| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Beausang, Angela, et al.
(författare)
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"Möjligheten att rädda några av dessa kvinnors liv har inte vägts in"
- 2014
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Ingår i: Dagens Medicin. - : Dagens Medicin.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Namnet på Socialstyrelsens vägledning lyder: Hur upptäcka våldsutsatthet? Ja, det kan man verkligen fråga sig efter att ha läst detta föga vägledande dokument, skriver ett stort antal kritiska debattörer.
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| 3. |
- Marklund, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Ung i Halland
- 2006
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- De främsta miljöerna där barn/ungdomar vistas är i hemmet, skolan och fritiden. Dessa miljöer har därmed stor betydelse för ungdomars hälsa och välbefi nnande. Under sin uppväxt tillbringar t.ex. barn mer än 15 000 timmar i skolan!Det är viktigt att ställa sig frågorna; Vad kan göras för att bevara, stärka och främja hälsan och välbefi nnandet för alla ungdomar? Vilka generella insatser har betydelse oavsett om det gäller i hemmet, i skolan eller på fritidsarenan? Vad kan göras för att förebygga och komma tillrätta med den ohälsa som vi kan se drabbar ungdomarna idag? Vilka specifi ka insatser har betydelse? Det är viktigt med konkreta insatser i många fall omgående, men det är också viktigt att tänka långsiktigt, att våga satsa tidigt och tänka efter före. Att även satsa på forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt behövs för att på ett vetenskapligt sätt kunna följa upp konsekvenserna av olika insatser för att insatserna i framtiden skall bli så rätta som möjligt. Detta behöver göras för både generella och specifi ka insatser.Hälsa och välbefi nnande är ett välfärdsmått och därmed en politisk fråga på alla plan, lokalt, regionalt, nationellt och globalt. Barn och ungdomars hälsa och välbefi nnande är också en angelägenhet för alla, vår framtid, våga därför satsa nu! Delaktighet och infl ytande har positiv effekt på både hälsa och välbefinnande, låt därför barn och ungdomar i än större omfattning vara med och bestämma i de frågor som rör dem. Att utgå från Barnkonventionen ”att barns bästa ska sättas i främsta rummet samt att barn och unga har rätt till bästa uppnåeliga hälsa” i alla beslut som fattas är ett utmärkt utgångsläge – för framtiden!
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| 4. |
- Aartsen, M. G., et al.
(författare)
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Development of a general analysis and unfolding scheme and its application to measure the energy spectrum of atmospheric neutrinos with IceCube
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 75:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the development and application of a generic analysis scheme for the measurement of neutrino spectra with the IceCube detector. This scheme is based on regularized unfolding, preceded by an event selection which uses a Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance algorithm to select the relevant variables and a random forest for the classification of events. The analysis has been developed using IceCube data from the 59-string configuration of the detector. 27,771 neutrino candidates were detected in 346 days of livetime. A rejection of 99.9999 % of the atmospheric muon background is achieved. The energy spectrum of the atmospheric neutrino flux is obtained using the TRUEE unfolding program. The unfolded spectrum of atmospheric muon neutrinos covers an energy range from 100 GeV to 1 PeV. Compared to the previous measurement using the detector in the 40-string configuration, the analysis presented here, extends the upper end of the atmospheric neutrino spectrum by more than a factor of two, reaching an energy region that has not been previously accessed by spectral measurements.
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| 5. |
- Aartsen, M. G., et al.
(författare)
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Search for Prompt Neutrino Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts with IceCube
- 2015
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - 2041-8205 .- 2041-8213. ; 805:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present constraints derived from a search of four years of IceCube data for a prompt neutrino flux from gammaray bursts (GRBs). A single low-significance neutrino, compatible with the atmospheric neutrino background, was found in coincidence with one of the 506 observed bursts. Although GRBs have been proposed as candidate sources for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, our limits on the neutrino flux disfavor much of the parameter space for the latest models. We also find that no more than similar to 1% of the recently observed astrophysical neutrino flux consists of prompt emission from GRBs that are potentially observable by existing satellites.
