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- Coleman, Susan, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Support for Women Entrepreneurs’ Access to Financial Capital : Evidence from Canada, Germany, Ireland, Norway, and the United States
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of small business management (Print). - : Taylor & Francis. - 0047-2778 .- 1540-627X. ; 57:Suppl. 2, s. 296-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This cross-country study documents policies and practices designed to increase women entrepreneurs’ access to financial capital in Canada, Germany, Ireland, Norway, and the United States. Drawing on feminist theory, we examine assumptions of policy alongside the eligibility criteria, rules and regulations of practices. Our findings reveal that four of the five country policies examined were predicated on a neo-liberal perspective that positions women entrepreneurs as economic assets. We offer insights into opportunities for modernizing policies and practices in ways that will enhance the legitimacy of a more diverse array of women entrepreneurs and increase their access to financial capital.
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- Ettl, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Gender, Context and Entrepreneurial Learning
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266. ; 2:2, s. 108-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to offer an insight into gender, context and entrepreneurial learning of women entrepreneurs in Germany.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores entrepreneurial learning of women entrepreneurs both conceptually and empirically. Section 1 introduces a conceptual framework, which allows analysing entrepreneurial learning both from an individual gender-specific and from a context-based perspective. Empirically, the paper explores how women entrepreneurs acquire the (business-related) knowledge to start and grow an enterprise and the impact of regional, sector, family and social as well as macro environments in this regard. Findings are based on 31 in-depths interviews with women entrepreneurs and 23 interviews with key experts.Findings – It is found that the meso environment is more of an indirect influence; the macro and micro environments are strong influences on lives and decisions of women entrepreneurs, especially on their opportunity recognition. The business environment has both a direct and indirect influence.Practical implications – The results demonstrate an ongoing need for a contemporary image of women's entrepreneurship in Germany. The major challenge for policy-makers and support organizations therefore lies in propagating diverse entrepreneurial images and in incorporating the diversity of women's entrepreneurship and their specific learning approaches into policies and support offers.Originality/value – The paper contributes a different and so far neglected perspective on entrepreneurial learning and opportunity recognition, drawing attention to the contextual influences and the embedding of cognitive processes.
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- Henry, C., et al.
(författare)
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Women’s entrepreneurship policy : A 13-nation cross-country comparison
- 2017
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Ingår i: Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth of women's entrepreneurship. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781785364624 - 9781785364617 ; , s. 244-278
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Public policy is a key element within the entrepreneurial ecosystem in that policy has the potential to shape venture creation behavior and entrepreneurial outcomes. In response to studies documenting a gender gap in entrepreneurial activity, government attention to women’s entrepreneurship has increased in the past two decades. Nevertheless, there are few cross-cultural studies to inform policy development. This 13-nation study draws on gender and institutional theory to report on the status of female-focused SME/entrepreneurship policies and to ask: How - and to what extent - do women’s entrepreneurship policies differ among countries? A common methodological approach is used to identify gaps in the policy-practice nexus, highlighting countries where policy is weak but practice is strong and vice versa. Recommendations for future research are advanced.
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- Karlsson, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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A Cross-National Comparison of Incubated Organizations : An Institutional Perspective
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0762312068 - 9780762312061 ; , s. 165-184
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the process of starting new ventures, entrepreneurs typically reallocate existing resources to new uses. These resource reallocations challenge the status quo, and are therefore often viewed with suspicion by others (Aldrich & Fiol, 1994). Thus, entrepreneurs need to convince others that the actions required of their new venture are desirable, proper and/or appropriate - they need to gain legitimacy. Institutional theory holds that new ventures have to conform to institutional pressures in order to gain legitimacy. Legitimacy is essential for the new ventures' chances of survival (cf. Aldrich & Auster, 1986; Aldrich, 1999; Stinchcombe, 1965; Singh, Tucker, & House, 1986). For example, a new venture's reputation facilitates its entry into business networks, which enhances growth (Larson, 1992) and an individual's associations with government agencies and community organizations have positive effects on business founding and survival (Baum & Oliver, 1996). Consequently, institutional theory may lead us to expect that those new ventures that adapt most to institutional pressures would have the greatest chances of success. At the same time, entrepreneurship research suggests that new ventures are more prone than established firms to break away from established patterns of behavior. New ventures have become a major source of innovation and the creation of new technologies (Acs & Audretsch, 1990). These creative organizations and new technologies are difficult for established companies to imitate, leading some new ventures toward industry leadership positions (Utterback, 1994), as well as creating wealth for the owners and the society (Birch, 1987; Dahlqvist, 1998; Davidsson, Lindmark, & Olofsson, 1996; Storey, 1994). Thus, there is an unresolved paradox between the findings of entrepreneurship research that new ventures tend to break established patterns; and institutional theory's focus on the need for conformity to rules and legitimacy. However, recent conceptual developments in institutional theory potentially provide us with tools to resolve this paradox. It has been suggested by many institutional theorists that a more diverse image of organizational responses to institutional pressures must be offered (Beckert, 1999; Judge & Zeithaml, 1992; Oliver, 1991). In this chapter, we utilize such an approach. Organizational responses are influenced by the nature of institutional pressures, the congruence between different institutional pressures facing an organization, the coherence between the institutional pressures and the goals and strategies of the organization, and the extent to which different institutional pressures are enforced; as well as by the overall environment the organization is performing in. A repertoire of organizational responses to institutional pressures is thus conceivable (Oliver, 1991). While recent additions to institutional theory may provide insights into how new ventures deal with institutional pressures, little, if any, empirical research has been done that examines how different institutional fields influence strategic options and outcomes. Recent literature has begun to focus on the various aspects of internationalization of new and small businesses (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994; Wright & Ricks, 1994; Westhead, Wright, & Ucbasaran, 2001). Despite some recent efforts for systematic comparisons between countries (Reynolds, Bygrave, Autio, Cox, & Hay, 2002), most entrepreneurship research analyzes new venture creation and entrepreneurship from a micro-level perspective, taking the local or national institutional environment as given. In this study, we argue for a cross-national comparative framework to better understand how responses to institutional pressures influence young organizations in different institutional fields. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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- Kautonen, Teemu, et al.
