| 1. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
A note on renegotiation in repeated Bertrand duopolies
- 2007
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 95:3, s. 398-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Weak Renegotiation-Proofness (WW) singles out marginal cost pricing as a unique pure-strategy equilibrium of the infinitely repeated Bertrand duopoly. We show that, with a discrete strategy space, WRP does not eliminate any relevant subgame perfect equilibrium outcome. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Anticipation of COVID-19 Vaccines Reduces Social Distancing
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We show that the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces voluntary social distancing. In a large-scale preregistered survey experiment with a representative sample, we study whether providing information about the safety, effectiveness, and availability of COVID-19 vaccines affects compliance with public health guidelines. We find that vaccine information reduces peoples' voluntary social distancing, adherence to hygiene guidelines, and their willingness to stay at home. Vaccine information induces people to believe in a swifter return to normal life and puts their vigilance at ease. The results indicate an important behavioral drawback of the successful vaccine development: An increased focus on vaccines can lead to bad health behaviors and accelerate the spread of the virus. The results imply that, as vaccinations start and the end of the pandemic feels closer, existing policies aimed at increasing social distancing will be less effective and stricter policies might be required.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces social distancing
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296. ; 80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines affects voluntary social distancing. In a large-scale preregistered survey experiment with a representative sample, we study whether providing information about the safety, effectiveness, and availability of COVID-19 vaccines affects the willingness to comply with public health guidelines. We find that vaccine information reduces peoples’ voluntary social distancing, adherence to hygiene guidelines, and their willingness to stay at home. Getting positive information on COVID-19 vaccines induces people to believe in a swifter return to normal life. The results indicate an important behavioral drawback of successful vaccine development: An increased focus on vaccines can lower compliance with public health guidelines and accelerate the spread of infectious disease. The results imply that, as vaccinations roll out and the end of a pandemic feels closer, policies aimed at increasing social distancing will be less effective, and stricter policies might be required.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces willingness to socially distance
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines affects voluntary social distancing. In a large-scale preregistered survey experiment with a representative sample, we study whether providing information about the safety, effectiveness, and availability of COVID-19 vaccines affects the willingness to comply with public health guidelines. We find that vaccine information reduces peoples’ voluntary social distancing, adherence to hygiene guidelines, and their willingness to stay at home. Getting positive information on COVID-19 vaccines induces people to believe in a swifter return to normal life. The results indicate an important behavioral drawback of successful vaccine development: An increased focus on vaccines can lower compliance with public health guidelines and accelerate the spread of infectious disease. The results imply that, as vaccinations roll out and the end of a pandemic feels closer, policies aimed at increasing social distancing will be less effective, and stricter policies might be required.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Attityder och beteenden under covid-19-pandemin
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 49:6, s. 5-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Sverige valde en annan väg under pandemin. Men vad tyckte egentligen svenskarna om strategin och hur utvecklades synen på strategin över tiden? Vad kännetecknar de som fann de svenska åtgärderna tillräckliga och de som ansåg dem otillräckliga? Vi presentar en kartläggning av attityder, oro och beteenden och hur de relaterar till sociodemografiska variabler, preferenser och politiska attityder. Den svenska pandemihanteringen har starkare stöd bland de med hög tillit, de som står till vänster politiskt, samt de med hög tolerans för hälsorisker. Följsamheten till restriktioner varierar med risktolerans och tillit, men också med individens grad av tålmodighet och altruism.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Costly Renegotiation in Repeated Bertrand Games
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Theoretical Economics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1935-1704. ; 10:1, Article 51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper extends the concept of weak renegotiation-proof equilibrium (WRP) to allow for costly renegotiation and shows that even small renegotiation costs can have dramatic effects on the set of equilibria. More specifically, the paper analyzes the infinitely repeated Bertrand game. It is shown that for every level of renegotiation cost, there exists a discount factor such that any collusive profit can be supported as an equilibrium outcome. Hence, any arbitrary small renegotiation cost will suffice to facilitate collusive outcomes for sufficiently patient firms. This result stands in stark contrast to the unique pure strategy WRP equilibrium without renegotiation costs, which implies marginal-cost pricing in every period. Moreover, in comparison to the findings of Mc-Cutcheon (1997), who states that renegotiation costs have to be substantial to facilitate collusion, this result points to a quite different conclusion.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Credible communication and cooperation: Experimental evidence from multi-stage Games
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 81:1, s. 207-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is well known that communication often serves as a facilitator for cooperation in static games. Yet, communication can serve entirely different purposes in dynamic settings as communication during the game may work as a means for renegotiation, potentially undermining the credibility of cooperative strategies. To explore this issue, this paper experimentally investigates cooperation and non-binding communication in a two-stage game. More specifically, two treatments are considered: one with only pre-play communication and one where subjects can also communicate intra-play between the stages of the game. The results highlight a nontrivial difference concerning the effects of pre-play communication between the two treatments. Sending or receiving pre-play messages has a positive and significant effect on cooperation if there is no possibility of intra-play communication. However, this effect is significantly reduced when when intra-play communication is allowed. The results suggest that the credibility of pre-play messages may depend crucially on future communication opportunities.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Deciding for Others Reduces Loss Aversion
