| 1. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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“Betting on Science or Muddling Through the Network” : Two Universities and one Innovation Commission
- 2011
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Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - Oslo. - 2059-1403 .- 0809-7259. ; 5:3, s. 172-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the mid 1990s the OECD, the EU and many national innovation policies have pointed to universities as the most important direct providers of solutions to use as sources of innovations for growth and societal welfare. Also, through their respective governments, universities are exposed to rather detailed requirements on how to fulfil the increased direct utilisation of research results. This paper takes a closer look at how two internationally recognised universities from the same country, namely Sweden, addressed the innovation commission. A case study investigates how the Karolinska Institute and Uppsala University interpreted and implemented the Swedish government’s commission on an increased utilisation of publicly funded research for innovation. The main finding is that both universities’ ways of fulfilling this commission are more directed towards ‘betting’ on potential innovations than on ‘muddling through’ the context of innovation.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the obstacles to implementing economic mechanisms to stimulate antibiotic research and development : a mulit-actor and system-level analysis
- 2016
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Ingår i: American Journal of Law & Medicine. - Boston : Boston University School of Law. - 0098-8588 .- 2375-835X. ; 42, s. 451-486
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Article examines the potential stakeholder-related obstacles hindering the implementation of mechanisms to re-ignite the development of novel antibiotics. Proposed economic models and incentives to drive such development include: Public Funding of Research and Development (R&D), Tax Incentives, Milestone Prizes, End Payments, Intellectual Property (IP) and Exclusivity Extensions, Pricing and Reimbursement Incentives, Product Development Partnerships (PDPs), and the Options Market for Antibiotics model. Drawing on personal experience and understanding of the antibiotic field, as well as stakeholder consultation and numerous expert meetings within the DRIVE-AB project and Uppsala Health Summit 2015, the Authors identify obstacles attributable to the following actors: Universities and Research Institutes, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), Large Pharmaceutical Companies, Marketing Approval Regulators, Payors, Healthcare Providers, National Healthcare Authorities, Patients, and Supranational Institutions. The analysis also proposes a characterization and ranking of the difficulty associated with implementing the reviewed mechanisms. Public Funding of R&D, Pricing and Reimbursement Incentives, and PDPs are mechanisms expected to meet highly systemic barriers (i.e., obstacles across the entire antibiotic value chain), imposing greater implementation challenges in that they require convincing and involving several motivationally diverse actors in order to have much effect.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Information Technology at IKEA: an “Open Sesame” Solution or just Another Type of Facility?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Business Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0148-2963 .- 1873-7978. ; 58:9, s. 1251-1260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Information technology and such business applications as IT systems create great expectations to solve most problems a company faces. However, these expectations are seldom fulfilled. This article treats IT and IT systems simply as a facility among many other resources (products, facilities, business units and relationships) in business networks. By making use of a case study centred around Product Information Assistance (PIA), one of IKEA’s key IT systems for product information administration, the analytical part extracts a series of interactions patterns between IT facilities and the surrounding resources. Being IT systems also embedded into other resources implies that their effects seldom turn out to be as expected or simply defined by their technical potentials.
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| 6. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-
(författare)
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When Information Technology Faces Resource Interaction : Using IT Tools to Handle Products at IKEA and Edsbyn
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the interplay between IT and the other resources in business networks. IT tools are important facilities that firms utilize in several managerial tasks. Two main issues are addressed: (1) how does IT affect the surrounding resources? and (2) how does the value of IT emerge in relation to these resources? Two case studies present how the firms IKEA and Edsbyn use IT tools in handling their products (IKEA’s table Lack and Edsbyn’s table El-Bord). 130 personal interviews and many visits to several firms offered a detailed picture of the resources, information, and IT tools in twelve managerial tasks (six per product). The effects and the value of IT emerge when IT interplays with the other resources (products, facilities, business units and relationships) that embed the IT facilities. The effects of IT on resources vary greatly across the twelve managerial tasks, grouped into two categories, exploitative and explorative. In exploitative tasks (aiming at static efficiency), the effects of IT are stronger, thanks to highly relevant IT-embedded models and to highly formalized information. Conversely, IT has restricted effects in explorative tasks, because IT is unable (1) to model non-given resources, (2) to handle network-embedded information, and (3) to steer non-linear development processes. However, IT stabilizes exploration by formalizing ex ante and freezing ex post resources. As for IT’s value, there exist no perfect IT tool in relation to the conflicting resources. Even downscaled IT systems become highly proficient tools if favourably embedded by other resources. The value of IT is more evident in exploitative tasks, where IT more easily models resources and digitalizes the needed information: IT structures resources and automates activities, as required for maintaining efficiency. In explorative tasks, instead, IT is a conservative force, because it focuses on established resource combinations, while neglecting wholly new ones.
