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| 2. |
- Welin-Berger, K., et al.
(författare)
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In vitro-in vivo correlation in man of a topically applied local anesthetic agent using numerical convolution and deconvolution
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-5173 .- 1873-3476 .- 0022-3549. ; 92:2, s. 398-406
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the relevance of the in vitro permeation method used at our laboratory in predicting in vivo dermal and transdermal absorption. Two different emulsions, a submicron oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion and a semisolid water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion, containing a model compound were investigated. The in vitro permeation rate of the compound from these emulsions was measured using static diffusion cells with human skin as membrane. The emulsions were allowed to remain in contact with the skin in the donor chamber for 15, 60, and 240 min. The study was monitored for 240 min and the steady state flux was calculated. The systemic concentration of the compound was measured in vivo as a function of time after dermal application to healthy volunteers with 15 and 60 min of application. A short-lasting i.v. infusion study in healthy volunteers was used to simulate the i.v. bolus dose. Numerical convolution was used to predict the in vivo plasma concentration of the compound while the in vivo absorption rate of the compound was estimated using numerical deconvolution. To establish correlation, the predicted in vivo flux was compared with the corresponding observed in vitro parameter after adjusting for the lag time. No major differences were seen in the systemic plasma levels between the two emulsions, which is in close agreement with the steady state flux measured in vitro. A linear correlation representing a point-to-point relationship was established for each of the investigated formulations and application times. The longer application time was predicted more accurately for both emulsions.
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| 3. |
- Welin-Berger, Katayoun, et al.
(författare)
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In vitro permeation profile of a local anaesthetic compound from topical formulations with different rheological behaviour - verified by in vivo efficacy data
- 2001
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 14:3, s. 229-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The object of this study was to develop a topical cream of suitable consistency, i.e. with a high apparent yield stress, without affecting the in vitro permeation profile and the subsequent in vivo efficacy of the formulation. Different formulations of a model compound were manufactured, an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion, a cream consisting of the o/w emulsion thickened with various concentrations of neutralised Carbopol934P gel, and a semisolid water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Rheological measurements were performed giving the apparent yield stress of the formulations. The in vitro permeation rate of the compound was measured, using static diffusion cells with both guinea pig and human skin as membrane. The o/w emulsion without polymer was used as reference. The in vivo efficacy of the formulations was investigated on guinea pigs by the pinprick method. The apparent yield stress of the w/o emulsion was in the same range as that of the most viscous o/w cream while the o/w emulsion behaved as a Newtonian liquid. Furthermore, the yielding property of the w/o emulsion was not as temperature-sensitive as that of the o/w cream. The permeation rate of the compound from the two emulsions, o/w and w/o, was similar at 6% (w/w), while the o/w cream resulted in a significantly lower permeation rate at the same concentration. The two emulsions produced sufficient and comparable in vivo efficacy, while the o/w cream was less efficient. In conclusion, a reversed-phase emulsion may be used to produce the appropriate apparent yield stress, without affecting the in vivo efficacy of the formulation. The viscosity of a w/o emulsion depends on the amount of the aqueous phase and the degree of dispersity. Thus, the transport of the active compound is not prevented by the excipients present in the formulation, as is the case for the o/w cream.
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| 4. |
- Welin-Berger, K., et al.
(författare)
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Inhibition of Ostwald ripening in local anesthetic emulsions by using hydrophobic excipients in the disperse phase
- 2000
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. - 0378-5173 .- 1873-3476. ; 200:2, s. 249-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stability of submicron emulsions of different local anesthetic/analgesic substances was investigated in the presence and absence of different hydrophobic excipients (ripening inhibitors). Ostwald ripening was believed to be the underlying mechanism for the instability of these emulsions. In the absence of ripening inhibitors, the mean droplet size of the emulsions increased from 100 nm to about 4-5 microm within an hour of manufacture. The addition of a small amount of a second component of lower solubility to the disperse phase decreased the rate of Ostwald ripening, producing good stability of the emulsions. The efficiency of the ripening inhibitors was directly proportional to their solubility in the disperse phase, i.e. the water. The lower the solubility, the more effective the stabilization of the emulsions. The experimentally observed rates of increase in droplet size in the emulsions were closely correlated with those predicted according to the Liftshitz-Slezov-Wagner (LSW) theory.
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| 5. |
- Welin-Berger, K., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of rheological behaviour of a topical anaesthetic formulation on the release and permeation rates of the active compound
- 2001
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 13:3, s. 309-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of developing a topical cream that allows maximum release rate of the active compound while having suitable consistency, i.e., sufficient apparent plasticity. A submicron (o/w) emulsion containing a model compound was investigated in the presence and absence of different polymers: sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Carbopol 934P (C934), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000). Various concentrations of the polymers were used in order to produce different rheological behaviours. The amount of drug passing through the membrane was measured as a function of time, using static diffusion cells with either Silastic sheeting 500-1 or guinea pig skin as membrane. The emulsion without polymer was used as reference. Rheological measurements were performed, giving the viscosity and the apparent yield stress of the formulations. Furthermore, theoretical values for diffusion coefficients and diffusion pathways were estimated and compared with the experimental data to discuss different diffusion models. Gelling polymers have been shown to produce an increase in the macroviscosity, thus inhibiting the diffusion of the oil droplets in the formulation without affecting the molecular diffusion. However, we suggest that when a compound of limited solubility is emulsified, the intact oil droplets contribute to the transport of the compound through the formulation. Thus, both release and permeation rates are decreased as the apparent yield stress, i.e., the macroviscosity of the formulation, is increased sufficiently by addition of gelling polymers.
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