| 1. |
- Engelbert, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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The Origins of Task- and People-Oriented Leadership Styles Remains From Early Attachment Security and Influences During Childhood and Adolescence
- 2016
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Ingår i: Sage Open. - : SAGE Publications. - 2158-2440. ; 6:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An increasing number of findings indicate that there are connections between leadership and infant, child, and adolescent development. These connections are largely overlooked in the traditional leadership literature. This study discussed this development with a focus on how it influences the task-oriented part of leadership. For the empirical part of the study, which had an exploratory emphasis, data on 79 leaders were collected, including information on their childhood, collected with a self-report survey (Experiences in Close Relationships [ECR]), their adolescent family experiences, and their leadership styles (Employee-centered, Production-centered, and Change-centered) measured with a survey answered by a subordinate. The results indicated connections between task-oriented leadership style and early experiences: Insecurely attached leaders are at risk of not being considered good leaders by their subordinates. Experiences during adolescence may be influential. This study indicated reasons why it often is difficult to predict who will become a good leader. To accurately characterize a leader, early established features need to be considered. This knowledge can be used to build better models for leadership research and to improve the recruitment and development of leaders
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| 2. |
- Fagerholm, F., et al.
(författare)
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Cognition in Software Engineering: A Taxonomy and Survey of a Half-Century of Research
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acm Computing Surveys. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 0360-0300 .- 1557-7341. ; 54:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cognition plays a fundamental role in most software engineering activities. This article provides a taxonomy of cognitive concepts and a survey of the literature since the beginning of the Software Engineering discipline. The taxonomy comprises the top-level concepts of perception, attention, memory, cognitive load, reasoning, cognitive biases, knowledge, social cognition, cognitive control, and errors, and procedures to assess them both qualitatively and quantitatively. The taxonomy provides a useful tool to filter existing studies, classify new studies, and support researchers in getting familiar with a (sub) area. In the literature survey, we systematically collected and analysed 311 scientific papers spanning five decades and classified them using the cognitive concepts from the taxonomy. Our analysis shows that the most developed areas of research correspond to the four life-cycle stages, software requirements, design, construction, and maintenance. Most research is quantitative and focuses on knowledge, cognitive load, memory, and reasoning. Overall, the state of the art appears fragmented when viewed from the perspective of cognition. There is a lack of use of cognitive concepts that would represent a coherent picture of the cognitive processes active in specific tasks. Accordingly, we discuss the research gap in each cognitive concept and provide recommendations for future research.
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| 3. |
- Lenberg, Per, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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An initial analysis of differences in software engineers’ attitudes towards organizational change
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 9th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering, CHASE 2016. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Press. - 9781450341554 ; , s. 1-7
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to manage change is important in software engineering organizations, where rapid progress in technologies and constantly evolving methodologies create a turbulent environment. Research has identified employees’ attitudes towards organizational change as a key factor in the change process. Nonetheless, few studies exist that explore such attitudes in a software engineering context. The nature of change efforts is such that they often do not equally affect the various roles in the organization, which indicates that the roles may hold different attitudes. This study aimed to verify the existence of these presumed differences in attitudes towards organizational change between roles in a software engineering organization and to identify factors that contribute to these differences. The result of a survey (N=51) confirmed that there were significant differences, and that the software developers had a more positive attitude towards change and had deeper knowledge about the intended outcome compared to the line managers. The result of in-depth interviews (N=11) revealed that the software engineers evaluate the planned change in relation to the norms, values and standards of their peer group, meaning that an employee will have a positive attitude towards a change if its result is likely to make, or has made, it easier for him/her to uphold the peer group’s norms and values.
