| 1. |
- Cordeiro, Guaraci D., et al.
(författare)
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Nocturnal bees as crop pollinators
- 2021
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Ingår i: agronomy. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4395. ; 11:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bees are typically diurnal but around 1% of described species have nocturnal activity. Nocturnal bees are still poorly studied due to bias towards studying diurnal insects. However, knowledge concerning their biology and role as crop pollinators has increased. We review the literature on nocturnal bees’ traits and their host plants, and assess the crop pollination effectiveness of this neglected group. Nocturnal bees have visual adaptations to cope with low light intensities, and floral scents are a key sensory cue used to find their host flowers. Nocturnal bees generally show high flower constancy, the ability to vibrate flowers, and high transfer rates of pollen grains to stigmas. The flowers visited by nocturnal bees range from small radial and zygomorphic flowers to large brush blossoms; moreover, they visit plants with different flowering strategies. Nocturnal bees are effective pollinators of regional fruit crops in Brazil, such as cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), guaraná (Paullinia cupana), cajá (Spondias mombin), and in North America of cultivated pumpkins (Cucurbita species). However, they most likely are pollinators of several other crops. Strategies to host high numbers of nocturnal bees around cropping areas should be taken, such as preserving adjacent native forests, restricting soil management, providing food resources beyond crop flowers, and avoiding light pollution.
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| 2. |
- Dreyer, David, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for a southward autumn migration of nocturnal noctuid moths in central Europe
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Journal of experimental biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insect migrations are spectacular natural events and resemble a remarkable relocation of biomass between two locations in space. Unlike the well-known migrations of daytime flying butterflies, such as the painted lady (Vanessa cardui) or the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), much less widely known are the migrations of nocturnal moths. These migrations - typically involving billions of moths from different taxa - have recently attracted considerable scientific attention. Nocturnal moth migrations have traditionally been investigated by light trapping and by observations in the wild, but in recent times a considerable improvement in our understanding of this phenomenon has come from studying insect orientation behaviour, using vertical-looking radar. In order to establish a new model organism to study compass mechanisms in migratory moths, we tethered each of two species of central European Noctuid moths in a flight simulator to study their flight bearings: the red underwing (Catocala nupta) and the large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba). Both species had significantly oriented flight bearings under an unobscured view of the clear night sky and in the Earth's natural magnetic field. Red underwings oriented south-southeast, while large yellow underwings oriented southwest, both suggesting a southerly autumn migration towards the Mediterranean. Interestingly, large yellow underwings became disoriented on humid (foggy) nights while red underwings remained oriented. We found no evidence in either species for a time-independent sky compass mechanism as previously suggested for the large yellow underwing.
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| 3. |
- Franzke, Myriam, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial orientation based on multiple visual cues in non-migratory monarch butterflies
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Journal of experimental biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are prominent for their annual long-distance migration from North America to their overwintering area in Central Mexico. To find their way on this long journey, they use a sun compass as their main orientation reference but will also adjust their migratory direction with respect to mountain ranges. This indicates that the migratory butterflies also attend to the panorama to guide their travels. Although the compass has been studied in detail in migrating butterflies, little is known about the orientation abilities of non-migrating butterflies. Here, we investigated whether non-migrating butterflies - which stay in a more restricted area to feed and breed - also use a similar compass system to guide their flights. Performing behavioral experiments on tethered flying butterflies in an indoor LED flight simulator, we found that the monarchs fly along straight tracks with respect to a simulated sun. When a panoramic skyline was presented as the only orientation cue, the butterflies maintained their flight direction only during short sequences, suggesting that they potentially use it for flight stabilization. We further found that when we presented the two cues together, the butterflies incorporate both cues in their compass. Taken together, we show here that non-migrating monarch butterflies can combine multiple visual cues for robust orientation, an ability that may also aid them during their migration.
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| 4. |
- Moore, Bret A., et al.
(författare)
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A novel method for comparative analysis of retinal specialization traits from topographic maps
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Vision. - : Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). - 1534-7362. ; 12:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vertebrates possess different types of retinal specializations that vary in number, size, shape, and position in the retina. This diversity in retinal configuration has been revealed through topographic maps, which show variations in neuron density across the retina. Although topographic maps of about 300 vertebrates are available, there is no method for characterizing retinal traits quantitatively. Our goal is to present a novel method to standardize information on the position of the retinal specializations and changes in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density across the retina from published topographic maps. We measured the position of the retinal specialization using two Cartesian coordinates and the gradient in cell density by sampling ganglion cell density values along four axes (nasal, temporal, ventral, and dorsal). Using this information, along with the peak and lowest RGC densities, we conducted discriminant function analyses (DFAs) to establish if this method is sensitive to distinguish three common types of retinal specializations (fovea, area, and visual streak). The discrimination ability of the model was higher when considering terrestrial (78%-80% correct classification) and aquatic (77%-86% correct classification) species separately than together. Our method can be used in the future to test specific hypotheses on the differences in retinal morphology between retinal specializations and the association between retinal morphology and behavioral and ecological traits using comparative methods controlling for phylogenetic effects.
