a mix of nonresidential and residential buildings have a lower proportion of MS in roads and pipes than low-density single-family residential neighborhoods. Furthermore, single-family residential neighborhoods cluster in mixed-age classes and show the largest content of wood. Multifamily buildings cluster in three distinct age classes, and each represent a specific material composition of brick, mineral binding, and steel. Future work should focus on megacities and contrasting multiple urban areas and, methodologically, should concentrate on algorithms,MS indicators, and spatial divisions of urban stock.
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41.
  • Gontia, Paul, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Spatiotemporal characteristics of residential material stocks and flows in urban, commuter, and rural settlements
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 251
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Residential buildings take a large share of the globally accumulated construction material stock. Knowledge regarding material stocks and flows and the spatial and temporal dynamics of residential structures is needed to enhance material circularity and, consequently, reduce the inflow of raw materials and the outflow of demolition waste. In this study, material stocks and flows in residential buildings are estimated with the aim of identifying spatiotemporal characteristics among different settlements. Sweden's 290 municipalities classified into eight settlement types are used as a case study. The modeling is realized bottom-up, with statistical inventory data and material intensity coefficients. The results demonstrate that, in the last 25 years, 63% of the residential material stock in Sweden has accumulated in the three largest metropolitan areas (Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö). In contrast, rural areas and the commuter municipalities to small cities show a decrease in material stocks. For the same period, particularities in material flows were also depicted. For instance, medium-size towns presented the highest inflow and outflow, commuter municipalities to large cities showed no outflow, and rural areas with a visiting industry had a high stock renewal. The material composition differs among settlements due to fluctuations in residential building type and age distribution of the stock. Brick and steel have higher stock in larger settlements, whereas wood and aggregate show higher stock in smaller, commuter and rural settlements. Spatially, it was observed that residential stock mainly accumulates in large cities located near the sea, and inland in medium-size towns along large transportation infrastructures such as high-speed roads that connect the large cities. These spatial observations indicate the formation of an intensively built human corridor, which can be used for enhancing material circularity within the national boundaries. The results point to spatial and temporal particularities in material stocks and flows among settlement types and, therefore, further related research is recommended. This study also contributes with an extensive discussion on drivers of stock accumulation, policy implications, uncertainties, and results validation.
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42.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Applicability of a vapor-open wooden building envelope for subtropical regions in global context
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: World SB14, 28-30 Oct 2014, Barcelona.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The subtropical regions are of interest of our time as it includes both developing anddeveloped regions. The applicability of a vapor-open wooden building envelope to those regions wasevaluated in terms of the longevity of the wood fiber insulation layer and its life time cost. Atlanta,New York City, Shanghai and Sydney were selected as representing cities with different economic setups.Transient heat and moisture transfer simulation and life time cost analysis of the envelope wascarried out. It was shown that regions with lower humidity load from exterior in the summer andhigher electricity price such as New York City have high potential to apply the system. In order toeven further promote such an envelope system in the regions with lower electricity price and higherhumidity load, it is required to employ materials with lower price and higher moisture sorptioncapacity.
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43.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Economic, ecological and building physical optimization of a wooden building envelope for subtropical regionas
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: World Conference on Timber Engineering, 15 - 19 July 2012, Auckland, New Zealand. - 9781622763054 ; :Architectural Technical Issue 2, s. 287-296
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With regard to the resource depletion and the global climate change, the construction industry is important for the realization of a sustainable society. In this study, a wooden envelope system for subtropical regions was investigated in order to find the optimal wood fiber insulation thickness. The analyses were done by weighting the initial investment and the running cost form the ecological and economic viewpoint. The building physically minimum insulation thickness was also calculated by hygrothermal models. It was shown that the ecological optimum is more costly than the economical optimum. I was also shown that the building physical minimum is dependent on the local climatic conditions. By conducting the analyses in terms of the ecology, economy and the building physics, it was able to identify the regions that the envelope system works more sustainably.