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| 4. |
- Lenberg, Per, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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An initial analysis of software engineers’ attitudes towards organizational change
- 2017
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Ingår i: Empirical Software Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1382-3256 .- 1573-7616. ; 22, s. 2179-2205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016, The Author(s). Employees’ attitudes towards organizational change are a critical determinant in the change process. Researchers have therefore tried to determine what underlying concepts that affect them. These extensive efforts have resulted in the identification of several antecedents. However, no studies have been conducted in a software engineering context and the research has provided little information on the relative impact and importance of the identified concepts. In this study, we have combined results from previous social science research with results from software engineering research, and thereby identified three underlying concepts with an expected significant impact on software engineers’ attitudes towards organizational change, i.e. their knowledge about the intended change outcome, their understanding of the need for change, and their feelings of participation in the change process. The result of two separate multiple regression analysis, where we used industrial questionnaire data (N=56), showed that the attitude concept openness to change is predicted by all three concepts, while the attitude concept readiness for change is predicted by need for change and participation. Our research provides an empirical baseline to an important area of software engineering and the result can be a starting-point for future organizational change research. In addition, the proposed model prescribes practical directions for software engineering organizations to adopt in improving employees’ responses to change and, thus, increase the probability of a successful change.
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| 5. |
- Lenberg, Per, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral Aspects of Safety-Critical Software Development
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2020 IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops, ICSEW 2020. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. ; , s. 173-176
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are becoming increasingly dependent on software systems also for highly critical tasks in society. To minimize the risk of failures, regulatory institutions define standards that software organizations must meet. However, the quality of the safety-critical software is, ultimately, determined by the software engineers' behavior. Even though previous studies have recognized the significance of such behavioral aspects, research that studies them is limited. The aim of this initial study was, therefore, to identify how and in what way, behavioral aspects affect the quality of safety-critical software. Thematic analysis of interviews with six software engineers identified four themes linking developer behavior to safety. Our analysis suggests that developing safety-critical systems imposes stress on software engineers and that to reduce such pressure it is critical to enhance organizational trust. It also indicates that the agile way-of-working has the potential to improve safety by facilitating the sharing of domain knowledge. Our findings provide directions for future studies into these important aspects and can be of wider relevance, in particular for the development of secure software, but potentially also for general software engineering.
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| 6. |
- Lenberg, Per, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Behavioral software engineering - guidelines for qualitative studies
- 2017
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Researchers are increasingly recognizing the importance of human aspects in software development and since qualitative methods are used to, in-depth, explore human behavior, we believe that studies using such techniques will become more common. Existing qualitative software engineering guidelines do not cover the full breadth of qualitative methods and knowledge on using them found in the social sciences. The aim of this study was thus to extend the software engineering research community's current body of knowledge regarding available qualitative methods and provide recommendations and guidelines for their use. With the support of a literature review, we suggest that future research would benefit from (1) utilizing a broader set of research methods, (2) more strongly emphasizing reflexivity, and (3) employing qualitative guidelines and quality criteria. We present an overview of three qualitative methods commonly used in social sciences but rarely seen in software engineering research, namely interpretative phenomenological analysis, narrative analysis, and discourse analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the meaning of reflexivity in relation to the software engineering context and suggest means of fostering it. Our paper will help software engineering researchers better select and then guide the application of a broader set of qualitative research methods.
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| 7. |
- Lenberg, Per, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Human factors related challenges in software engineering - An industrial perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: 8th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE). - : IEEE. - 9781467370318
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2015 IEEE. It is increasingly recognised that successful Software Engineering not only depends on technical or process issues, but requires attention to human factors. Researchers include such aspects which has led to both new theories and refined methods. However, it is not clear if professionals in the software industry agree that human factors are critical and what the related challenges and possibilities are. The purpose of the present study is to address this discrepancy. Using a qualitative research method, we elicited information about how and why human factors affect Software Engineering projects, which challenges are of special interest and the context in which they arise. Thematic analysis of data from interviews with nine senior software professionals in multiple Swedish software companies of differing size identified four main challenging areas. As supported by existing research, customer relations and communications were highlighted as important, but so too is the need for more holistic and multi-dimensional solutions and the importance of human factors in software organisational change. In addition, quantitative results indicate that the professionals see the organisational and group aspects as more important than the individual aspect. Our results can help to focus future research on matters that software practitioners consider important.