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| 5. |
- Baird, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Bearing selection in ball-rolling dung beetles: is it constant?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1351. ; 196, s. 801-806
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ball rolling in dung beetles is thought to have evolved as a means to escape intense inter- and intra-specific competition at the dung pile. Accordingly, dung beetles typically roll along a straight-line path away from the pile, this being the most effective escape strategy for transporting dung to a suitable burial site. In this study, we investigate how individual diurnal dung beetles, Scarabaeus (Kheper) nigroaeneus, select the compass bearing of their straight-line rolls. In particular, we examine whether roll bearings are constant with respect to geographic cues, celestial cues, or other environmental cues (such as wind direction). Our results reveal that the roll bearings taken by individual beetles are not constant with respect to geographic or celestial references. Environmental cues appear to have some influence over bearing selection, although the relationship is not strong. Furthermore, the variance in roll bearing that we observe is not affected by the presence or absence of other beetles. Thus, rather than being constant for individual beetles, bearing selection varies each time a beetle makes a ball and rolls it away from the dung pile. This strategy allows beetles to make an efficient escape from the dung pile while minimizing the chance of encountering competition.
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| 6. |
- Baird, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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The dung beetle dance: an orientation behaviour?
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An interesting feature of dung beetle behaviour is that once they have formed a piece of dung into a ball, they roll it along a straight path away from the dung pile. This straight-line orientation ensures that the beetles depart along the most direct route, guaranteeing that they will not return to the intense competition (from other beetles) that occurs near the dung pile. Before rolling a new ball away from the dung pile, dung beetles perform a characteristic "dance," in which they climb on top of the ball and rotate about their vertical axis. This dance behaviour can also be observed during the beetles' straight-line departure from the dung pile. The aim of the present study is to investigate the purpose of the dung beetle dance. To do this, we explored the circumstances that elicit dance behaviour in the diurnal ball-rolling dung beetle, Scarabaeus (Kheper) nigroaeneus. Our results reveal that dances are elicited when the beetles lose control of their ball or lose contact with it altogether. We also find that dances can be elicited by both active and passive deviations of course and by changes in visual cues alone. In light of these results, we hypothesise that the dung beetle dance is a visually mediated mechanism that facilitates straight-line orientation in ball-rolling dung beetles by allowing them to 1) establish a roll bearing and 2) return to this chosen bearing after experiencing a disturbance to the roll path.
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| 7. |
- Beetz, M. Jerome, et al.
(författare)
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Flight-induced compass representation in the monarch butterfly heading network
- 2022
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822. ; 32:2, s. 5-349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For navigation, animals use a robust internal compass. Compass navigation is crucial for long-distance migrating animals like monarch butterflies, which use the sun to navigate over 4,000 km to their overwintering sites every fall. Sun-compass neurons of the central complex have only been recorded in immobile butterflies, and experimental evidence for encoding the animal's heading in these neurons is still missing. Although the activity of central-complex neurons exhibits a locomotor-dependent modulation in many insects, the function of such modulations remains unexplored. Here, we developed tetrode recordings from tethered flying monarch butterflies to reveal how flight modulates heading representation. We found that, during flight, heading-direction neurons change their tuning, transforming the central-complex network to function as a global compass. This compass is characterized by the dominance of processing steering feedback and allows for robust heading representation even under unreliable visual scenarios, an ideal strategy for maintaining a migratory heading over enormous distances.
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| 8. |
- Caves, Eleanor M., et al.
(författare)
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Measures and models of visual acuity in epipelagic and mesopelagic teleosts and elasmobranchs
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. - 0340-7594. ; 209:5, s. 807-826
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eyes in low-light environments typically must balance sensitivity and spatial resolution. Vertebrate eyes with large "pixels" (e.g., retinal ganglion cells with inputs from many photoreceptors) will be sensitive but provide coarse vision. Small pixels can render finer detail, but each pixel will gather less light, and thus have poor signal relative-to-noise, leading to lower contrast sensitivity. This balance is particularly critical in oceanic species at mesopelagic depths (200–1000 m) because they experience low light and live in a medium that significantly attenuates contrast. Depending on the spatial frequency and inherent contrast of a pattern being viewed, the viewer’s pupil size and temporal resolution, and the ambient light level and water clarity, a visual acuity exists that maximizes the distance at which the pattern can be discerned. We develop a model that predicts this acuity for common conditions in the open ocean, and compare it to visual acuity in marine teleost fishes and elasmobranchs found at various depths in productive and oligotrophic waters. Visual acuity in epipelagic and upper mesopelagic species aligned well with model predictions, but species at lower mesopelagic depths (> 600 m) had far higher measured acuities than predicted. This is consistent with the prediction that animals found at lower mesopelagic depths operate in a visual world consisting primarily of bioluminescent point sources, where high visual acuity helps localize targets of this kind. Overall, the results suggest that visual acuity in oceanic fish and elasmobranchs is under depth-dependent selection for detecting either extended patterns or point sources.
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| 9. |
- Cechetto, Clément, et al.
(författare)
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Retinal Ganglion Cell Topography and Spatial Resolving Power in Echolocating and Non-Echolocating Bats
- 2020
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Ingår i: Brain, Behavior and Evolution. - : S. Karger AG. - 0006-8977 .- 1421-9743. ; 95:2, s. 58-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bats are nocturnal mammals known for their ability to echolocate, yet all bats can see, and most bats of the family Pteropodidae (fruit bats) do not echolocate-instead they rely mainly on vision and olfaction to forage. We investigated whether echolocating bats, given their limited reliance on vision, have poorer spatial resolving power (SRP) than pteropodids and whether tongue click echolocating fruit bats differ from non-echolocating fruit bats in terms of visual performance. We compared the number and distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as well as the maximum anatomical SRP derived from these distributions in 4 species of bats: Myotis daubentonii, a laryngeal echolocating bat from the family Vespertilionidae, Rousettus aegyptiacus, a tongue clicking echolocating bat from the family Pteropodidae, and Pteropus alecto and P. poliocephalus, 2 non-echolocating bats (also from the Pteropodidae). We find that all 3 pteropodids have a similar number (≈200,000 cells) and distribution of RGCs and a similar maximum SRP (≈4 cycles/degree). M. daubentonii has fewer (∼6,000 cells) and sparser RGCs than the pteropodids and thus a significantly lower SRP (0.6 cycles/degree). M. daubentonii also differs in terms of the distribution of RGCs by having a unique dorsal area of specialization in the retina. Our findings are consistent with the existing literature and suggest that M. daubentonii likely only uses vision for orientation, while for pteropodids vision is also important for foraging.