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| 7. |
- Bengtson, Anna
(författare)
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Framing Technological Development in a Concrete Context : The Use of Wood in the Swedish Construction Industry
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An understanding of the factors that condition technological development is of vital importance for business theory as well as for practitioners. The contextual setting of the development constitutes one area of inquiry into this research field. Context has often been studied as an aggregate or a market with clearly defined boundaries to the studied technology. In this thesis, however, the examined technological development is studied from a processual perspective, examining the interplay that takes place between a focal resource in the development and its context. To be able to analyse this interplay, the context has been divided into three dimensions; activity patterns, resource constellations and webs of actors, based on three central aspects of the industrial network model. A concept that describes the interaction process that takes place in each dimension has then been distinguished and used for the examination. Processes of integrating activities, of adapting resources and of positioning actors are thus analyzed in order to increase the understanding of the development. The empirical material deals with the reintroduction of multi-storey timber-frames in the Swedish construction industry. The technology for constructing tall buildings using timber for framing was forbidden after the Sundsvall fire in 1888. On 1993/94, however, there was a change in regulations, which made it possible to study what happens when two centenarians, the multi-storey timber frame technology and the Swedish construction sector, yet unknown to each other, are brought together. The study focuses especially on the first building projects in Sweden where the timber framing technology was used, a project using the established technology and a study on Nordic basis of maiden projects in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. The material have been collected through primary sources such as personal interviews and participation in project meetings, and through secondary sources such as research reports and articles on the timber-framing technology. It is concluded in the study is that contextual factors play a major role in shaping a technological development process and the technology that becomes established due to the difficulties and costs of acquiring knowledge about the technology, the embeddedness of the established framing-technology in the established industrial network, and due to the work efforts needed in order to reach positive economic results based on involvement in the technological development process.
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| 8. |
- Bennich-Björkman, Li, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Dags för Lemne att lämna
- 2015
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Ingår i: Upsala Nya Tidning. ; march 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 9. |
- Björvang, Carl, 1988-
(författare)
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Cracks in the Ivory Tower : Antibiotics Research and the Changes in Academia 1980-2015
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- At the same time as resistance to antibiotics became an increasingly problematic health care concern around the world, major changes occurred in the condition scientists faced when conducting university-based research. This thesis aims to study these changes as they applied to antibacterial and bacteriological research, and how they influenced the researchers’ ability to make new scientific discoveries. Especially such discoveries that could be of critical importance for addressing the resistance problems of the era.Using interviews with researchers, funding data and political documents, this thesis has been able to confirm that findings regarding the global trend of changes in academic research from previous research also applied to the bacteriological research in Sweden in the late 20th and early 21st century. These changes included increased performance pressure, administrative burden, and concentration of funding to a few large research groups as well as decreased employment security and less time for senior researchers to be directly active in the scientific work. While there were many intertwined underlying factors for these developments, most of them could be traced back to the changes in funding model for academic science. Most crucially, research funding turned from being based on employment to being based on recurring applications to funding agencies.In conclusion, the changes in academic research conditions had major impacts on the ability of researchers to make new scientific discoveries. They incentivised doing safe, low-risk research with predictable outcomes, and producing many small, insubstantial publications. There were also some positive effects, such as a decrease in the impunity of senior researchers and a limitation on their ability to rest on their laurels. However, overall, this move away from taking chances and daring to research the truly unknown is likely to have decreased the ability of researchers to utilise their talents and follow-up on chance findings, decreasing their potential for discovery-making. Instead, it is likely that these changes within academia indirectly contributed to the antibacterial resistance problem by slowing down the rate of major breakthroughs in antibacterial treatments.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Eklinder-Frick, Jens Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation in a globalized world : Proximity-focused policy and border-crossing innovation projects
- 2018
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Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - 2059-1403 .- 0809-7259. ; 12:2, s. 237-257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Previous IMP research has shown that innovation benefits tend to gravitate across organisational, company and legal borders. However, OECD and EU policy assume that innovation investments will create benefits in close spatial relation to where these were made. The overall purpose of this paper is to consider how opportunities and obstacles of innovation appear from the perspective of: a national policy actor, its regional mediators and a policy supported and research-based firm engaged in innovation. A specific interest is directed to what interactive aspects that are considered by these actors; in the using, producing and developing settings.Design/methodology/approach: Influenced by the research question and theoretical point of departure the authors investigate what type of interfaces our focal actors recognise in the using, producing and developing settings. A total of 41 face-to-face and phone interviews focusing on each actor's approach were conducted; 23 interviews in order to investigate the policy side of