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| 8. |
- Lenberg, Per, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Misaligned values in software engineering organizations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Software: Evolution and Process. - : Wiley. - 2047-7481 .- 2047-7473. ; 31:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The values of software organizations are crucial for achieving high performance; in particular, agile development approaches emphasize their importance. Researchers have thus far often assumed that a specific set of values, compatible with the development methodologies, must be adopted homogeneously throughout the company. It is not clear, however, to what extent such assumptions are accurate. Preliminary findings have highlighted the misalignment of values between groups as a source of problems when engineers discuss their challenges. Therefore, in this study, we examine how discrepancies in values between groups affect software companies' performance. To meet our objectives, we chose a mixed method research design. First, we collected qualitative data by interviewing fourteen (N = 14) employees working in four different organizations and processed it using thematic analysis. We then surveyed seven organizations (N = 184). Our analysis indicated that value misalignment between groups is related to organizational performance. The aligned companies were more effective, more satisfied, had higher trust, and fewer conflicts. Our efforts provide encouraging findings in a critical software engineering research area. They can help to explain why some companies are more efficient than others and, thus, point the way to interventions to address organizational challenges.
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| 9. |
- Lenberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Qualitative software engineering research : Reflections and guidelines
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Software. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2047-7473 .- 2047-7481. ; 36:6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Researchers are increasingly recognizing the importance of human aspects in software development. Because qualitative methods are used to explore human behavior in-depth, we believe that studies using such methods will become more common. Existing qualitative software engineering guidelines do not cover the full breadth of qualitative methods and the knowledge on how to use them like in social sciences. The purpose of this study was to extend the software engineering community's current body of knowledge regarding available qualitative methods and their quality assurance frameworks and to provide recommendations and guidelines for their use. With the support of an epistemological argument and a survey of the literature, we suggest that future research would benefit from (1) utilizing a broader set of research methods, (2) more strongly emphasizing reflexivity, and (3) employing qualitative guidelines and quality criteria. We present an overview of three qualitative methods commonly used in social sciences but rarely seen in software engineering research, namely interpretative phenomenological analysis, narrative analysis, and discourse analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the meaning of reflexivity in relation to the software engineering context and suggest means of fostering it. Our paper will help software engineering researchers better select and then guide the application of a broader set of qualitative research methods. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Lenberg, Per, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Behavioral Software Engineering
- 2014
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Ingår i: CHASE 2014 Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450328609 ; , s. 48-55
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Throughout the history of Software Engineering (SE) it has been repeatedly found that the humans involved, i.e. the engineers and developers in addition to other stakeholders, are a key factor in determining project outcomes and success. However, the amount of research that focuses on human aspects has been limited compared to research with technology or process focus. With increasing maturity of the field, interest in agile methods and a growing dissatisfaction with the continued challenges of developing high-quality software on time, the amount of SE research putting human aspect in primary focus has increased. In this paper we argue that a synthesized view of the emerging human-focused SE research is needed and can add value through giving focus, direction and help identify gaps. Taking cues from the addition of Behavioral Economics as an important part of the area of Economics we propose the term Behavioral Software Engineering (BSE) as an umbrella concept for research that focus on behavioral and social aspects in the work activities of software engineers. We propose that a model based on three units of analysis can give structure and point to concepts that are important for BSE. To add detail to this model we are conducting a systematic review to map out what is currently known. To exemplify the model and the area we here present the results from a subset of the identified concepts.
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| 11. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran, et al.