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| 10. |
- Céchetto, Clément, et al.
(författare)
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Visual detection threshold in the echolocating Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 0022-0949 .- 1477-9145. ; 226:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All bats possess eyes that are of adaptive value. Echolocating bats have retinae dominated by rod photoreceptors and use dim light vision for navigation, and in rare cases for hunting. However, the visual detection threshold of insectivorous echolocating bats remains unknown. Here, we determined this threshold for the vespertilionid bat Myotis daubentonii. We show that for a green luminous target, M. daubentonii has a visual luminance threshold of 3.2(±0.9)×10−4 cd m−2, an intensity corresponding to the luminance of an open cloudless terrestrial habitat on a starlit night. Our results show that echolocating bats have good visual sensitivity, allowing them to see during their active periods. Together with previous results showing that M. daubentonii has poor visual acuity (∼0.6 cycles deg−1), this suggests that echolocating bats do not use vision to hunt but rather to orient themselves.
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| 11. |
- Chen, Hui, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive migratory orientation of an invasive pest on a new continent
- 2023
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Ingår i: iScience. - 2589-0042. ; 26:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many species of insects undertake long-range, seasonally reversed migrations, displaying sophisticated orientation behaviors to optimize their migratory trajectories. However, when invasive insects arrive in new biogeographical regions, it is unclear if migrants retain (or how quickly they regain) ancestral migratory traits, such as seasonally preferred flight headings. Here we present behavioral evidence that an invasive migratory pest, the fall armyworm moth (Spodoptera frugiperda), a native of the Americas, exhibited locally adaptive migratory orientation less than three years after arriving on a new continent. Specimens collected from China showed flight orientations directed north-northwest in spring and southwest in autumn, and this would promote seasonal forward and return migrations in East Asia. We also show that the driver of the seasonal switch in orientation direction is photoperiod. Our results thus provide a clear example of an invasive insect that has rapidly exhibited adaptive migratory behaviors, either inherited or newly evolved, in a completely alien environment.
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| 12. |
- Dacke, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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How dim is dim? Precision of the celestial compass in moonlight and sunlight.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 1471-2970 .- 0962-8436. ; 366:1565, s. 697-702
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prominent in the sky, but not visible to humans, is a pattern of polarized skylight formed around both the Sun and the Moon. Dung beetles are, at present, the only animal group known to use the much dimmer polarization pattern formed around the Moon as a compass cue for maintaining travel direction. However, the Moon is not visible every night and the intensity of the celestial polarization pattern gradually declines as the Moon wanes. Therefore, for nocturnal orientation on all moonlit nights, the absolute sensitivity of the dung beetle's polarization detector may limit the precision of this behaviour. To test this, we studied the straight-line foraging behaviour of the nocturnal ball-rolling dung beetle Scarabaeus satyrus to establish when the Moon is too dim-and the polarization pattern too weak-to provide a reliable cue for orientation. Our results show that celestial orientation is as accurate during crescent Moon as it is during full Moon. Moreover, this orientation accuracy is equal to that measured for diurnal species that orient under the 100 million times brighter polarization pattern formed around the Sun. This indicates that, in nocturnal species, the sensitivity of the optical polarization compass can be greatly increased without any loss of precision.
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| 13. |
- Dacke, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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How Dung Beetles Steer Straight
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Entomology. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4170 .- 1545-4487. ; 66, s. 243-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distant and predictable features in the environment make ideal compass cues to allow movement along a straight path. Ball-rolling dung beetles use a wide range of different signals in the day or night sky to steer themselves along a fixed bearing. These include the sun, the Milky Way, and the polarization pattern generated by the moon. Almost two decades of research into these remarkable creatures have shown that the dung beetle's compass is flexible and readily adapts to the cues available in its current surroundings. In the morning and afternoon, dung beetles use the sun to orient, but at midday, they prefer to use the wind, and at night or in a forest, they rely primarily on polarized skylight to maintain straight paths. We are just starting to understand the neuronal substrate underlying the dung beetle's compass and the mystery of why these beetles start each journey with a dance.
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| 14. |
- el Jundi, Basil, et al.
(författare)
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Neural coding underlying the cue preference for celestial orientation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 112:36, s. 11395-11400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diurnal and nocturnal African dung beetles use celestial cues, such as the sun, the moon, and the polarization pattern, to roll dung balls along straight paths across the savanna. Although nocturnal beetles move in the same manner through the same environment as their diurnal relatives, they do so when light conditions are at least 1 million-fold dimmer. Here, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, that the celestial cue preference differs between nocturnal and diurnal beetles in a manner that reflects their contrasting visual ecologies. We also demonstrate how these cue preferences are reflected in the activity of compass neurons in the brain. At night, polarized skylight is the dominant orientation cue for nocturnal beetles. However, if we coerce them to roll during the day, they instead use a celestial body (the sun) as their primary orientation cue. Diurnal beetles, however, persist in using a celestial body for their compass, day or night. Compass neurons in the central complex of diurnal beetles are tuned only to the sun, whereas the same neurons in the nocturnal species switch exclusively to polarized light at lunar light intensities. Thus, these neurons encode the preferences for particular celestial cues and alter their weighting according to ambient light conditions. This flexible encoding of celestial cue preferences relative to the prevailing visual scenery provides a simple, yet effective, mechanism for enabling visual orientation at any light intensity.