innovation attempts, while 18 interviews have been performed in order to understand a single business actor's innovation approach.Findings: The study shows that both the national policy agency and the regional policy mediators primarily operate within a developing setting, and furthermore, applies a rather peculiar interpretation of proximity. As long as the developing setting of the innovation journey is in focus, with the task to transfer academic knowledge advances to commercial actors, the proximity aspect is rather easy to fulfil. However, as soon as the producing and using settings of the innovation is taken into consideration, the innovation, if it survives, will gravitate to a producing setting where it can contribute to investments in place.Originality/value: The study investigates the opportunities and obstacles of innovation; the spatial aspects included, and how these are considered by: a national policy agency, a regional mediator and a policy-supported innovating firm, in order to juxtapose the policy doctrine with the experience of the business actors such policy wishes to support.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Eklinder-Frick, Jens, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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What’s smart about smart specialization – a new EU innovation strategy or more of the same?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of business & industrial marketing. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0885-8624 .- 2052-1189. ; 35:12, s. 1997-2010
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe aim of this paper is to outline what the intended benefits the smart specialization strategy (S3) is meant to create, and through what policy measures; that is, to shed light over what underpinnings S3 is based on, and if the measures based on these can affect the relations between “academia, businesses, and local authorities” – where the public and the private actors might have partly overlapping interests, but with different needs and rationales.Design/methodology/approachThe research design of this paper is based on the industrial marketing and purchasing network approach, that is, the empirical observation that business exchange has a content, which affects and gives imprints on the actors engaged in the exchange. To determine whether the S3 strategy in general, and in the two investigated regions in particular, can affect the embedding of innovations in using, producing and developing settings, and if so how, this study applied the actors–resources–activities model. In addition to investigation of the S3 strategy in general, two case studies were conducted, one each in two European Union regions with rather different business and academic research characteristics: the Marche region in Italy and the Uppsala region in Sweden.FindingsThe S3 measures rest on the judgement of which “domains” to support can be made by policy actors without deeper analysis of how the assumed firms representing these domains are related in terms of how resources are combined and activated. Instead, the S3 policy analysis is based on local policy organizations desk table investigations of what appears as innovative. Hence, in practice, the key S3 measure is still to transfer knowledge from the public to the private sector. This entails that support in terms of how to create change in established resources interfaces, which is a main source of innovation to which both established and emerging localized firms are related, remains out of policy sight.Originality/valueThe ambition with this paper is to discuss what changes S3 – with the ambition to develop and match academic research to business needs – implies and what underpinnings it is resting on. Hence, the focus is directed to what new types of policy arrangements are supposed to result in what types of benefits – and last but not least, the ability for these to interfere with businesses which are interconnected across spatial borders.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Eklund, Magnus, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Two rebelling approaches but only one embraced by policy : On the different policy advices of NIS and IMP
- 2017
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Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2059-1403 .- 0809-7259. ; 11:3, s. 417-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold, first, to shed light on the different patterns in which international marketing and purchasing (IMP) and national innovation system (NIS) were embedded into the Swedish policy context, where the first approach must be regarded as a relative failure and the second a success, second, to compare their analytical lenses and policy implications through the study of a number of seminal texts of the two approaches.Design/methodology/approach – First, a Swedish case is selected since it provides an example of a policy context where both approaches have been considered and used as sources of inspiration for the design of policy measures. Second, the authors study a selection of the seminal texts of the two approaches in order to identify their basic theoretical assumptions. The emphasis here lies on how the schools view the importance of relations between companies, how they perceive the innovation process, their attitude towards the neoclassical market model and the explicit and implicit implications of their theoretical assumptions for policy.Findings – IMP and its notion of the heterogeneity of resources can provide a much more context grounded analysis than is possible within the NIS/Lundvall framework. However, it requires deep contextual knowledge of individual companies, industries and national and international settings to understand the value of these resources. IMP is “tied to the ground” and radically critical of the atomistic abstractions characterising the neoclassical market view. NIS, on the other hand, requires contextual knowledge on a more superficial level and can co-exist with neoclassical economics.Research limitations/implications – While the authors mainly focus on IMP and NIS, which date back to the 1980s, a later wave of concepts from the 1990s and onwards involve clusters (Porter, 1990), and triple helix (Etzkowitz and Leidesdorff, 1998). However, these latecomers share with NIS the ability to co-exist with neoclassical economics.Practical implications – IMP requires high demands on any policy maker that would adopt it, in terms of acquiring deep contextual knowledge and giving up established views on how the economy worksOriginality/value – The paper reveal that while both IMP and NIS like to present themselves as rebels radically departing from neoclassical economics and the linear model, NIS can still co-exist with neoclassical economics. Furthermore, IMP places high demands on any policy maker that would adopt it, in terms of acquiring deep contextual knowledge and giving up established views on how the economy works. NIS, on the other hand, requires contextual knowledge on a more superficial level.