(författare)
-
A Two-Wave Study of the Impact of Job Characteristics and Motivators on Perceived Stress among Information Technology (IT) Consultants
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction (IJTHI). - : IGI Global. - 1548-3908 .- 1548-3916. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this two-wave study was to test whether job characteristics (job demand, job control), with ‘motivators’ (e.g., recognition, achievement, possibility for growth) as the mediating variable, can predict perceived stress (e.g., stressed, tense). These relationships were tested simultaneously using structural equation modeling analyses. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among 320 information technology (IT) consultants in Sweden. Data were collected at two time points, over a six-month follow-up period. Cross-sectional studies have been presented earlier but one of the contributions of this study is that it is a two-wave data set. The present two-wave study uses a model which covers more information than a cross-sectional design and the results add another aspect to existing work motivation and stress research, by using a longitudinal data set, and relating job characteristics to perceived stress directly and indirect. These findings emphasize the importance of job demand and illuminate the role of motivators in the experience of job stress among IT consultants. The presented model can be used to examine potential causes of job stress among IT consultants and may generate important lessons for managing the general workforce of tomorrow
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran
(författare)
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High Levels of Work Motivation reduce the Perceived Stress: A Study among Information Technology (IT) Consultants
- 2014
-
Ingår i: M. Khosrow-Pour (ed.), Inventive Approaches for Technology Integration and Information Resources Management. - Hershey, PA : IGI Global. - 9781466662568 ; , s. 240-258
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the longitudinal study covered in this chapter was to test whether job characteristics (job demand, job control), with “motivators” (e.g. recognition, achievement, possibility for growth) as the mediating variable, can predict perceived stress (e.g. stressed, tense). The sample was composed of 320 Information Technology (IT) consultants in Sweden. Data were collected at 2 time points, with a time lag of 6 months. Results of structural equation modeling analyses show that job demand was most strongly related to perceived stress in the 6-month follow-up. Furthermore, “motivators” were negatively related (i.e. expected direction) to perceived stress at follow-up. Cross-sectional studies have been presented earlier, but a contribution of this study is that it is a 2-wave data set. The chapter uses a model that covers more information than a cross-sectional design, and the results add another aspect to existing work motivation and stress research by using a longitudinal data set and by relating job characteristics to perceived stress both directly and indirectly. The presented model can be used to examine potential causes of job stress among IT consultants and may generate important lessons for anaging the general workforce of tomorrow. Finally, methodological considerations and recommendations for future research are discussed
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| 14. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran, et al.
(författare)
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IT Managers’ Narratives on Subordinates’ Motivation at Work: A Case Study
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction (IJTHI). - : IGI Global. - 1548-3908 .- 1548-3916. ; 7:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about managers’ perception of their subordinates’ motivation, especially how this perception influences managerial behavior. This study, conducted in the growing IT consultancy sector, focuses on how IT consultancy first-line managers construct their subordinates’ motivation. Since work motivation is a complex phenomenon, there is variation in how managers reduce this complexity. The empirical data was collected in semi-structured interviews with six team leaders (three female, three male) and are presented as narratives. In their narratives, the female team leaders present a more transformative view of their subordinates while the male managers present a more transactional view. The authors interpret this variation in the narrations as evidence that the issue of subordinate motivation is not seen as strategically important. This interpretation cast doubts on certain assumptions in organizational psychology theory.
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| 15. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran
(författare)
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Job characteristics, motivation and stress among information technology (IT) consultants
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The general aim of the present thesis was to examine the relationship between job characteristics and perceived stress with motivators as the mediating variable in the information technology (IT) sector. This thesis is based on two empirical studies. The aim of Study I was to test work motivation, as a potential mechanism, in the relationship between on the one hand job control and job demand, and on the other hand perceived stress. The aim of Study II was to test the same model used in Study I and do an extended statistic analysis and at the same time investigate the consistency of evidence. In Study I a structural model of the relationship between job characteristics (job demand, job control) and perceived stress (e.g. stressed, pressed, tense) with ‘motivators’ (e.g. responsibility, recognition, achievement, possibility of growth) as the mediating variable was tested. In this cross-sectional study a web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among IT consultants in one company in Sweden (N=167). The results indicate that job demand was positively related to perceived stress. The results further indicate that motivators mediate the relation between job control and perceived stress, i.e. high job control was significantly related to high appraisals of motivators, and motivators were negatively related to perceived stress. In Study II, a cross-sectional study, a web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among IT consultants in ten companies in Sweden (N=380). The results show that the relationships in the model were similar as in Study I. The results show also that motivators mediate the relationship between job control and perceived stress. The result indicate that the tested model have a good consistency of evidence. Furthermore, the results point to the importance of motivators among IT consultants in the framework of job stress and performance.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran