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| 15. |
- el Jundi, Basil, et al.
(författare)
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Neuroarchitecture of the dung beetle central complex
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0021-9967. ; 526:16, s. 2612-2630
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite their tiny brains, insects show impressive abilities when navigating over short distances during path integration or during migration over thousands of kilometers across entire continents. Celestial compass cues often play an important role as references during navigation. In contrast to many other insects, South African dung beetles rely exclusively on celestial cues for visual reference during orientation. After finding a dung pile, these animals cut off a piece of dung from the pat, shape it into a ball and roll it away along a straight path until a suitable place for underground consumption is found. To maintain a constant bearing, a brain region in the beetle's brain, called the central complex, is crucially involved in the processing of skylight cues, similar to what has already been shown for path-integrating and migrating insects. In this study, we characterized the neuroanatomy of the sky-compass network and the central complex in the dung beetle brain in detail. Using tracer injections, combined with imaging and 3D modeling, we describe the anatomy of the possible sky-compass network in the central brain. We used a quantitative approach to study the central-complex network and found that several types of neuron exhibit a highly organized connectivity pattern. The architecture of the sky-compass network and central complex is similar to that described in insects that perform path integration or are migratory. This suggests that, despite their different orientation behaviors, this neural circuitry for compass orientation is highly conserved among the insects.
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| 16. |
- Horodysky, Andrij Z., et al.
(författare)
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Comparative visual function in five sciaenid fishes inhabiting Chesapeake Bay
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 211:22, s. 3601-3612
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maintaining optimal visual performance is a difficult task in the photodynamic coastal and estuarine waters in which western North Atlantic sciaenid fishes support substantial commercial and recreational fisheries. Unavoidable tradeoffs exist between visual sensitivity and resolution, yet sciaenid visual systems have not been characterized despite strong species-specific ecomorphological and microhabitat differentiation. We therefore used electroretinographic techniques to describe the light sensitivities, temporal properties, and spectral characteristics of the visual systems of five sciaenids common to Chesapeake Bay, USA: weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus). Benthic sciaenids exhibited higher sensitivities and broader dynamic ranges in white light V/logI experiments than more pelagic forms. Sensitivities of the former were at the lower (more sensitive) end of an emerging continuum for coastal fishes. Flicker fusion frequency experiments revealed significant interspecific differences at maximum intensities that correlated with lifestyle and habitat, but no specific differences at dimmer intensities. Spectral responses of most sciaenids spanned 400-610 nm, with significant diel differences in weakfish and Atlantic croaker. Weakfish, a crepuscular predator, also responded to ultraviolet wavelengths; this characteristic may be more useful under less turbid conditions. Collectively, these results suggest that sciaenids are well adapted to the dynamic photoclimate of the coastal and estuarine waters they inhabit. However, the recent anthropogenic degradation of water quality in coastal environments, at a pace faster than the evolution of visual systems, has amplified the importance of characterizing visual function in managed aquatic fauna.
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| 17. |
- Horodysky, Andrij Z., et al.
(författare)
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Comparative visual function in four piscivorous fishes inhabiting Chesapeake Bay
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 213:10, s. 1751-1761
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maintaining optimal visual performance is a difficult task in photodynamic coastal and estuarine waters because of the unavoidable tradeoffs between luminous sensitivity and spatial and temporal resolution, yet the visual systems of coastal piscivores remain understudied despite differences in their ecomorphology and microhabitat use. We therefore used electroretinographic techniques to describe the light sensitivities, temporal properties and spectral sensitivities of the visual systems of four piscivorous fishes common to coastal and estuarine waters of the western North Atlantic: striped bass (Morone saxatilis), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Benthic summer flounder exhibited higher luminous sensitivity and broader dynamic range than the three pelagic foragers. The former were at the more sensitive end of an emerging continuum for coastal fishes. By contrast, pelagic species were comparatively less sensitive, but showed larger day-night differences, consistent with their use of diel light-variant photic habitats. Flicker fusion frequency experiments revealed significant interspecific differences at maximum intensities that correlated with lifestyle and habitat. Spectral responses of most species spanned 400-610nm, with significant day-night differences in striped bass and bluefish. Anadromous striped bass additionally responded to longer wavelengths, similar to many freshwater fishes. Collectively, these results suggest that pelagic piscivores are well adapted to bright photoclimates, which may be at odds with the modern state of eutrified coastal and estuarine waters that they utilize. Recent anthropogenic degradation of water quality in coastal environments, at a pace faster than the evolution of visual systems, may impede visually foraging piscivores, change selected prey, and eventually restructure ecosystems.
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| 18. |
- Johnsen, Sönke, et al.