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| 19. |
- Ford, David, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing Business Interaction
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 24th Annual IMP Conference, Uppsala, Sweden, 2008.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 20. |
- Ford, David, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing Business Interaction
- 2010
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Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - Oslo. - 2059-1403 .- 0809-7259. ; 4:1, s. 82-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 21. |
- Hakansson, Hakan, et al.
(författare)
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A never ending story : Interaction patterns and economic development
- 2013
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0019-8501 .- 1873-2062. ; 42:3, s. 443-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrial marketing and purchasing is an interesting phenomenon. On the surface it appears as very mundane, a simple day-to-day activity performed by purchasers, sales personnel, and technical specialists; i.e. most often by professions representing 'middle management'. As such, it is not surrounded with any of the greater prestige ascribed to more hyped business activities, such as financing and strategy. Furthermore, industrial marketing and purchasing is seldom recognised as being of any greater importance for society at large. In policy circles, for example the UN, OECD and EU, where they stress the importance of innovation, productivity and growth, industrial marketing and purchasing is rarely mentioned as a related phenomenon. Behind the scenes, however, an empirical, much more challenging view is outlined. When the content and the effects of industrial marketing and purchasing processes are scrutinised empirically, these activities appear as perhaps the most important source for business development, industrial renewal, efficiency and innovation. From this perspective, industrial marketing and purchasing seems to be a critical phenomenon for creating prosperity for both companies and communities and for general economic growth. It is this role of industrial marketing and purchasing that we highlight and discuss in this article. Based on extensive empirical research results, we argue that interaction is the main ingredient in these processes. This implies that the supplier-customer interaction has a central development function for efficiency and innovativeness, for companies as well as for the economy at large. Thus, there is a strong need to include and consider this key engine for dynamics (and its role in developing materialised structures as well as ideas) in any theoretical study of economic development.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Harrison, Debbie, et al.
(författare)
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The Development of a User Network as a Way to Re-launch an Unwanted Product
- 2008
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 37:1, s. 115-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A common situation in product development is that of product failure and the need for re-launch. This paper presents findings regarding how one firm successfully re-launched a product through the ex-post development of a user network. The producer, Biacore, had to re-launch its biosensor product or lose a €50 million investment. The firm identified and interacted with multiple potential lead-users in order to generate new use applications. The firm benefited from the successful development of a set of new applications, innovative users, and sales. As sales of the product increased, Biacore created marketing channels as diffusion mechanisms for the encouragement of direct and indirect user-to-user interaction. These were a way to spread the costs of user support when the firm standardised how it interacted with users. Some follower-users were able to benefit from lead-users who became lead teachers; other follower-users became non-users of the product. This paper illustrates three main roles for the firm in developing a user network: creating lead-users, organising directed applications development and facilitating user-to-user interaction.