(författare)
-
Motivation requested - Work motivation and the work environment of IT consultants
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- DOCTORAL DISSERTATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, 2011 Abstract Wallgren, L. G. (2011). Motivation requested - Work motivation and the work environment ofIT consultants. Department of Psychology, University ofGothenburg, Sweden. The aim of the thesis is to exarnine the psychosocial work environment, with a focus on the work motivation, ofInformation Technology (IT) consultants. The thesis is based on five empirical studies. Study I (N=167) and Study II (N=380) are cross sectional studies, and Study III (N=320) is a two-wave longitudinal study. All participants in Studies I, II and III responded to a questionnaire on background variables, job demands, job control, motivators and perceived stress. The model used in Studies I, II and III is a mediational one that proposes that the effect of job demands and job controi on perceived stress is indirect rather than direct. The hypothesis of motivators as a mediator was tested using full structural equation modeling (SEM) to estimate direct, indirect and total effects. The sample in Study IV consists of 12 IT consultants who were interviewed in order to understand what motivates IT consultants in their work environment. In Study V, six team leaders at an IT consultancy firm were interviewed in order to understand how team leaders perceive and construct their subordinates' motivation. The results from Studies l, II and III highlight the importance of the presence of high levels of motivators in reducing the perceived stress among IT consultants. High job controi was significantly related to high appraisals of motivators, and motivators were negatively related to perceived stress. Additionally, the results from these three studies indicate that job demands are positively related to perceived stress. In Studies I, II and III, motivators were measured using antecedent conditions that may lead to motivation (e. g., recognition, achievement, variety and the possibility for growth). The results from Study IV conflrm that variety in tasks, job autonomy, praise for a job weil done, the chance to acquire new skills, and the sense of accomplishment affect IT consultants' work motivation. One of the main results from Study V is that managers have rather vague ideas about the motivation of their subordinates. One interpretation is that managers do not think that increasing the work motivation oftheir subordinates is an important part oftheir job. The conclusion ofthis thesis is that, among IT consultants, motivators and job demands are important elements in the job stress framework Motivation is a major component that explains organizational behavior and increases commitment and performance among employees. If a healthy work environment cannot be provided at the individual level, over time, the lack of such an environment will have implications at the organizationallevel. IT workers, who live at the edge of constant change, such as new technologies, require a high degree of flexibility and adaptability. In its study of contemporary IT workers, this thesis may generate important lessons for managing a major sector of the workforce oftomorrow. Keyword<: IT consultants; IT professional; IS professional; Knowledge workers: Conceptions of motivation; Motivation; Job demands; lob controi ; Stress; Structural equation modeling; Longitudinal; Narratives; Leadership; Gender differences; Transactionalleadership; Transformationalleadership Lars Göran Wallgren, Department of Psychology, University ofGothenburg, Box 500, SE 40530, Gothenburg, S1I'eden. E-mail: LarsGoran.Wallgren@psy.gu.se !SSN 1101-718X ISRN GU/PSYKlAVH--240-SE ISBN 978-91-628-8228-0
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| 18. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran
(författare)
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The Agile Approach with Doctoral Dissertation Supervision
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Education Studies. - 1913-9020 .- 1913-9039. ; 8:11, s. 139-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several research findings conclude that many doctoral students fail to complete their studies within the allowable time frame, in part because of problems related to the research and supervision process. Surveys show that most doctoral students are generally satisfied with their dissertation supervision. However, these surveys also reveal some students think their supervisors meet with them too infrequently, lack interest in their dissertation topics, and provide insufficient practical assistance. Furthermore, many countries will soon witness a large turnover in the labour market as people near retirement. Because this is also the case at many universities and colleges, the expectation is that there will be many teaching and research vacancies. Therefore, many new doctoral students who plan to enter academia after earning their doctoral degrees are needed. In responding to these complaints, this conceptual paper examines the use of the agile approach–which has achieved recognition and approval in software development–in the doctoral dissertation process. In the teaching/learning sphere, the agile approach can be used in iterative meetings between doctoral student and supervisor for dissertation planning, direction, and evaluation. The focus of the iterations, the so-called Sprints, is on communication and feedback throughout the entire process. The paper is based in theories on teaching/learning and on the author’s personal experience with the agile approach. Use of the agile approach, which can decrease the time required for doctoral studies, may thus increase the number of graduates with doctoral degrees. The paper makes suggestions for practical implementation of the agile approach.