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| 6. |
- Ahlqwist, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Physical therapy treatment of back complaints on children and adolescents.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Spine. - 1528-1159. ; 33:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial was performed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how 2 different treatment options affect perception of health, pain, and physical functioning over time among children and adolescents with low back pain (LBP). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: LBP among children and adolescents has increased. The literature shows that children with LBP also suffer from this condition as adults. Thus, it is important to prevent and treat LBP in children and adolescents. METHODS: Forty-five children and adolescents were consecutively randomized into one of 2 treatment groups and were studied for 12 weeks. Group 1 was given individualized physical therapy and exercise and a standardized self-training program and back education. Group 2 was given self-training program and back education but no individualized therapy. The children and adolescents were tested before and after the treatment period. Child Health Questionnaire Child Form 87, Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire, Painometer, Back Saver Sit and Reach, and test of trunk muscle endurance were used to evaluate the interventions. RESULTS: Both groups improved statistically significant in most parameters over time. On comparison between the groups the physical function measured by Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire and the duration of pain measured by Painometer improved statistically significant in Group 1. CONCLUSION: An individual assessment by a knowledgeable physiotherapist and an active treatment model improve how children and adolescents experience their back problems with respect to health and physical function, pain, strength, and mobility, regardless of whether treatment consists of a home exercise program with follow-up or home exercise combined with exercise and treatment supervised by a physiotherapist.
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| 7. |
- Emanuelson, I, et al.
(författare)
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Late outcome after severe traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents.
- 1998
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Ingår i: Pediatric rehabilitation. - 1363-8491. ; 2:2, s. 65-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Eighteen surviving adolescents with severe traumatic brain injury were re-examined a mean period of 7.1 years after their trauma in order to determine their life situation, motor, cognitive functions and pattern of handicap. METHODS: A structured interview, the EB test of motor function, Ravens's progressive matrices, Peabody's neuropsychological test, SPIQ and the WHO classification of handicap were used. RESULTS: The group had a mean WHO Classification of Handicap score of 1.61 (SD 1.60) revealing mild handicap, and performed as a group significantly subnormal (p < 0.0001) in gross motor, fine motor, sensibility and perception sub-tests. The EB test revealed a mean value of 2.23 (SD 0.89) corresponding to mild disability. The mean non-verbal IQ score of 93.1 (SD 13.9) and the verbal score of 93.4 (SD 14.8) were within normal limits. CONCLUSIONS: Only 28% of the group of surviving adolescent TBI victims functioned within normal limits. The most crucial disabling component was poor social integration, which was clearly demonstrated in the WHO score.
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| 8. |
- Fagevik Olsén, Monika, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of a Training Intervention for Enhancing Recovery after Ivor-Lewis Esophagus Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1799-7267. ; 106:2, s. 116-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a risk of decreased physical function, quality of life and persistent pain after open surgery for esophageal cancer. There are currently no studies that evaluate the effect of any postoperative intervention, including physical exercises, after this type of surgery. The aim of the study was therefore to evaluate the effect of a training intervention after Ivor-Lewis resection of the esophagus.Patients scheduled for esophagus resection according to Ivor-Lewis were randomized to an intervention group or a control group. The training intervention started at discharge and lasted three months. Before discharge, patients were given three leaflets with exercises to increase range of motion in the affected area and exercises aiming to restore lung function and physical function. All exercises were described in detail and the patients carried out the ones in the first program under supervision. Before surgery and three months after discharge, the patients estimated their level of physical function, level of physical activity, and quality of life. They also underwent spirometry, measurements of range of motion in the rib cage, spine, and shoulders, and three functional tests. Comparisons of differences within and between the groups were made.A total of 43 of 64 randomized patients participated in the follow-up. Postoperatively, the patients in the intervention group had a significantly higher degree of physical function and less deteriorated range of motion in right shoulder flexion and thoracic left lateral flexion. There were no significant differences between the groups in lung function, pain, or quality of life.The results of the three-month intervention indicate that specific training can positively affect physical function and range of motion to preoperative values. The intervention was well tolerated, and no side effects were registered.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Kärvestedt, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in a population-based study of patients with type 2 diabetes in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of diabetes and its complications. - : Elsevier BV. - 1056-8727 .- 1873-460X. ; 25:2, s. 97-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims To assess peripheral neuropathy following a standardized foot examination protocol in a representative population-based cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods In a geographically defined population, aged 40–70 years with diabetes prevalence of 3.5% according to medical records, we investigated 156 type 2 diabetic subjects, 95% Caucasian, mean age 61.7±7.2 years, duration of diabetes 7.0±5.7 years, and HbA1c 7.3±2.4% (6.4% Mono-S), by questionnaires, clinical examinations, blood sampling, and review of medical records. Foot examination included clinical signs of peripheral neuropathy and tests of sensibility with monofilament, tuning fork, and assessments of the vibration perception thresholds (VPT). Results Peripheral autonomic neuropathy (PAN) as judged by two or more signs of dysfunction was the most common and affected 43%. The prevalence of peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) was 15% by monofilament, 24% by tuning fork, and 28% by VPT expressed as ZscoreVPT ≥2.0 S.D. Twenty-nine percent had a VPT ≥25 V. Signs of peripheral motor neuropathy (PMN) affected 15%. Peripheral neuropathy, at least one variable, affected 67%, whereas 25% were affected by more than one variable of neuropathy, i.e., polyneuropathy. Exclusion of other identified causes for neuropathy than diabetes reduced the prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy to 23%. Concurrent diabetic complications were 29% for retinopathy, 14% for incipient nephropathy, and 8% for overt nephropathy. The prevalence of macrovascular complications was 62% for CVD, 26% for PVD, and 11% for cerebrovascular lesion (CVL). Conclusion Peripheral neuropathy was common in this representative type 2 diabetes population. Clinical signs of PAN were the most frequent followed by diminished perception of vibration and touch.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Wendt, Bo-A., et al.