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| 24. |
- Hasselberg, Ylva, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusion : On the Verge of Breakdown
- 2013
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Ingår i: Transformations i Research, Higher Education and the Academic Market. - Dordrecht : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 9789400752498
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Arterfakters ekonomiska konsekvenser
- 2004
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Ingår i: Artefakter: Industrin, vetenskapen och de tekniska nätverken. - : Gidlunds, Hedemora. - 9178446503
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 27. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Business in Networks
- 2009
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Den fullkomliga marknadens ofullkomlighet
- 2008. - 1
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Ingår i: Marknadsorientering. - Malmö : Liber. - 9789147088928 ; , s. 18-31
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 32. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Developing a new understanding of markets: Reinterpreting the 4Ps
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of business & industrial marketing. - : Emerald. - 0885-8624 .- 2052-1189. ; 20:3, s. 110-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arising from systematic empirical observations' aims to fulfil the need to review and refine existing market models and tools.Design/methodology/approachThe article includes a critical analysis of existing marketing models, which mainly originate from the marketing mix (the 4Ps) model, which in turn has a clear micro economic “allocation of resources” background. Today, it is argued there are important changes in how markets work and what kind of marketing problems companies meet. Marketing is much more about dealing with dynamic issues where interaction is a key mechanism and where the value of resources are not given but can be developed. The basic marketing problem in many situations is consequently more about the development of resources than the allocation of them.FindingsThe 4Ps can still be a useful starting‐point in many analyses but then the model has to be reframed including how the 4Ps are conceptualized. In a first reinterpretation attempt, promotion (in terms of interaction) and place appear to be more essential for the creation of value, and product and price more an outcome of the same process.Originality/valueThe paper is a strong argument for an increased interest in developing new and alternative approaches to marketing where dynamic processes, including creation of resources and value, are focused.
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| 33. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Heaviness, space and journey - innovation opportunities and restrictions
- 2018
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Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - : EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD. - 2059-1403 .- 0809-7259. ; 12:2, s. 258-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to argue that if the authors want to understand the role of heaviness, space and journey in innovation, the authors have to start with the interaction itself, that is the exchange process taking place between economic actors. Three major aspects will be considered: the first is that heaviness, space and journey imply restrictions, the second is that these aspects can be positively utilised in innovation processes, and the third is their joint importance to contemporary policy. All innovation processes must bypass and build on existing investments in social and material resources, related across time and space.Design/methodology/approach: The theoretical foundation is a basic IMP observation: exchange has a content. Exchange is captured as an interaction process that creates specific imprints on material and social resources involved - across firm boundaries, and across time and space. The methodology is a consequence of the research question and the theoretical point of departure and is based on three earlier IMP studies, where heaviness has been measured in different ways. The authors utilize two earlier presented case studies to focus on the heaviness, space and journey dimensions.Findings: Three main aspects are discussed: the first aspect concerns the need for utilisation of others heaviness in order for the innovation to gain heaviness in itself. The second aspect concerns the consequences that the search for heaviness has for the creation of an innovation space. The third aspect concerns the innovation journey; the specific interaction patterns between significant actors as well as places hosting heavy using, producing and developing activities created through interactions over time.Research limitations/implications: In order to change or to establish a new economic exchange interface, there is an urgent need to be aware of and utilise heaviness, to find out in what way existing investments made in related interfaces can be taken advantage of. In order to do that, there is a need for a better understanding of the function of heaviness, spatial and journey aspects included.Practical implications: In contemporary policy, certain heaviness is recognised, however, only in a non-business developing setting. The first conclusion is that heaviness of established producing and using settings is a policy blind spot. This implies that analytical policy approaches are not equipped for recognitions or of estimations of heaviness, nor as a hindrance or as a possibility in producing and using settings. The second conclusion is that the policy definition of the role of place implies neglecting the innovation space. The third conclusion is that there is a need for policy to recognise the innovation journey and its consequences.Social implications: If the policy is expected to have regional effects, policy analysis has to start out from the established heaviness of the region and consider how it can be taken advantage of.Originality/value: The paper draws attention to an aspect neglected in policy attempts to boost innovation, that the mobilising support has to come from actors representing heavy producing and using networks - and that these already have space and journey characteristics. A peripheral actor can come up with a suggestion for change - but it cannot alone mobilise the resources necessary for an innovation to get a space and journey in relation to established resource constellations.
