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| 2. |
- Welin-Berger, K., et al.
(författare)
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In vitro-in vivo correlation in man of a topically applied local anesthetic agent using numerical convolution and deconvolution
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-5173 .- 1873-3476 .- 0022-3549. ; 92:2, s. 398-406
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the relevance of the in vitro permeation method used at our laboratory in predicting in vivo dermal and transdermal absorption. Two different emulsions, a submicron oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion and a semisolid water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion, containing a model compound were investigated. The in vitro permeation rate of the compound from these emulsions was measured using static diffusion cells with human skin as membrane. The emulsions were allowed to remain in contact with the skin in the donor chamber for 15, 60, and 240 min. The study was monitored for 240 min and the steady state flux was calculated. The systemic concentration of the compound was measured in vivo as a function of time after dermal application to healthy volunteers with 15 and 60 min of application. A short-lasting i.v. infusion study in healthy volunteers was used to simulate the i.v. bolus dose. Numerical convolution was used to predict the in vivo plasma concentration of the compound while the in vivo absorption rate of the compound was estimated using numerical deconvolution. To establish correlation, the predicted in vivo flux was compared with the corresponding observed in vitro parameter after adjusting for the lag time. No major differences were seen in the systemic plasma levels between the two emulsions, which is in close agreement with the steady state flux measured in vitro. A linear correlation representing a point-to-point relationship was established for each of the investigated formulations and application times. The longer application time was predicted more accurately for both emulsions.
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| 3. |
- Scherlund, M, et al.
(författare)
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Local anaesthetic block copolymer system undergoing phase transition on dilution with water
- 2001
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 14, s. 53-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibility of formulating a local anaesthetic system displaying in situ gelation on dilution with water, as well as its dependence on concentration of active ingredients and pH was investigated. For this purpose Lutrol F68, water, a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine and Akoline MCM were mixed in different ratios and investigated using crossed polarisers, small-angle X-ray diffraction, rheology, conductivity and NMR self-diffusion measurements. In particular, an isotropic phase of low viscosity turning into a high viscous hexagonal phase upon dilution with water was found. The increase in viscosity is only weakly dependent on temperature in the temperature range of 20-37 degrees C. The rheology and in vitro drug release of these systems were studied and the elastic modulus was found to be fairly independent of concentration of active ingredients and pH in the investigated region. The in vitro release of lidocaine and prilocaine was found to increase with increasing concentration of the active ingredients and with decreasing pH, the latter as a consequence of the pH-dependent ionisation of these substances. The behaviour of the system is promising from a pharmaceutical point of view, since the isotropic low-viscous phase can be injected into, e.g. a periodontal pocket where the presence of saliva will cause a temporal transition into a rigid hexagonal phase thus making the formulation stay at the application site. At even higher water content, either as a result of longer application time or rinsing with water, the hexagonal phase is effectively dissolved through transformation to a water-rich micellar phase
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Welin-Berger, K., et al.
(författare)
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Inhibition of Ostwald ripening in local anesthetic emulsions by using hydrophobic excipients in the disperse phase
- 2000
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. - 0378-5173 .- 1873-3476. ; 200:2, s. 249-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stability of submicron emulsions of different local anesthetic/analgesic substances was investigated in the presence and absence of different hydrophobic excipients (ripening inhibitors). Ostwald ripening was believed to be the underlying mechanism for the instability of these emulsions. In the absence of ripening inhibitors, the mean droplet size of the emulsions increased from 100 nm to about 4-5 microm within an hour of manufacture. The addition of a small amount of a second component of lower solubility to the disperse phase decreased the rate of Ostwald ripening, producing good stability of the emulsions. The efficiency of the ripening inhibitors was directly proportional to their solubility in the disperse phase, i.e. the water. The lower the solubility, the more effective the stabilization of the emulsions. The experimentally observed rates of increase in droplet size in the emulsions were closely correlated with those predicted according to the Liftshitz-Slezov-Wagner (LSW) theory.
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| 6. |
- Welin-Berger, K., et al.
(författare)
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Physicochemical interaction of local anesthetics with lipid model systems : Correlation with in vitro permeation and in vivo efficacy
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Controlled Release. - 0168-3659 .- 1873-4995. ; 81:1-2, s. 33-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In dermal/transdermal drug administration stratum corneum (SC) is often the rate-limiting step. Furthermore, the intercellular lipid domain of SC is nowadays widely accepted as the major contributor to the skin barrier. The current work investigates whether the difference in the level of topical efficacy of local anesthetic compounds correlates with the type of interaction between the drug and the intercellular lipids of SC. Therefore, local anesthetics of varying topical efficacy were evaluated with respect to their effect on the morphology of various model lipid systems using small and wide angle X-ray diffraction (SWAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The model lipids used were glyceryl monooleate, sphingomyelin and lipids isolated from human SC. Furthermore, partitioning into isolated human SC as well as permeation through isolated human SC and human tape-stripped skin were investigated in vitro. The results indicate that local anesthetics may act as their own permeation enhancers by increasing the degree of hydrocarbon chain fluidity of the intercellular lipids. Eventually these interactions may induce non-lamellar reversed types of liquid crystalline structures locally in SC, which further facilitate the drug mobility. The large difference in topical efficacy of the investigated local anesthetics could not be explained simply by looking at their effect on the phase behavior of lipid model systems. Despite the similarities in physicochemical properties of these substances, the in vitro skin permeability differed markedly (AD>EMLA>lidocaine>prilocaine>sameridine). Thus, it was concluded that sufficient drug permeability over SC is essential to obtain local anesthesia by blocking the superficial nociceptors.
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| 7. |
- Welin-Berger, K., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of rheological behaviour of a topical anaesthetic formulation on the release and permeation rates of the active compound
- 2001
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 13:3, s. 309-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of developing a topical cream that allows maximum release rate of the active compound while having suitable consistency, i.e., sufficient apparent plasticity. A submicron (o/w) emulsion containing a model compound was investigated in the presence and absence of different polymers: sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Carbopol 934P (C934), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000). Various concentrations of the polymers were used in order to produce different rheological behaviours. The amount of drug passing through the membrane was measured as a function of time, using static diffusion cells with either Silastic sheeting 500-1 or guinea pig skin as membrane. The emulsion without polymer was used as reference. Rheological measurements were performed, giving the viscosity and the apparent yield stress of the formulations. Furthermore, theoretical values for diffusion coefficients and diffusion pathways were estimated and compared with the experimental data to discuss different diffusion models. Gelling polymers have been shown to produce an increase in the macroviscosity, thus inhibiting the diffusion of the oil droplets in the formulation without affecting the molecular diffusion. However, we suggest that when a compound of limited solubility is emulsified, the intact oil droplets contribute to the transport of the compound through the formulation. Thus, both release and permeation rates are decreased as the apparent yield stress, i.e., the macroviscosity of the formulation, is increased sufficiently by addition of gelling polymers.
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