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44.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Economic, ecological and thermo-hygric optimization of a vapor-open envelope for subtropical climates
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 55:December 2012, s. 799-809
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With regard to resource depletion and global climate change, it is becoming important to take holistic measures comprising ecological, economic and social aspects of the construction industry. An optimization method that deals with the trade-off among those pillars is needed to approach the overall life span of constructions from a holistic viewpoint. In this study, the insulation thickness of a vapor-open envelope system for subtropical regions with social advantages was investigated by an economic and ecological optimization model, taking into account both initial and running costs under the conditions of 8 cities in Japan. The thermo-hygric minimum thickness was also determined in order to ensure the longevity of the buildings. The following main findings were made: (1) the ecological optimal thickness was larger than the economic optimal thickness, (2) the thermo-hygric minimum was within the economic optimal range in most of the cases, and (3) the interest rate of the currency and the electricity price increase have a significant influence on the result of the optimization analysis. With the aid of the optimization model, it was shown that application of the envelope system is feasible in Japan, especially in the central and southern regions.
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45.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Heat and moisture balance simulation of a building with vapor-open envelope system for subtropical regions
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Building Simulation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1996-8744 .- 1996-3599. ; 5:4, s. 301-314
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Global warming and the resource depletion induced discussions on sustainable developments within the construction sector. Also the rapid urbanization in subtropical regions is becoming one of the most important global issues. Appropriate measures must be taken in such developments to avoid further damage to the environment. In this study, the heat and moisture balance simulation of building with a sustainable building envelope system for subtropical climate was proposed. In the moisture balance simulation the moisture buffering by the interior materials was taken into account. The prediction of moisture buffer value (MBV) of the interior finishing materials was attempted and validated by measurements. Subsequently, the whole building calculation was carried out and the contribution of the moisture buffering to the indoor comfort and energy consumption was investigated. The MBVs of the mineral-based materials were predicted with high accuracy. However, that of wood-based composite was much higher than the experimental value. In order to create a more accurate model, nonlinear moisture conductance should be accounted when modeling wood-based materials. The heating and cooling demand of a test house was 9.4 kWh/m2 and 14.5 kWh/m2, respectively. It was concluded that the utilization of the building envelope system has a high potential to provide sustainable houses in subtropical regions. In order to enhance both energy efficiency and indoor comfort of buildings in subtropical regions, there still is a strong need to develop a holistic method to find the optimum building design considering not only moisture buffering but also all the relevant factors. The presented model will be validated by in-situ measurements in the near future.
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46.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Hygrothermal Design of a Prefabricated Wooden Facade Module for School Building Renovation in Sweden
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2016), August 22-25, Vienna (Austria). - 9783903039001
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Today it is widely recognized that the construction industry plays a key role in the rational use of resources and the realization of a more sustainable society. Concerning buildings and energy use, renovation of the existing building stock to the higher energy performance is crucial. Among the various existing buildings in Europe, school buildings are of importance among the publicly owned buildings. However, there has been little effort in Sweden to promote the school building renovation by prefabricated wooden modules, which should be highly advantageous due to the short refurbishment period and its light weight.The present study investigated the hygrothermal property of wooden refurbishment modules in combination with an existing brick wall under Gothernburg (Sweden) climate. The criterion for the moisture safety inside the wall after the refurbishment was at 75% relative humidity in order to comply with the Swedish building regulation while it was assumed that the surface of the wall was wet from the precipitation during the refurbishment period. Two-dimensional transient heat and moisture transfer simulation was applied to three different module configurations. It was shown it is important to design the module vapour permeable so the entire wall system after the refurbishment have sufficient drying potential.
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47.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Hygrothermal performance of a vapor-open envelope for subtropical climate, field test and model validation
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323. ; 110, s. 55-64
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The construction industry is known to be a key contributor to manmade climate change. Amongst other nations, Japan has a building energy efficiency goal which does not yet emphasize the importance of the moisture safety design of well-insulated building envelopes considering its diverse climatic conditions. The authors developed a vapor-open wooden building envelope for the subtropical conditions of Japan and optimized a design method, which considers environmental, economic and hygrothermal aspects. As a case study, a detached residential building has been constructed in Ohmihachiman (central Japan). The building has been monitored using a large number of temperature and humidity sensors inside the walls and the roof. Results have been obtained from measurements over a period of one year. Furthermore, transient hygrothermal simulations using the measured exterior and interior climates have been carried out. It was shown that 1) the construction of the wall was successful with the desired level of air-tightness and 2) the simulation model by a commercial software is applicable for predicting the hygrothermal performance of the wall with the envelope system in the actual use condition.