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| 34. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction: the only mean to create use
- 2007
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Ingår i: Knowledge and Innovation in Business and Industry. - London : Routledge. - 9780415425292 - 0415425298 ; , s. 147-167
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 35. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction : Rethinking marketing
- 2004. - 1
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Ingår i: Rethinking Marketing. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780470021477 - 9780470021484 ; , s. 1-13
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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“Methodomania”? On the methodological and theoretical challenges of IMP business research“
- 2016
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Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2059-1403 .- 0809-7259. ; 10:3, s. 443-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - Behind the simple connotation "business exchange" a complex empirical phenomenon can be observed, including using, producing and developing activities, taking place in different contexts, influenced by ideas stemming from both practice and mainstream economic thinking. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the methodological challenges of research on business exchange in general and of IMP research in particular. Furthermore, to discuss how the authors can avoid the contemporary "methodomania" trend, where the researchers' focus is directed toward accounting for which rules were followed. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on a methodological distinction made by Peter Galison (1997) in his investigation of the interdependence among research approach, methodology, and research object in microphysics. Studies based on: "image," allows data in its original form, and "logic," requires the translation of original data and therefore relies "fundamentally on statistical demonstrations." This distinction is utilized to investigate what is specific with business exchange as a research object, and how IMP researchers have dealt with the methodological challenges it presents. Furthermore, the paper considers these different methodological approaches in relation to theory and understanding of the research object. Findings - The main conclusion is the huge importance the image-based methodology has had for the development of the IMP network approach. From the very start the IMP project has been focused on the production of a large set of, in Galison's terminology, "hard facts" about the existence, substance and importance of interaction and the relationships it is creating. This image-based methodology has been utilized in the development of a set of imaging instruments, each with an ability to picture the content and consequences of business exchange. Research limitations/implications - Two methodological challenges which are specific for business research are identified. One is that "images" in terms of personal accounts on the organizing of production and use of economic resources are marbled with ideas, stemming from a mix of theories, textbooks and practice on how to do this. The second is that established theories create a "logic" in terms of the combination of "assumptions" and established " accounting principles" that produce a number of outputs interpreted as primary data and objective accounts of the characteristics of the production and use of economic resources. Practical implications - IMP's image-based methodology and the development of specific imaging instruments can increase the exactness in the pictures of the content and consequences of business interaction, and also, catch the range of its substance. Considering this circumstance could be a way to avoid " methodomania" and to breed awareness of the relationship among research object, methodology, and research approach. Social implications - IMP's image-based methodology can increase the awareness that the logic-based model of business exchange has been ascribed an advisory role in terms of how companies should act in order to survive and prosper: as sellers and buyers in relation to each other, and also in relation to others. Originality/value - First, the paper underlines that image-based methodologies can be used to produce "hard facts" about the existence, substance, and importance of business interaction. Second, the paper shows how the methodology of mainstream economics tends to be "the elephant in the room," both in approaches resting on "image" and "logic." It addresses the importance of making the elephant visible and investigates what is happening in its shadow.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Place as a resource in business networks
- 2006
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Ingår i: Taking place. - Sagamore Beach, Mass. : Science History Publications Ltd.. - 0881352527 ; , s. 223-246
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 41. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Recycled Fibre Turning Green
- 1997
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Ingår i: Gemünden, H.G., Relationships and Networks in Industrial Markets. - : Elsevier, London.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 42. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Reinterpreting the four Ps
- 2004. - 1
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Ingår i: Rethinking Marketing. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780470021477 - 9780470021484 ; , s. 249-261
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Håkansson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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The Greatness of Being Small
- 1999
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Ingår i: New Technology Based Firms. - : Elsevier, London.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Ingemansson, Malena
(författare)
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Success as Science but Burden for Business? : On the difficult relationship between scientific advancement and innovation
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Today, a general policy and investment recipe for economic growth and innovation, on both a national and an international level, is to base commercial ventures on novel scientific solutions. From this perspective, scientific research is seen as an untapped source of innovation, and the ambition is to make new scientific knowledge more easily transferable to business settings, where it is supposed to generate direct economic benefits. Since the instigation of the Human Genome Organisation Project in 1990, which set out to map the entire genetic composition of the average human being, great expectations have been put on biotechnology, and it has been viewed as the new gold mine for both scientific and business advancement. Through research it is expected to deliver new scientific knowledge primarily about previously untreatable illnesses and, as an industry, it is expected to produce new technical solutions realising this knowledge. This expectation has directed large amounts of investment capital to biotechnology in the pursuit of capitalising on new scientific discoveries through their commercialisation. This investigation is an empirically based process study of one such innovation process. With a network approach, focusing particularly on resource combinations, this study aims to create a better understanding of what is involved in trying to achieve innovation based on new scientific solutions. The specific case of the commercialisation of pyrosequencing, a new method for the analysis of genetic material, demonstrates the difficulty of making a scientific breakthrough into a useful business resource. The innovation process is investigated from several perspectives. By looking at the development of something new, at its large-scale production, and widespread use, this study shows how these aspects represent vastly different economic logics. It also demonstrates how great a challenge it can be for these to function together in the attempt of achieving successful innovation.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Karlsohn, Thomas, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Ta inte ifrån oss makten över tanken
- 2019
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Ingår i: Upsala. - Uppsala. - 1104-0173. ; :15 okt
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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