(författare)
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Animal navigation: A noisy magnetic compass?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 223:18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diverse organisms use Earth’s magnetic field as a cue inorientation and navigation. Nevertheless, eliciting magneticorientation responses reliably, either in laboratory or naturalsettings, is often difficult. Many species appear to preferentiallyexploit non-magnetic cues if they are available, suggesting that themagnetic sense often serves as a redundant or ‘backup’ source ofinformation. This raises an interesting paradox: Earth’s magnetic fieldappears to be more pervasive and reliable than almost any othernavigational cue. Why then do animals not rely almost exclusively onthe geomagnetic field, while ignoring or downplaying other cues?Here, we explore a possible explanation: that the magnetic sense ofanimals is ‘noisy’, in that the magnetic signal is small relative tothermal and receptor noise. Magnetic receptors are thus unable toinstantaneously acquire magnetic information that is highly precise oraccurate. We speculate that extensive time-averaging and/or otherhigher-order neural processing of magnetic information is required,rendering the magnetic sense inefficient relative to alternative cuesthat can be detected faster and with less effort. This interpretation isconsistent with experimental results suggesting a long time course formagnetic compass and map responses in some animals. Despitepossible limitations, magnetoreception may be maintained by naturalselection because the geomagnetic field is sometimes the onlysource of directional and/or positional information available.
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| 19. |
- Johnsen, S, et al.
(författare)
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Crepuscular and nocturnal illumination and its effects on color perception by the nocturnal hawkmoth Deilephila elpenor
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 209:5, s. 789-800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies have shown that certain nocturnal insect and vertebrate species have true color vision under nocturnal illumination. Thus, their vision is potentially affected by changes in the spectral quality of twilight and nocturnal illumination, due to the presence or absence of the moon, artificial light pollution and other factors. We investigated this in the following manner. First we measured the spectral irradiance (from 300 to 700 nm) during the day, sunset, twilight, full moon, new moon, and in the presence of high levels of light pollution. The spectra were then converted to both human-based chromaticities and to relative quantum catches for the nocturnal hawkmoth Dedephila elpenor, which has color vision. The reflectance spectra of various flowers and leaves and the red hindwings of D. elpenor were also converted to chromaticities and relative quantum catches. Finally, the achromatic and chromatic contrasts (with and without von Kries color constancy) of the flowers and hindwings against a leaf background were determined under the various lighting environments. The twilight and nocturnal illuminants; were substantially different from each other, resulting in significantly different contrasts. The addition of von Kries color constancy significantly reduced the effect of changing illuminants; on chromatic contrast, suggesting that, even in this light-limited environment, the ability of color vision to provide reliable signals under changing illuminants; may offset the concurrent threefold decrease in sensitivity and spatial resolution. Given this, color vision may be more common in crepuscular and nocturnal species than previously considered.
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| 20. |
- O'Carroll, David C., et al.
(författare)
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Computational models for spatiotemporal filtering strategies in insect motion vision at low light levels
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2011 7th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP 2011. - 9781457706738 ; , s. 119-124
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore a promising new approach to understanding the neural filter mechanisms intermediate in motion processing at low luminance. We carefully account for the known filter properties of early stages of visual processing in a nocturnal moth, and then measured spatiotemporal tuning of higher order neurons. We then use a computational model to identify likely strategies used to reject noisy signals at higher-order stages of motion detection. In so doing, we provide the first description of the spatial and temporal pooling filters in motion vision of nocturnal insects.
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| 21. |
- O'Carroll, David, et al.
(författare)
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Vision in dim light : Highlights and challenges
- 2017
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 372:1717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 22. |
- Rigosi, Elisa, et al.
(författare)
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A new, fluorescence-based method for visualizing the pseudopupil and assessing optical acuity in the dark compound eyes of honeybees and other insects
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent interest in applying novel imaging techniques to infer optical resolution in compound eyes underscores the difficulty of obtaining direct measures of acuity. A widely used technique exploits the principal pseudopupil, a dark spot on the eye surface representing the ommatidial gaze direction and the number of detector units (ommatidia) viewing that gaze direction. However, dark-pigmented eyes, like those of honeybees, lack a visible pseudopupil. Attempts over almost a century to estimate optical acuity in this species are still debated. Here, we developed a method to visualize a stable, reliable pseudopupil by staining the photoreceptors with fluorescent dyes. We validated this method in several species and found it to outperform the dark pseudopupil for this purpose, even in pale eyes, allowing more precise location of the gaze centre. We then applied this method to estimate the sampling resolution in the frontal part of the eye of the honeybee forager. We found a broad frontal acute zone with interommatidial angles below 2° and a minimum interommatidial angle of 1.3°, a broader, sharper frontal acute zone than previously reported. Our study provides a new method to directly measure the sampling resolution in most compound eyes of living animals.
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| 23. |
- Somanathan, Hema, et al.
(författare)
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Visual adaptations for mate detection in the male carpenter bee Xylocopa tenuiscapa
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sexual dimorphism in eye structure is attributed to sexual selection in animals that employ vision for locating mates. In many male insects, large eyes and eye regions of higher acuity are believed to facilitate the location of females. Here, we compare various features of male and female eyes in three sympatric carpenter bee species, which include two diurnal species (Xylocopa tenuiscapa and X. leucothorax) as well as a nocturnal species (X. tranque-barica). In X. tenuiscapa, males have larger eyes than females, while in the nocturnal X. tranquebarica, males have slightly smaller eyes and in X. leucothorax, the eyes are of similar size in both sexes. X. tenuiscapa males detect females by perching near nest sites (resource defence) or along fly-ways and other open areas with good visibility. Males of the other two species search for females by patrolling. We postulate that the larger eyes of male X. tenuiscapa are beneficial to their mode of mate detection since perching males may benefit from a larger visual area of high resolution detecting moving stimuli across the sky, and which may be germane to the more social and gregarious nesting behaviour of this species, compared to the other solitary bees. We tested the performance of the eyes of male X. tenuiscapa behaviourally and find that a perching male can detect a flying female at a distance of 20 m, which darkens the visual field of a single ommatidium by just 2%. This, together with the bee's high spatial resolution permits detection of moving stimuli at least as well or even better than achieved by honey bee drones.