(författare)
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‘Involuntary self-employment’ as a public policy issue : A cross-country European review
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. - : Emerald. - 1355-2554 .- 1758-6534. ; 16:2, s. 112-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – There is growing political interest in new forms of precarious self-employment located in a “grey area” between employment and self-employment. A wide range of concepts has been used to debate this issue, and this paper aims to clarify these debates through the concept of involuntary self-employment.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews the empirical, conceptual and legal-policy approaches to involuntary self-employment via three country case studies in Finland, Germany and the UK. A range of relevant domestic academic literature, articles in the media, selected key expert interviews, and policy and legal documents are employed.Findings – Conceptual clarity regarding involuntary self-employment is achieved through a discussion of two aspects of the phenomenon: the characteristics of involuntariness from a motives-based perspective, and the legal/economic perspectives and policy issues. The motives-based analysis argues that involuntariness as such does not seem to have severe implications on the individuals' well being, given that the individual earns a satisfactory livelihood from her or his business activities. The discussion of the characteristics of and regulation related to working arrangements in the “grey area” between employment and self-employment, where the self-employed individual is strongly dependent on the principal, shows that it is very difficult to regulate quasi self-employment without harming “voluntary” forms of enterprise and inter-firm cooperation at the same time.Originality/value – The key contribution of the paper is to facilitate a foundation for subsequent empirical research and policy development.
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| 17. |
- Kjellander, Björn, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Identity Dynamics in the Family Business Context : A Novel('s) Perspective
- 2012
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Ingår i: Understanding Family Businesses. - New York : Springer. - 9781461409106 ; , s. 39-53
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter sets out to create a novel understanding of identity dynamics in the family business context. Focusing on Hjalmar Bergman’s The Head of the Firm (1924), a fiction novel, our purpose is to describe and interpret how the personal identity of an entrepreneur is challenged and changed in relation to demanding and overlapping family, business, and societal norms and expectations. In our case, particularly events related to succession of management and ownership in a family business form dynamic and emotional plots that propel the story forward.
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- Schmude, J., et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship Research in Germany
- 2008
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Ingår i: Entrepreneurship. - 1042-2587 .- 1540-6520. ; 32:2, s. 289-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Smallbone, David, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship and government policy in former Soviet republics : Belarus and Estonia compared
- 2010
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning. C, Government and Policy. - : Sage Publications. - 0263-774X .- 1472-3425. ; 28:2, s. 195-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we analyse the role of government in relation to the development of entrepreneurship in countries where private business activity was illegal until the beginning of the 1990s. By focusing on Estonia and Belarus we are concerned with countries with an ostensibly similar political heritage, yet with contrasting experiences during the post-Soviet period. Various authors have argued the need for entrepreneurship research to acknowledge the heterogeneity of environmental conditions, outcomes, and behaviours that exist with respect to entrepreneurship. Government policies and actions are a key element contributing to the heterogeneity of external conditions in which entrepreneurship occurs and are thus part of social embeddedness. The findings have implications for policy makers in transition and developing countries by emphasising the variety of ways in which the state can influence the nature and pace of private business development and the central role of institutional behaviour in this process. The findings also have implications for researchers interested in extending analysis of entrepreneurship into a wide range of business environments.
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- Welter, Friederike, 1962-
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship-Förderung an Hochschulen
- 2002
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Ingår i: R W I - Mitteilungen: Zeitschrift fuer Wirtschaftsforschung. - 0933-0089. ; 53, s. 89-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 33. |
- Welter, Friederike, 1962-
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship in West and East Germany
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 4:2, s. 97-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 34. |
- Welter, Friederike, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship Research in Europe : Taking Stock and Looking Forward
- 2008
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Ingår i: Entrepreneurship. - : SAGE Publications. - 1042-2587 .- 1540-6520. ; 32:2, s. 241-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With this article, as introduction to a special issue on entrepreneurship research in Europe, we hope to initiate a discussion about the importance of grounding entrepreneurship research in its national context. Different European researchers, all knowledgeable about the entrepreneurship research scene in their respective country, present the state of the research field for France, Germany, the United Kingdom (Blackburn & Smallbone, 2008); and Scandinavia. Two articles from U.S. authors complement this issue, reviewing differences in how entrepreneurship scholars measure the phenomenon and assessing the European approach(es). This special issue sets out to demonstrate the value of variety in the field—variety that very much depends on the different national, methodological, and thematic contexts entrepreneurship research takes place in.
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