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| 19. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran
(författare)
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The Effects of Job Demand and Job Control on Perceived Stress and Motivators among Information Technology (IT) Consultants
- 2010
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Ingår i: 9th Conference of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology. Pontificial Urbaniana University, Italy, 29-31 Mars, 2010. Book of proceedings, Iavicoli, S., Jain, A., Petyx, M., & Tang, J. (Eds.).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 20. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Job Characteristics and Motivators on Perceived Stress Among Information Technology (IT) Consultants
- 2010
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Ingår i: The Ergonomics Open Journal. ; 3, s. 25-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to test the relationship between job characteristics (job demands, job control) and perceived stress (e.g., stressed, pressured, tense) with motivators (e.g., recognition, achievement, the work itself, the possibility for growth and work significance) as the mediating variable. In this cross-sectional study a web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among 380 information technology (IT) consultants at ten IT consultancy companies in Sweden. The results showed that job demand was positively related to perceived stress and that motivators mediate the relationship between job control and perceived stress. The results point to the importance of motivators among IT consultants in the framework of job stress and performance. The managers’ impact on the work characteristics in the work environment is also discussed.
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| 21. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran, et al.
(författare)
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The Motivation of Information Technology Consultants: The Struggle With Social Dimensions and Identity
- 2011
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Ingår i: Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries. ; 21:6, s. 555-570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasingly, customer companies hire external information technology (IT) consultants, often on a special project basis. These consultants are employees of professional service firms, although they receive their assignments fromthe hiring companies, report to them, and are supervised by them. Using semistructured interviewswith 12 IT consultants in Sweden,we examine the factors that influence their work motivation, including the effect of this dual allegiance—to the service firm and to the customer company. The data indicate that the primary motivators are the variety in tasks and the opportunity to influence and/or manage an entire project. Neither monetary incentives nor the consultancy firm norms are strong motivators. A factor that affects work behavior and motivation is the subordinate identity that IT consultants must assume with their powerful clients. The article concludes with practical suggestions for managers who seek to understand what motivates employees who work at a distance, under external control.
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| 22. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran
(författare)
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Theory Y embedded in Theory X: The limited role of autonomy in decreasing perceived stress among IT consultants
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals. - : IGI Global. - 1947-3478 .- 1947-3486. ; 4:4, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, this cross-sectional study tests whether the direct effects and interaction effects of job demand and motivators affect the level of perceived stress among information technology (IT) consultants. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among 380 IT consultants at ten IT consultancy companies in Sweden. The results showed that job demands, autonomy, and motivators are important factors that explain perceived stress among the IT consultants. Those consultants with a high level of job demands and a low level of autonomy had a four times higher risk of perceived stress than the consultants with the theoretically lowest level of strain. However, the interaction effect of job demands/autonomy and the interaction effect of job demands/motivators on perceived stress were non-significant. It is suggested that IT consultants’ autonomy exists within the demands dictated by others - Theory Y embedded in Theory X. Future avenues for research are suggested
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| 23. |
- Wallgren, Lars Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Workplace romances: “Going to work is amazing and really fun”
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Psychological Studies. - : Canadian Center of Science and Education. - 1918-7211 .- 1918-722X. ; 8:3, s. 84-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much of the research on workplace romance has been conducted in the United States, and the focus has often been on negative consequences and risks for gender discrimination. The purpose of this study was to obtain an understanding of workplace romance through the point of view of those involved. Data were collected from five female participants and five male participants in separate focus groups; all participants had started a love affair at work. The thematic analysis of the transcripts showed that having a workplace romance was mostly a positive experience. However, all participants described the need to keep their romances secret for two main reasons: one, to avoid possible negative consequences, and the other, to enjoy feelings associated with a secret love affair. To some degree, the participants seemed to excuse themselves more readily than others whose behavior they thought was worse. When asked about workplace rules and policies, the participants wavered between expressing negative views and describing situations where rules could be needed.
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