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| 24. |
- Thiagavel, Jeneni, et al.
(författare)
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Auditory opportunity and visual constraint enabled the evolution of echolocation in bats
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substantial evidence now supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of bats was nocturnal and capable of both powered flight and laryngeal echolocation. This scenario entails a parallel sensory and biomechanical transition from a nonvolant, vision-reliant mammal to one capable of sonar and flight. Here we consider anatomical constraints and opportunities that led to a sonar rather than vision-based solution. We show that bats' common ancestor had eyes too small to allow for successful aerial hawking of flying insects at night, but an auditory brain design sufficient to afford echolocation. Further, we find that among extant predatory bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), those with putatively less sophisticated biosonar have relatively larger eyes than do more sophisticated echolocators. We contend that signs of ancient trade-offs between vision and echolocation persist today, and that non-echolocating, phytophagous pteropodid bats may retain some of the necessary foundations for biosonar.
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| 25. |
- Tierney, Simon M., et al.
(författare)
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Consequences of evolutionary transitions in changing photic environments
- 2017
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Ingår i: Austral Entomology. - : Wiley. - 2052-174X. ; 56:1, s. 23-46
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Light represents one of the most reliable environmental cues in the biological world. In this review we focus on the evolutionary consequences to changes in organismal photic environments, with a specific focus on the class Insecta. Particular emphasis is placed on transitional forms that can be used to track the evolution from (1) diurnal to nocturnal (dim-light) or (2) surface to subterranean (aphotic) environments, as well as (3) the ecological encroachment of anthropomorphic light on nocturnal habitats (artificial light at night). We explore the influence of the light environment in an integrated manner, highlighting the connections between phenotypic adaptations (behaviour, morphology, neurology and endocrinology), molecular genetics and their combined influence on organismal fitness. We begin by outlining the current knowledge of insect photic niches and the organismal adaptations and molecular modifications that have evolved for life in those environments. We then outline concepts and guidelines for future research in the fields of natural history, ethology, neurology, morphology and particularly the advantages that high throughput sequencing provides to these aspects of investigation. Finally, we highlight that the power of such integrative science lies in its ability to make phylogenetically robust comparative assessments of evolution, ones that are grounded by empirical evidence derived from a concrete understanding of organismal natural history.
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| 26. |
- Vijayan, Sajesh, et al.
(författare)
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Defensive shimmering responses in Apis dorsata are triggered by dark stimuli moving against a bright background
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of experimental biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 225:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Giant honeybees, including the open-nesting Asian giant honeybee Apis dorsata, display a spectacular collective defence behaviour - known as 'shimmering' - against predators, which is characterised by travelling waves generated by individual bees flipping their abdomens in a coordinated and sequential manner across the bee curtain. We examined whether shimmering is visually mediated by presenting moving stimuli of varying sizes and contrasts to the background (dark or light) in bright and dim ambient light conditions. Shimmering was strongest under bright ambient light, and its strength declined under dim light in this facultatively nocturnal bee. Apis dorsata shimmered only when presented with the darkest stimulus against a light background, but not when this condition was reversed (light stimulus against dark background). This response did not attenuate with repeated exposure to the stimuli, suggesting that shimmering behaviour does not undergo habituation. We suggest that this is an effective anti-predator strategy in open-nesting A. dorsata colonies which are exposed to high ambient light, as flying predators are more easily detected when they appear as dark moving objects against a bright sky. Moreover, the stimulus detection threshold (smallest visual angular size) is much smaller in this anti-predatory context (1.6-3.4 deg) than in the context of foraging (5.7 deg), indicating that ecological context affects the visual detection threshold.
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| 27. |
- Vijayan, Sajesh, et al.
(författare)
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Dim-light colour vision in the facultatively nocturnal Asian giant honeybee, Apis dorsata
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - 0962-8452. ; 290:2004
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We discovered nocturnal colour vision in the Asian giant honeybee Apis dorsata - a facultatively nocturnal species - at mesopic light intensities, down to half-moon light levels (approx. 10 -2 cd m -2). The visual threshold of nocturnality aligns with their reported nocturnal activity down to the same light levels. Nocturnal colour vision in A. dorsata is interesting because, despite being primarily diurnal, its colour vision capabilities extend into dim light, while the 'model' European honeybee Apis mellifera is reported to be colour-blind at twilight. By employing behavioural experiments with naturally nesting A. dorsata colonies, we show discrimination of the trained colour from other stimuli during the day, and significantly, even at night. Nocturnal colour vision in bees has so far only been reported in the obligately nocturnal carpenter bee Xylocopa tranquebarica. The discovery of colour vision in these two bee species, despite differences in the extent of their nocturnality and the limitations of their apposition compound eye optics, opens avenues for future studies on visual adaptations for dim-light colour vision, their role in pollination of flowers at night, and the effect of light pollution on nocturnal activity in A. dorsata, a ubiquitous pollinator in natural, agricultural and urban habitats in the Asian tropics and sub-tropics.
