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- Waluk, Dominik P., 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (GLYATL2) as a transferase that produces N-acyl glycines in humans.
- 2010
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Ingår i: The FASEB Journal. - : Wiley. - 0892-6638 .- 1530-6860. ; 24:8, s. 2795-2803
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The discovery of glycine conjugates of long-chain fatty acids (N-acyl glycines) in the brain and other non-neuronal tissues has led to the identification of an emerging class of bioactive lipids. The biological activities of N-acyl glycines include antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects, and activation of G-protein-coupled receptors. However, despite the fact that N-acyl glycines are emerging as a distinct lipid signaling family, pathways for their production are not fully elucidated. Here we report on the characterization of human glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (hGLYATL2), a member of a gene family of 4 putative glycine conjugating enzymes, and show that it synthesizes various N-acyl glycines. Recombinantly expressed hGLYATL2 efficiently conjugated oleoyl-CoA, arachidonoyl-CoA, and other medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs to glycine. The enzyme was specific for glycine as an acceptor molecule, and preferentially produced N-oleoyl glycine. The hGLYATL2 enzyme is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and the mRNA shows highest expression in salivary gland and trachea, but is also detected in spinal cord and skin fibroblasts. The expression pattern and the identification of high levels of N-acyl glycines in skin and lung may indicate a role for N-acyl glycines in barrier function/immune response and the potential role of hGLYATL2 in this regard is discussed.
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| 2. |
- Waluk, Dominik P., 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Reversible lysine acetylation regulates the activity of human glycine n-acyltransferase-like 2 (hGLYATL2) : Implications for production of glycine-conjugated signalling molecules
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 287:20, s. 16158-16167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lysine acetylation is a major post-translational modification of proteins, and regulates many physiological processes such as metabolism, cell migration, ageing and inflammation. Proteomic studies have identified numerous lysine-acetylated proteins in human and mouse models (Kim et al, (2006) Mol. Cell. 23, 607-618). One family of proteins identified in this study was the murine glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) enzymes, which are acetylated on lysine 19 (K19). Lysine 19 is a conserved residue in human glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (hGLYATL2) and in several other species, showing that this residue may be important for enzyme function. Mutation of lysine 19 (K19) in recombinant hGLYATL2 to glutamine (K19Q) and arginine (K19R) resulted in a 50-80% lower production of N-oleoyl glycine and N-arachidonoylglycine, indicating that lysine 19 is important for enzyme function. LC/MS/MS confirmed that K19 is not acetylated in wild-type hGLYATL2, indicating that K19 requires to be deacetylated for full activity. The hGLYATL2 enzyme conjugates medium- and long-chain saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoA esters to glycine, resulting in the production of N-oleoyl glycine and also N-arachidonoyl glycine. N-oleoyl glycine and N-arachidonoyl glycine are structurally and functionally related to endocannabinoids and have been identified as signalling molecules that regulate functions like the perception of pain, body temperature, and also have anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, acetylation of lysine(s) in hGLYATL2 regulate the enzyme activity, thus linking post-translational modification of proteins with the production of biological signalling molecules, the N-acyl glycines.
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