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48.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Indoor Comfort Evaluation of a Sustainable Wooden House with a Novel Vapor-open Envelope System in Subtropical Climate
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: CISBAT 2015 International Conference "Future Buildings and Districts - Sustainability from Nano to Urban Scale", Lausanne, Switzerland, September 9-11, 2015.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Concerning the resource depletion and global warming, the realization of sustainable constructions is crucial because the building industry has a big impact on the greenhouse gas emission. Recently the interest in the buildings in subtropical regions has been growing due tothe high growth rate of their urbanized areas. From the view point of building physics, those regions are very challenging because they have both heating and cooling demand. Also the prediction of indoor air humidity is acquiring a greater interest concerning the envelopedurability, the comfort and the energy consumption, which is very relevant to such regions. Meanwhile, there is a need of developing a new construction system and its design method for subtropical regions since it is inappropriate to simply use the established construction systems for cold regions which have only heating demand.Based on the transient hydrothermal model of the envelope and the whole building heat and moisture balance model taking into account the moisture buffering by hygroscopic interior materials, the authors have developed an envelope system and its insulation optimization scheme which considers lifetime environmental impact, lifetime cost, durability, users’ behaviour and local climate. The envelope consists of natural materials such as wood and clay and thus allows the moderate transfer of the water vapour in both directions i.e. from exterior to interior and from interior to exterior. A detached house with this system was realized in Ohmihachiman (central Japan) in June 2013 and the indoor temperature and humidity havebeen monitored at several points. The measured indoor climate was analysed and it was revealed that 1. the indoor climate in summer has a certain improvement potential and 2. the indoor climate in winter is satisfying. As the monitoring of electricity generation by the photovoltaic panels and the electricityconsumption of the whole house has showed a positive balance (more generation than consumption), it is suggested to either use the cooling radiator more actively or install an active dehumidifier into the mechanical ventilation system to provide a more agreeable indoor climate in the summer. The former recommendation will be implemented in summer 2015 and its impact on the comfort and energy consumption will be further analysed.
  •  
49.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical and real-life assessment of the moisture safety of CLT structure with PIR insulation composite under the Swedish climate
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: E3S Web of Conferences. - : EDP Sciences. - 2555-0403 .- 2267-1242. ; 172
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The building industry is a major contributor of CO2 emission. Wood construction is a good option for carbon storage among various construction alternatives. Considering the growing market of multi-story wooden building in Sweden, CLT (cross laminated timber) structure with an alternative insulation composite with PIR insulation and MgO board was proposed. In order to prove the applicability of this construction for moisture safety, the hygrothermal performance of the wall was measured in real life at HSB Living Lab (Gothenburg, Sweden) throughout 2019. Furthermore, a numerical model to analyse its performance by transient heat and moisture transfer analysis was created to predict the performance of the wall system. After the successful validation of the numerical model, a parameter study was carried out to investigate the moisture risk of the wall system in the case of extensive wetting of the CLT panel and in various areas in Sweden (Gothenburg, Stockholm, Lund, Karlstad and Lule). The study showed a low mould growth risk either in the test at the living lab or in the feasibility study. The development of the technology should further focus on the cost-effectiveness and design of all the construction details for the future market application.
  •  
50.
  • Goto, Yutaka, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Preliminary investigation of a vapor-open envelope tailored for subtropical climate
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323. ; 46:3, s. 719-728
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Concerning global warming and resource depletion, the impact of buildings in subtropical regions is becoming even greater due to a high growth rate of urbanized areas. From the viewpoint of building physics, the main problem concerning subtropical climate is the high level of humidity in combination with high temperature. In this study, a flexible building envelope consisting of wood and clay components was developed so that the materials and the assemblies can be easily tailored to comply with local climatic conditions. The movement and accumulation of moisture in the wall was of prime concern. This has been investigated by means of testing full scale walls in a climate chamber and the corresponding one dimensional transient heat and transfer simulation. In order to achieve a consistency between calculation and measurement, the individual materials were tested for their hygric and thermal properties. Based on these findings attempts were made to calculate the behavior of an optimized wall assembly under real climatic conditions of central Japan. As a result, it was shown that the hygrothermal behavior of the envelope is predictable by means of the models and the simulation program used, and that no risk of interstitial condensation and mold growth was predicted under the real climatic conditions of Kyoto.
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