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| 28. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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A formative journal for a formative career : a personal recollection of how JCPA has inspired and guided my research life
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. - 0340-7594. ; 210:2, s. 203-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A fateful decision as a 15-year-old high school student, and good advice from a distinguished professor of zoology, were the catalysts that not only decided my entire career but also led me to the Journal of Comparative Physiology A, and to the myriad biological wonders that were held within its covers. In my celebration of JCPA, I look back on the formative years of my career in Australia, and the crucial role that the journal played in shaping my emerging research interests, and ultimately my entire life.
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| 29. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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Animal Signals : Dirty Dancing in the Dark?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822. ; 29:17, s. 834-836
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of highly visible body colours as signals during courtship is well known from animals active in brighter light. Now a sexually dimorphic colouration signal has been discovered in a nocturnal moth, suggesting that visual courtship rituals might even occur at night.
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| 30. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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Matched filtering and the ecology of vision in insects
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Ecology of Animal Senses: Matched Filters for Economical Sensing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319254906 - 9783319254920 ; , s. 143-168
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the words of Wehner (J Comp Physiol A 161:511–531, 1987) who first coined the term “matched filter” in the context of sensory systems, matched filters “severely limit the amount of information the brain can pick up from the outside world, but they free the brain from the need to perform more intricate computations to extract the information finally needed for fulfilling a particular task”. In other words, by matching the properties of neurons, circuits and sensory structures to the characteristics of the most crucial sensory stimuli that need to be detected, these stimuli can be rapidly and reliably extracted for further processing, thus drastically improving the efficiency of sensing. And by “severely limiting information picked up by the brain”, the energetic costs that would have been associated with coding superfluous information are effectively eliminated. Thus, “freeing the brain” not only frees it from the need to perform intricate computations, it also frees it from significant (and unnecessary) energetic costs. Not surprisingly, with their small eyes and brains and severely limited energy budgets, visual matched filtering is particularly well developed in small animals like insects. It is most obvious at the visual periphery, in the morphology and physiology of the compound eyes, but remarkable matched filters also occur at higher levels of visual processing. Using a number of case studies, I will show how visual matched filters have evolved for all aspects of insect life, including the detection and pursuit of mates and prey and for locomotion and navigation in the natural habitat.
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| 31. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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Sensory matched filters
- 2016
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822. ; 26:20, s. 976-980
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As animals move through their environments they are subjected to an endless barrage of sensory signals. Of these, some will be of utmost importance, such as the tell-tale aroma of a potential mate, the distinctive appearance of a vital food source or the unmistakable sound of an approaching predator. Others will be less important. Indeed some will not be important at all. There are, for instance, wide realms of the sensory world that remain entirely undetected, simply because an animal lacks the physiological capacity to detect and analyse the signals that characterise this realm. Take ourselves for example: we are completely insensitive to the Earth's magnetic field, a sensory cue of vital importance as a compass for steering the long distance migration of animals as varied as birds, lobsters and sea turtles. We are also totally oblivious to the rich palette of ultraviolet colours that exist all around us, colours seen by insects, crustaceans, birds, fish and lizards (in fact perhaps by most animals). Nor can we hear the ultrasonic sonar pulses emitted by bats in hot pursuit of flying insect prey. The simple reason for these apparent deficiencies is that we either lack the sensory capacity entirely (as in the case of magnetoreception) or that our existing senses are incapable of detecting specific ranges of the stimulus (such as the ultraviolet wavelength range of light).
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| 32. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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Superior visual performance in nocturnal insects : Neural principles and bio-inspired technologies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Bioinspiration, Biomimetics, and Bioreplication 2016. - : SPIE. - 9781510600386 ; 9797
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- At night, our visual capacities are severely reduced, with a complete loss in our ability to see colour and a dramatic loss in our ability to see fine spatial and temporal details. This is not the case for many nocturnal animals, notably insects. Our recent work, particularly on fast-flying moths and bees and on ball-rolling dung beetles, has shown that nocturnal animals are able to distinguish colours, to detect faint movements, to learn visual landmarks, to orient to the faint pattern of polarised light produced by the moon and to navigate using the stars. These impressive visual abilities are the result of exquisitely adapted eyes and visual systems, the product of millions of years of evolution. Nocturnal animals typically have highly sensitive eye designs and visual neural circuitry that is optimised for extracting reliable information from dim and noisy visual images. Even though we are only at the threshold of understanding the neural mechanisms responsible for reliable nocturnal vision, growing evidence suggests that the neural summation of photons in space and time is critically important: even though vision in dim light becomes necessarily coarser and slower, it also becomes significantly more reliable. We explored the benefits of spatiotemporal summation by creating a computer algorithm that mimicked nocturnal visual processing strategies. This algorithm dramatically increased the reliability of video collected in dim light, including the preservation of colour, strengthening evidence that summation strategies are essential for nocturnal vision.
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| 33. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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The Presidential Symposium at the International Congress of Neuroethology 2022 in Lisbon, Portugal
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. - 0340-7594. ; 209:5, s. 781-784
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this special issue of articles from leading neuroethologists—all of whom gave outstanding presentations within the Presidential Symposium of the 2022 International Congress of Neuroethology held in Lisbon, Portugal—we learn about the role of cryptochrome molecules in the magnetic sense of animals, how honeybees construct their honeycombs, why fish eyes are built the way they are in species from different depths, how archerfish intercept their newly downed prey with a swift muscular curving of the body (known as a C-start) and how birds process optic flow information to control flight. Each contribution showcases how nervous systems have evolved to control behaviour, the raison d’être of neuroethology.