(författare)
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Huvudsatsekvivalenter i fornöstnordiskt skriftspråk
- 2020
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Ingår i: Språkmöte och språkhistoria : Studier i svensk språkhistoria 15 - Studier i svensk språkhistoria 15. - 1406-6149. - 9789949032648 - 9789949033898 ; 21, s. 300-312
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 14. |
- Wendt, Bo-A., et al.
(författare)
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Inför den framtida revideringen av SAOB
- 2020
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Ingår i: Språkmöte och språkhistoria : Studier i svensk språkhistoria 15 - Studier i svensk språkhistoria 15. - 1406-6149. - 9789949032648 - 9789949033898 ; 21, s. 242-253
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
- Wendt, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Possibilities for dialogue on sexuality and sexual abuse : Midwives' and clinicians' experiences
- 2011
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Ingår i: Midwifery. - Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. - 0266-6138 .- 1532-3099. ; 27:4, s. 539-546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To describe midwives’ and clinicians’ experiences of the possibilities and obstacles for dialogue with young women on sexuality and sexual abuse, focusing on the possibilities. Design: qualitative study with interview data analysed by qualitative content analysis. Setting: South-west Sweden. Participants: A purposive sample, consisting of 15 midwives, six gynaecologists and five general practitioners aged 30–65 years, was chosen in order to obtain as many different experiences as possible. The participants’ professional experiences varied, ranging from five to more than 35 years, and they were employed at youth clinics, primary health-care centres, gynaecology clinics, a specialist sexual medicine centre and antenatal care centres, situated in small and large cities. Findings: The participants described the respectful encounter that can be created when young women meet midwives and clinicians in the context of a gynaecological consultation. In this situation, there was a potential to strengthen women while attempting to improve their sexual health. Support from the organisation and the use of personal skills and assets were found to be promoting factors for dialogue. Lack of organisational support or communication skills and difficult emotions complicated the situation, which might, in turn, restrain midwives and clinicians from raising sexual issues. Implications for practice Increased knowledge, support and opportunities for reflection concerning dialogue regarding sexual issues might evoke the interest and intent of health professionals to approach these issues. Guidelines regarding dialogue about both sexuality and sexual abuse should be routine in health-care services.
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| 16. |
- Wendt, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Trust and confirmation in a gynecologic examination situation : A critical incident technique analysis
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - Copenhagen : Blackwell. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 83, s. 1208-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Gynecologic examination is a common measure in reproductive health care. Many women experience the examination as a more or less negative event, with shortcomings in the examiner's behavior. The aim of the study was to describe, in terms of critical incidences, women's experiences concerning the personnel's behavior in the situation of gynecologic examination. Methods. The informants were strategically chosen and consisted of 30 Swedish women between the ages of 18-82 years old. The data collection method was qualitative research interviews analyzed by critical incident technique. Results. The result consisted of 30 subcategories, five categories, and two main areas - trust and confirmation. The personnel enabled trust when they promoted participation, created confidence, and were supportive. The opposite behavior contributed to the lack of trust. Confirmation described behavior that confirmed, respectively, did not confirm the women. This was shown through the presence or lack of respect and engagement. Conclusion. The personnel's positive behavior enabled trust and confirmed the women as individuals, while negative behavior was decisive in an unfavorable way. A complexity of patterns of knowing in nursing was identified. Participation through information that contributed to trust was important and amounted to one fourth of the incidents in the material. Respect and engagement, which confirmed the women, facilitated a positive caring relationship. The examination situation can be improved through reflection of the personnel's own behavior and further research about women's own experiences.
