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- Brolin, Karin, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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A prestudy of the potential of using finite element analysis for understanding horse accidents
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This prestudy is an investigation into the potential of using the THUMS [5] model and LS-Dyna [6] simulations to understand the risk of thorax injury in horse related accidents such as horse kicks, tramples, falls from horse backs or rotational falls. A simple model of a security vest was also developed for the THUMS model, to facilitate injury risk comparisons with and without the vest. The severity of thorax injuries was quantified by measuring local stresses and strains in the cortical bone of the ribs, as well as the total deformation of the thorax, measured with Dmax and DcTHOR [2]. This prestudy attempt to answer five questions:•What is the worst location on the chest to be trampled by a horse with respect to rib fractures?•How does the stiffness of the ground compound affect the risk of rib fractures when trampled by a horse?•How does the risk of thorax injuries vary when falling off a horseback in different angles?•How does the momentum of a horse kick affect the risk of thorax injury on the THUMS model with and without a protective vest?•How can a rotational fall be modelled and how severe is the injury outcome?Simulations were set up in LS-Dyna with the THUMS model representing the human body with different environments built up around it representing the scenarios in the five questions. The structure of the report follows the five questions through both the method and results sections.
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| 2. |
- Brolin, Karin, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Explicit finite element methods for equestrian applications
- 2016
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Ingår i: Procedia Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-7058 .- 1877-7058. ; 147, s. 275-280
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A virtual human body model (HBM), developed for vehicle crash simulations, was used to conduct a pilot study of dangerous accidents that occur in equestrian sports. It was performed to illustrate the potential that the explicit finite element (FE) HBMs have to improve rider safety and to assess the protective capacity of the safety vest. Four different questions were addressed: 1. When a rider is trampled by a horse, how does the risk of injury vary with chest impact location? 2. Does a safety-vest provide protection if the rider is kicked by a horse and does the protection vary with the violence of the hoof impact? 3. Can a safety-vest provide any benefit when the rider is hit by the horse after a rotational fall? 4. How does the risk for thoracic injuries vary when the rider falls off the back of a horse at different angles? The HBM was the Total Human Model for Safety AM50 version 3.0 (Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan), improved for thorax injury predictability in a previous automotive project. The FE code was LS-DYNA (Livermore Software Technology Corporation, USA). Models of a generic safety vest, a horse impactor and a hoof were developed as part of this project. The risk of thorax injury was evaluated with stresses and strains measured for each rib, and the chest deformation criteria Dmax and DcTHOR. 1. The risk of injury was higher for hoof impacts close to the sternum compared to more lateral locations that had up to 25% less risk. Hence, this knowledge could be used to optimize novel safety-vest designs with HBM simulations. 2. Yes, the safety-vest provided protection against horse kicks, and it varied with the violence of the kick. Therefore, if the range of impact energy that occurs in real-world accidents is known, HBM simulations can be used to optimize the vest material properties. 3. No, the safety-vest did not provide any benefit when the horse lands on top of the rider. This conclusion suggests that safety measures should focus on preventing this type of accident, rather than designing personal protection for the rider. 4. When the rider falls with the head first, the number of predicted rib fractures increases compared to flat falls. However, the model predicts rib fractures for all of the falls simulated from a height of 1.5 meters for a rider without a safety vest. To conclude, FE HBMs have the potential to improve equestrian safety and further studies on equestrian safety-vests designs are warranted. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Wass, Jacob, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Active Human Body Model Simulations of Whole-Sequence Braking and Far-Side Side-Impact Configurations
- 2022
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2022-September, s. 930-940
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle crashes may be preceded by evasive manoeuvres, executed by the driver or automatically. This study demonstrates a seamless simulation with an Active Human Body Model (HBM) as driver in a whole-sequence crash scenario, consisting of a braking intervention followed by a side-impact to the passenger side. Ten simulations were run with two different side-impact configurations combined with two impact speeds. Possible effects of restraint intervention by a reversible seatbelt retractor and a far-side airbag function were studied, analysing displacements and tissue level injury predictions using the SAFER HBM. The braking intervention led to a more forward occupant position at the start of the crash phase. A more forward impact point on the vehicle side resulted in 50 mm lowered lateral head excursion, compared to a mid-compartment impact configuration. This was influenced by the larger vehicle rotation and reduced lateral crash pulse. The SAFER HBM was shown to be capable of seamless simulations combining a braking intervention followed by a far-side side-impact. This enables a larger range of possible real-world representative scenarios to be used for occupant protection evaluation, including both pre-crash and in-crash protection systems.
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