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| 34. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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The remarkable visual capacities of nocturnal insects : Vision at the limits with small eyes and tiny brains
- 2017
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 372:1717
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nocturnal insects have evolved remarkable visual capacities, despite small eyes and tiny brains. They can see colour, control flight and land, react to faint movements in their environment, navigate using dim celestial cues and find their way home after a long and tortuous foraging trip using learned visual landmarks. These impressive visual abilities occur at light levels when only a trickle of photons are being absorbed by each photoreceptor, begging the question of how the visual system nonetheless generates the reliable signals needed to steer behaviour. In this review, I attempt to provide an answer to this question. Part of the answer lies in their compound eyes, which maximize light capture. Part lies in the slow responses and high gains of their photoreceptors, which improve the reliability of visual signals. And a very large part lies in the spatial and temporal summation of these signals in the optic lobe, a strategy that substantially enhances contrast sensitivity in dim light and allows nocturnal insects to see a brighter world, albeit a slower and coarser one. What is abundantly clear, however, is that during their evolution insects have overcome several serious potential visual limitations, endowing them with truly extraordinary night vision.
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| 35. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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Visual Optics : Remarkable Image-Forming Mirrors in Scallop Eyes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822. ; 28:6, s. 262-264
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- For over half a century, the multitudinous mirror eyes of the lowly scallop have continuously amazed us with their visual eccentricities. The latest surprise is the mirror itself, which turns out to be an extraordinary optical wonder. For over half a century, the multitudinous mirror eyes of the lowly scallop have continuously amazed us with their visual eccentricities. The latest surprise is the mirror itself, which turns out to be an extraordinary optical wonder.
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| 36. |
- Warrant, Eric J.
(författare)
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Visual Tracking : Hot Pursuit with Tiny Eyes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822. ; 27:6, s. 234-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flying insect predators intercept their aerial prey with deadly precision. New research reveals that a tiny robber fly, with a brain smaller than a pinhead, achieves this using the same visual mechanism that we ourselves employ to catch a passing ball.
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| 37. |
- Zupanc, Günther K.H., et al.
(författare)
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Contact chemoreception, magnetic maps, thermoregulation by a superorganism, and, thanks to Einstein, an all-time record : the Editors’ and Readers’ Choice Awards 2023
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-7594. ; 209:3, s. 337-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the 99 years of its history, the Journal of Comparative Physiology A has published many of the most influential papers in comparative physiology and related disciplines. To celebrate this achievement of the journal’s authors, annual Editors’ Choice Awards and Readers’ Choice Awards are presented. The winners of the 2023 Editors’ Choice Awards are ‘Contact chemoreception in multi‑modal sensing of prey by Octopus’ by Buresch et al. (J Comp Physiol A 208:435–442, 2022) in the Original Paper category; and ‘Magnetic maps in animal navigation’ by Lohmann et al. (J Comp Physiol A 208:41–67, 2022) in the Review/Review-History Article category. The winners of the 2023 Readers’ Choice Awards are ‘Coping with the cold and fighting the heat: thermal homeostasis of a superorganism, the honeybee colony’ by Stabentheiner et al. (J Comp Physiol A 207:337–351; 2021) in the Original Paper category; and ‘Einstein, von Frisch and the honeybee: a historical letter comes to light’ by Dyer et al. (J Comp Physiol A 207:449–456, 2021) in the Review/Review-History category.
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| 38. |
- Zupanc, Günther K.H., et al.
(författare)
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It’s all about seeing and hearing : the Editors’ and Readers’ Choice Awards 2022
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-7594. ; 208:3, s. 351-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This year marks the inauguration of the annual Editors’ Choice Award and the Readers’ Choice Award, each presented for outstanding original papers and review articles published in the Journal of Comparative Physiology A. The winners of the 2022 Editors’ Choice Award were determined by vote of the Editorial Board for the most highly recommended papers published in Volume 207 in 2021. They are ‘Visual discrimination and resolution in freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon motoro)’ by Daniel et al. (J Comp Physiol A 207, 43–58, 2021) in the Original Paper category; and ‘Neurophysiology goes wild: from exploring sensory coding in sound proof rooms to natural environments’ by Römer (J Comp Physiol A 207, 303–319, 2021) in the Review Article category. The 2022 Readers’ Choice Award was based on access number of articles published in Volume 206 in 2020, to ensure at least 12-month online presence. It is given to Nicholas et al. for their original paper titled ‘Visual motion sensitivity in descending neurons in the hoverfly’ (J Comp Physiol A 206, 149–163, 2020); and to Schnaitmann et al. for their review article entitled ‘Color vision in insects: insights from Drosophila’ (J Comp Physiol A 206, 183–198, 2020).
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| 39. |
- Zupanc, Günther K.H., et al.
(författare)
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One hundred years of excellence : the top one hundred authors of the Journal of Comparative Physiology A
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology. - 0340-7594. ; 210:2, s. 109-144
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Journal of Comparative Physiology A is the premier peer-reviewed scientific journal in comparative physiology, in particular sensory physiology, neurophysiology, and neuroethology. Founded in 1924 by Karl von Frisch and Alfred Kühn, it celebrates its 100th anniversary in 2024. During these 100 years, many of the landmark achievements in these disciplines were published in this journal. To commemorate these accomplishments, we have compiled a list of the Top 100 Authors over these 100 years, representing approximately 1% of all its authors. To select these individuals, three performance criteria were applied: number of publications, total number of citations attracted by these articles, and mean citation rate of the papers published by each author. The resulting list of the Top 100 Authors provides a fascinating insight into the history of the disciplines covered by the Journal of Comparative Physiology A and into the academic careers of many of their leading representatives.
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