| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Wang, Bochao, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of particle chain-magnetic field spatial location, frequency, dynamic strain amplitude and the prestrain on the mechanical performance of anisotropic magneto-rheological elastomer
- 2021
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Ingår i: Polymer testing. - : Elsevier BV. - 0142-9418 .- 1873-2348. ; 104, s. 107411-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although there are literatures to characterize the properties of anisotropic magneto-rheological elastomer (MRE), more attention is paid when the particle chain is parallel to the applied magnetic field. However, in prospective of modeling and application design, mechanical characterization of anisotropic MRE under other particle chain-magnetic field spatial locations is needed. Herein, mechanical properties of anisotropic MRE with four kinds of particle chain-magnetic field spatial locations under varies frequencies, strain amplitudes and prestrains are tested. It shows that even the particle chain is perpendicular to the magnetic field, there exists an obvious MR effect. Besides the attraction of adjacent magnetized particles, the Maxwell stress tensor also contribute to the MR effect. Furthermore, an obvious strain amplitude dependent viscoelastic behavior is exhibited for anisotropic MRE. Moreover, the MR effect and the loss factor decrease as the increase of prestrain. The investigation contributes to the designing, modeling and applications of anisotropic MRE.
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| 3. |
- Wang, Bochao, et al.
(författare)
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Magneto-Sensitive Rubber in a Vehicle Application Context - Exploring the Potential
- 2021
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Ingår i: FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-8016. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The application of magneto-sensitive (MS) rubber in a vehicle vibration control area is likely to be expected. This conclusion is based on the following two reasons: the maturity of fabrication of MS rubber which meets the application requirement and the feasibility of the constitutive model of MS rubber that accurately reflects its mechanical performance. Compared with the traditional rubber, small ferromagnetic particles are embedded in the elastomer of MS rubber, leading to a change of mechanical properties when an external magnetic field is applied. Therefore, devices with MS rubber, can be viewed as a semi-active actuator. In this study, MS rubber with a relative high increase in the magneto-induced modulus is fabricated and characterized. Furthermore, a one-dimensional constitutive model to depict the magnetic field-, frequency-, and strain amplitude-dependent dynamic modulus of MS rubber is applied. Finally, simulations of a MS rubber semi-active suspension under a bump and a random ground excitation with different control strategies on a quarter vehicle model are conducted to illustrate the feasibility of the MS rubber in the vehicle vibration control application context.
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| 4. |
- Wang, Bochao, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling the dynamic magnetic actuation of isotropic soft magnetorheological elastomers
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-7403 .- 1879-2162. ; 266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soft magnetorheological elastomers (s-MRE) are a kind of smart material with soft magnetic particles embedded in an elastomer matrix. Under a magnetic field, there is pronounced magnetostriction and magnetically controllable mechanical properties for s-MRE, offering broad application prospects in soft robotics, surface pattern control and vibration control. While most existing literature on s-MRE focuses on the quasi-static behaviour, neglecting inertia effect, the dynamic behaviour and potential nonlinear oscillation phenomenon in certain scenarios of s-MRE-based actuators remain underexplored. In order to addressing this gap, a novel dynamic model which incorporates the magnetization, nonlinear viscoelasticity and inertia effects of isotropic s-MRE is proposed to explore the interplay among magnetic field, inertia and viscoelasticity on its dynamic behaviour. After developing the corresponding two-dimensional finite element implementation platform, this study examines the magnetic-induced dynamic behaviour of an isotropic s-MRE-based bilayer beam through numerical simulation. The influence of inertia and viscoelasticity on the magnetic-induced deformation as well as the unique nonlinear vibration characteristics of isotropic s-MRE-based system, such as superharmonic and resonance jump, are explored. Furthermore, to further enhance practical applications, novel magnetic field control algorithms aimed at mitigating harmonic distortion and tuning the vibration frequency of isotropic s-MRE-based magnetic actuation systems are introduced. These findings significantly advance the understanding the dynamic behaviour of s-MRE, paving the way for practical applications of s-MRE in magnetic field-driven loudspeakers and active noise control devices.
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| 5. |
- Wang, Bochao, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling the influence of magnetic fields to the viscoelastic behaviour of soft magnetorheological elastomers under finite strains
- 2023
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Ingår i: International journal of plasticity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0749-6419 .- 1879-2154. ; 164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isotropic soft magneto-rheological elastomers (s-MRE) are polymer-based composites where magnetically soft particles are randomly distributed in the elastomer matrix. Under a magnetic field, a strong modulus magnetic stiffening effect and a magnetostriction performance is exhibited for isotropic s-MRE, offering a wide application potential in vibration control, soft robotics and haptic displays. In the last decades, substantial theoretical work has focused on modelling the magnetostriction behaviour of isotropic s-MRE. Modelling the influence of magnetic fields to the viscoelastic behaviour of isotropic s-MRE has received less attention, despite the magnetic-dependent viscoelasticity is an essential component of the observed magneto-mechanical response and of great importance for the application of isotropic s-MRE. To predict the magneto-mechanical coupling behaviour accurately and provide guidance for the design of isotropic s-MRE-based applications, a multiplicatively-typed magneto-hyperelastic free energy and a new type of process-dependent viscosity evolution law is proposed in this work. Afterwards, the ability of the model to predict the modulus magnetic stiffening effect and magnetic-dependent nonlinear viscoelastic behaviour of isotropic s-MRE is examined. Finally, three sets of finite element case studies are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the model-based simulation and guide the design of isotropic s-MRE-related applications.
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| 6. |
- Zhang, B., et al.
(författare)
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Magnetic transformation of Mn from anti-ferromagnetism to ferromagnetism in FeCoNiZMnx (Z = Si, Al, Sn, Ge) high entropy alloys
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science & Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1005-0302. ; 68, s. 124-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We design high entropy alloys (HEAs) with different induction elements (Si/Al/Sn). In order to keep the crystal structure invariant and to investigate how the increment in saturation magnetization (Ms) is caused only by the change of electron spin state, each set of HEAs contains a different amount of Mn. Synergistic effects among induction elements that induce the magnetic transformation of Mn from anti-ferromagnetism to ferromagnetism are found. Ms of added Mn reduces when a particular induction element (Si0.4/Al0.4/Sn0.4) exists, while a larger increment of Ms appears when two induction elements coexist, Si0.4Al0.4 (25.79 emu/g) and Sn0.4Al0.4 (15.43 emu/g). This is reflected in the microcosmic magnetic structure for the emergence of closed domains due to large demagnetization energy, which is confirmed by the Lorentz transmission electron microscope (LTEM) data. The calculated magnetic moments and the exchange integral constants from density functional theory based on the Exact Muffin-Tin Orbits formalism reveal that the magnetic state and the strength of ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic coupling determine the variation of Ms in different chemical environments. The difference in energy levels of coexisting multiple induction elements also leads to a larger increment of Ms, Si0.4Al0.4Sn0.4 (29.78 emu/g), and Si0.4Al0.4Ge0.4Sn0.4 (31.00 emu/g).
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