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| 17. |
- Wendt, Eva, 1958
(författare)
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Utvecklad dialog om sexuell hälsa med fokus på unga kvinnor - en möjlighet vid det gynekologiska besöket
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Many women who have sexual problems or who have been subjected to sexual abuse do not seek help and health professionals often avoid raising such issues. The gynaecological encounter could be an opportunity for creating a dialogue aimed at improving women’s sexual health. Article 1: Aim: To describe women’s experiences concerning the personnel´s behaviour in the situation of gynecologic examination. Design: Descriptive. Method: Open interviews with 30 strategically chosen women aged 18-82. Critical incident technique analysis. Result: The main areas were trust and confirmation. The personnel enabled trust in the examination situation and they confirmed the woman as an individual. Trust concerned participation, confidence and support. Confirmation involved respect and engagement. The opposite behaviour contributed to lack of trust and confirmation. Conclusion: Positive behaviour enabled trust and confirmed the women as individuals, while negative behaviour was decisive in an unfavourable way. Article 2: Aim: To describe young women’s sexual health and their views on a dialogue about aspects of sexuality in connection with a gynecologic examination. Design: Descriptive Method: Cross sectional study. Women aged 23, 26 and 29, who had been called for gynaecological screening (n=488, response rate 75 %). Descriptive statistics, multiple logistic regression and bivariate analysis. Result: Of the women 95 % had a positive attitude towards sexuality, although 22 % were dissatisfied with their sex life. Questions about sexuality were considered appropriate by 92 % and about sexual abuse by 72 %. Demographic variables, aspects of life, sexuality and sexual abuse were irrelevant for whether women considered it appropriate to be asked such questions. Conclusion: The result can encourage health professionals to initiate a dialogue about sexual issues with young women. Article 3: Aim: To describe young women’s perceptions of being asked questions by midwives or doctors pertaining to sexuality and sexual abuse in connection with visits for gynaecological examination. Design: Descriptive. Method: All 23, 26 and 29 year old women who had been called for gynaecological screening over a five-month period were invited to participate. Data comprised responses to open-ended questions in a questionnaire analysed by qualitative content analysis. Result: Midwives and doctors can be trusted and questions can open up a dialogue as well as clarify the woman’s situation. Furthermore, the context of a gynaecological examination is relevant and the women regarded sexuality as an essential part of life, thus such questions enable professionals to strengthen women. Those who felt that it would not feel natural to be asked such questions considered that the context is wrong and such questions encroach on the personal sphere. Conclusion: There are good reasons for midwives and doctors to raise questions about sexuality and sexual abuse when meeting young women. Article 4: Aim: To describe the experiences of midwives and physicians with a focus on possibilities regarding a dialogue with young women on sexuality and sexual abuse. Design: Descriptive. Method: A purposive sample of 26 midwives, gynaecologists and general practitioners aged 30-65, were interviewed. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Result: The informants described their capacity to create a respectful encounter when meeting young women during a gynaecological visit and the potential to strengthen women and improve their sexual health. Support from the organisation and personal skills were found to promote dialogue while lacking organisational support and lacking communication skills as well as having difficult emotions complicated the situation. Conclusion: Dialogue offers possibilities for improving women’s sexual health. Implications: The gynaecological encounter could be improved through reflection on the personnel´s behaviour. Education and supervision for health professionals are important for enhancing the quality of dialogue about sexual matters. This in turn could enable health professionals to raise these questions, thus improving women’s sexual health.
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| 18. |
- Wendt, Eva, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Young women's perceptions of being asked questions about sexuality and sexual abuse : a content analysis
- 2011
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Ingår i: Midwifery. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0266-6138 .- 1532-3099. ; 27:2, s. 250-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: to describe young women's perceptions of being asked questions by midwives or doctors pertaining to sexuality and sexual abuse in connection with visits for gynaecological examination. DESIGN: a qualitative study. Data comprised responses to open-ended questions in a questionnaire and were analysed by qualitative content analysis. SETTING: a county in the south-west of Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: all of the 23-, 26- and 29-year-old women who attended eight midwife and youth centres for cervical screening during the period between March and July 2006 were invited to participate. The open-ended question about sexuality was answered by 413 women, and 409 women answered the question about sexual abuse, representing approximately 84% of the women who answered the questionnaire as a whole. FINDINGS: the data resulted in a total of eight categories and 31 codes, which showed the women's perceptions of being asked questions about sexuality and sexual abuse. Six of the categories dealt with why it was considered natural to be questioned. Health professionals can be trusted and questions can open up a dialogue as well as clarify the woman's situation. The context of a visit for a gynaecological examination is relevant and questions will make it possible for the professionals to strengthen the woman. Another reason was that sexuality is an essential part of life. Those women who felt that it would not feel natural to be asked questions about sexuality and sexual abuse considered that the context is wrong and that such questions will encroach on the woman's personal sphere. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: women's responses indicate that there are good reasons for midwives and doctors to raise questions about sexuality and sexual abuse when they meet young women. Taking opportunity to find those who have sexual problems and/or experience of sexual abuse could reduce the suffering of these women and lead to an economic gain to society. The provision of training and supervision for midwives and doctors is important to enhance the quality of conversations about sexual matters. In order to deal with such issues, it is necessary to have knowledge of sexual health, relationships and violence, as well as a professional stance and a good conversational technique.
