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| 2. |
- Andersson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Fönsterlyft
- 2013
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Detta projekt syftar till vidareutveckling av en uppfinning som har potential att väsentligen förenkla och effektivisera ett arbetsmoment, att lyfta av och på utåtgående sidohängda fönster, som är ett välkänt arbetsmiljöproblem. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att verktyget har utvecklingsmöjligheter och att radikalt minskar de ergonomiska problemen och att användningen kan ge goda möjligheter att effektivisera arbetet. Verktyget måste betraktas som ett lyftredskap och omfattas av därför av ett regelverk som innebär att vissa kriterier måste uppfyllas. Undersökningar i detta projekt visar att verktyget uppfyller de formella krav som ställs på det. Undersökningen visar också att det fungerar på avsett sätt dvs för att lyfta ur och sätta tillbaka utåtgående sidohängda fönster. Verktyget har provats av branschfolk som varit positiva till lösningen men bedömt den som svår att använda beroende på att den består av för många delar och att det är en stor förändring jämför med dagens arbetssätt med två man i arbetslaget. Med hänsyn tagen till de synpunkter som kommit från branschfolk i detta projekt är ett naturligt nästa steg att förenkla och anpassa verktyget till ett tvåmansverktyg. Verktyget blir då mer lättanvänt för ett arbetslag på två personer. Tillverkningskostnaden blir dessutom lägre för det anpassade verktyget. Om den förenklade lösningen får ett genomslag på marknaden innebär detta att företaget kommer igång med försäljning och produktion. I ett senare skede kan företaget vidareutveckla och marknadsintroducera det enmans-verktyg som var ursprunget till detta projekt och som fortfarande bedöms vara den allra effektivaste lösningen för arbetsmomentet att lyfta av och på fönster.
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| 3. |
- Engdahl, Ann-Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Child safety barriers
- 2009
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a modern society children are exposed to many different hazards. Different types of safety barriers are often used to protect children from life-endangering accidents such as falling from great heights or falling into swimming pools. Children have a natural curiosity and climbing is a natural behaviour for them. They can and will climb objects in their environment and as they grow older their climbing ability improves. This study focuses on children’s ability to climb barriers and the barrier’s effectiveness for children of ages 4 to 6 years. The aim of the study is to obtain complementary knowledge as input to revised standards and recommendations in Europe in order to improve child safety in the built environment. An experimental study of child safety barriers has been carried out with 157 participating children in the ages 4-6 years. The relatively large sample size is necessary because there is a considerable variation in both mental and physical abilities in the age groups considered. The designs of the barriers used in the study have been chosen based on a literature survey. In this limited study it has been considered necessary to focus on a few archetype barriers, which are considered most effective, and to vary properties of these within the limits which can be accepted from economic and aesthetic points of view. Since the most able children in the age groups studied can climb such barriers, barriers must be seen as a method of increasing the time for children to enter a dangerous area rather than as providing complete safety. Hence, the time it takes for a successful climb is a relevant parameter to study. The results show that simple barriers with vertical bars or solid panels and heights 1.1 m – 1.2 m can be climbed by around half the children within 30 seconds also in the lower age groups, and that the difference in height is not very significant. The most effective barrier in this study is the one which is inclined towards the climber.
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| 4. |
- Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10010, s. 2287-2323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 5. |
- Lundh, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Non-integrated finger protection - A background study and suggestions of requirements and test methods
- 2008
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Young children have a natural curiosity and have not yet learned to avoid and get away from danger. It is often necessary to take measures to protect children from hazards. Parents buy protective products to avoid or decrease risks in their own and their children’s lives. Different kinds of protective products, including finger protection, are also common in nurseries, hospitals and other institutions. When a finger protection is bought and installed this gives the consumer a greater sense of security. It is vital that reality agrees with this sense. Otherwise the risk of injury may in fact increase, since a sense of security in the parent/supervisor often implies less supervision. It is therefore important to make sure that protective products on the market are safe and that they give the protection they were designed to give. This report presents a background study including injury statistics and discusses the hazards as well as methods of prevention/protection. Finger protection devices are divided into categories based on their protection method. Reasonable requirements, based on children’s characteristics and abilities, and ways to test these are discussed. Finally, suggestions of requirements and test methods are presented in the form of complete product standards for the different kinds of finger protection. ‘Finger protection’ in this report refers to protective devices designed to prevent crushing injuries between door leaf and door frame. This report deals only with non-integrated finger protection for inner doors, i.e. devices which are mounted onto an existing inner door. Currently there is no European standard regulating this kind of products.
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| 6. |
- McClune, Brian L., et al.
(författare)
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Allotransplantation for Patients Age >= 40 Years with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma : Encouraging Progression-Free Survival
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biology of blood and marrow transplantation. - : Elsevier BV. - 1083-8791 .- 1523-6536. ; 20:7, s. 960-968
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) disproportionately affects older patients, who do not often undergo allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We analyzed Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research data on 1248 patients age >= 40 years receiving reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) or nonmyeloablative (NMA) conditioning HCT for aggressive (n = 668) or indolent (n = 580) NHL Aggressive lymphoma was more frequent in the oldest cohort 49% for age 40 to 54 versus 57% for age 55 to 64 versus 67% for age >= 65; P = .0008). Fewer patients aged >= 65 had previous autografting (26% versus 24% versus 9%; P = .002). Rates of relapse, acute and chronic GVHD, and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) at 1 year post-HCT were similar in the 3 age cohorts (22% [95% confidence interval (CI), 19% to 26%] for age 40 to 54, 27% [95% CI, 23% to 31%] for age 55 to 64, and 34% [95% CI, 24% to 44%] for age >= 65. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) at 3 years was slightly lower in the older cohorts (OS: 54% [95% CI, 50% to 58%] for age 40 to 54; 40% [95% CI, 36% to 44%] for age 55 to 64, and 39% [95% CI, 28% to 50%] for age >= 65; P < .0001). Multivariate analysis revealed no significant effect of age on the incidence of acute or chronic GVHD or relapse. Age >= 55 years, Karnofsky Performance Status <80, and HLA mismatch adversely affected NRM, PFS, and OS. Disease status at HCT, but not histological subtype, was associated with worse NRM, relapse, PFS, and OS. Even for patients age >= 55 years, OS still approached 40% at 3 years, suggesting that HCT affects long-term remission and remains underused in qualified older patients with NHL.
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