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| 19. |
- Wendt, Eva, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Young women's sexual health and their views on dialogue with health professionals
- 2007
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - Oxford : John Wiley & Sons. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 86:5, s. 590-595
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Many women who experience sexual problems or who have been subjected to sexual abuse, do not seek help, and often health professionals avoid raising such issues. The aim of this study was to describe young women's sexual health and their views on a dialogue about aspects of sexuality in connection with a gynecologic examination.METHOD:Cross-sectional study. Women, 23, 26 and 29 years of age, called for gynecologic screening between March and July 2006 (n=488; response rate 75%). Descriptive statistics, multiple logistic regression and bivariate analysis were used.RESULTS:The majority (95%) had a positive attitude towards sexuality, although many women reported sexual problems, and one-fifth (22%) were dissatisfied with their sex life. Women considered it appropriate to be asked about sexuality in general (92%), while a majority (72%) found questions about sexual abuse appropriate. However, depending on the area, the majority (76-99%) had never been asked such questions. Demographic variables, aspects of life, sexuality and sexual abuse were irrelevant for whether women considered it appropriate to be asked questions about aspects of sexuality, by a midwife/doctor in connection with a gynecologic examination.Conclusion:The result can activate health professionals to initiate a dialogue about sexual issues among young women. In this way, many women who experience sexual problems or have been subjected to sexual abuse, may be provided the opportunity to improve their sexual health.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Yuan, Ning, et al.
(författare)
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In situ XAS study of the local structure and oxidation state evolution of palladium in a reduced graphene oxide supported Pd(ii) carbene complex during an undirected C-H acetoxylation reaction
- 2019
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Ingår i: Catalysis Science and Technology. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2044-4753 .- 2044-4761. ; 9:8, s. 2025-2031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigations have been performed to provide insights into the reaction mechanism of a palladium(ii) catalyzed undirected C-H acetoxylation reaction in the presence of an oxidant. A Pd(ii) N-heterocyclic carbene complex π-stacked onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used as the catalyst. The Pd speciation during the catalytic process was examined by XAS, which revealed a possible mechanism over the course of the reaction. Pd(ii) complexes in the as-synthesized catalyst first go through a gradual ligand substitution where chloride ions bound to Pd(ii) are replaced by other ligands with a mean bond distance to Pd matching Pd-C/N/O. Parallel to this the mean oxidation state of Pd increases indicating the formation of Pd(iv) species. At a later stage, a fraction of the Pd complexes start to slowly transform into Pd nanoclusters. The mean average oxidation state of Pd decreases to the initial state at the end of the experiment which means that comparable amounts of Pd(0) and Pd(iv) are present. These observations from heterogeneous catalysis are in good agreement with its homogeneous analog and they support a Pd(ii)-Pd(iv)-Pd(ii) reaction mechanism.
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| 23. |
- Yuan, Ning, et al.
(författare)
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In Situ XAS Study of the Local Structure and Oxidation State Evolutions of Palladium in a Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported Pd(II) Carbene Complex during an Undirected C−H Acetoxylation Reaction
- 2019
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Ingår i: Catalysis Science & Technology. - 2044-4753 .- 2044-4761. ; 9:8, s. 2025-2031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigations have been performed to provide insights into the reaction mechanism of a palladium(II) catalyzed undirected C–H acetoxylation reaction in the presence of an oxidant. A Pd(II) N-heterocyclic carbene complex p-stacked onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used as catalyst. The Pd speciation during the catalytic process was examined by XAS, which revealed a possible mechanism over the course of the reaction. Pd(II) complexes in the as-synthesized catalyst first go through a gradual ligand substitution where chloride ions bound to Pd(II) are replaced by other ligands with a bond distance to Pd corresponding to carbon, nitrogen and/or oxygen (L). Parallel to this the mean oxidation state of Pd increases indicating the formation of Pd(IV) species. At a later stage, a fraction of the Pd complexes start to slowly transform into Pd nanoclusters. The mean average oxidation state of Pd decreases to the initial state at the end of the experiment which means that comparable amounts of Pd(0) and Pd(IV) are present. These observations from heterogeneous catalysis are in good agreement with its homogeneous analog and they support a Pd(II)-Pd(IV)-Pd(II) reaction mechanism.
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