- 2016
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Ingår i: Management Science. - : Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). - 0025-1909 .- 1526-5501. ; 62:1, s. 29-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study risk taking on behalf of others, both when choices involve losses and when they do not. A large-scale incentivized experiment with subjects randomly drawn from the Danish population is conducted. We find that deciding for others reduces loss aversion. When choosing between risky prospects for which losses are ruled out by design, subjects make the same choices for themselves as for others. In contrast, when losses are possible, we find that the two types of choices differ. In particular, we find that subjects who make choices for themselves take less risk than those who decide for others when losses loom. This finding is consistent with an interpretation of loss aversion as a bias in decision making driven by emotions and that these emotions are reduced when making decisions for others.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Differences Attract: An Experimental Study of Focusing in Economic Choice
- 2016
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several recent models of choice build on the idea that decision makers are more likely to choose an option if its attributes stand out compared to the attributes of the available alternatives. One example is the model of focusing by Köszegi and Szeidl (2013) where decision makers focus disproportionally on the attributes in which the available options differ more, implying that some attributes will be overweighted. We test this prediction in a controlled experiment. We find that subjects are more likely to make inconsistent choices when we manipulate the choice set by adding new options that are unchosen, but affect the maximal difference in attributes among the options. Hence, our results suggest that there exists a focusing effect.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Differences Attract : An Experimental Study of Focusing in Economic Choice
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Economic Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0013-0133 .- 1468-0297. ; 131:639, s. 2671-2692
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several behavioural models of choice assume that decision makers place more weight on attributes where options differ more, an assumption we test in a set of experiments. We find that subjects are more likely to choose an option when we add options increasing the maximal difference in the original option's strongest attribute, suggesting that the decision maker's focus is drawn to attributes with a high spread. Additional experiments corroborate this finding. Still, we document that the focusing effect diminishes when options are presented using numbers instead of graphs or when subjects are forced to wait before submitting their answers.
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| 13. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Do antitrust laws facilitate collusion? Experimental evidence on costly communication in duopolies
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 1467-9442 .- 0347-0520. ; 109:2, s. 321-339
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bertrand supergames with non- binding communication are used to study price formation and stability of collusive agreements on experimental duopoly markets. The experimental design consists of three treatments with different costs of communication: zero- cost, low- cost and high- cost. Prices are found to be significantly higher when communication is costly. Moreover, costly communication decreases the number of messages, but more importantly, it enhances the stability of collusive agreements. McCutcheon ( 1997) presents an interesting application to antitrust policy by letting the cost of communication symbolize the presence of an antitrust law that prohibits firms from discussing prices. Although our experimental results do not support the mechanism of McCutcheon's ( 1997) argument, the findings point in the direction of her prediction that antitrust laws might work in the interest of firms.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
GRIND OR GAMBLE? AN EXPERIMENT ON EFFORT AND SPREAD SEEKING IN CONTESTS
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Economic Inquiry. - : Wiley. - 0095-2583 .- 1465-7295. ; 58:1, s. 169-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conduct a contest experiment to study if spread seeking and effort can be managed when participants can invest in increasing both the mean and the spread of an uncertain performance variable. Subjects are treated with different prize schemes and in accordance with theory, we observe higher investments in spread for the winner-take-all scheme. Both types of investments can be controlled with a three-level prize scheme. However, the control management is imperfect and behavior is characterized by inertia. We also explore the correlation between effort and spread across subjects and find that is robustly positive.
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| 16. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Grind or Gamble? : An Experimental Analysis of Effort and Spread Seeking in Contests
- 2016
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We conduct a contest experiment where participants can invest in increasing both the mean and the spread of an uncertain performance variable. Subjects are treated with different prize schemes and in accordance with theory we observe substantial investments in spread. We find that both types of investments can be controlled with a three level prize scheme. However, the control is imperfect and behavior is characterized by inertia. The winner-take-all prize scheme has many disadvantages including high spread and heterogeneous behavior. The scheme where only one loser is punished appears superior; it generates high mean, low spread and is most popular.
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| 17. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Persuasion in experimental ultimatum games
- 2010
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 108:1, s. 16-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study persuasion effects in experimental ultimatum games and find that Proposers' payoffs significantly increase if, along with offers, they can send messages which Responders read before deciding. Higher payoffs are driven by both lower offers and higher acceptance rates.
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| 18. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
RISK AVERSION RELATES TO COGNITIVE ABILITY: PREFERENCES OR NOISE?
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of the European Economic Association. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1542-4766 .- 1542-4774. ; 14, s. 1129-1154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent experimental studies suggest that risk aversion is negatively related to cognitive ability. In this paper we report evidence that this relation may be spurious. We recruit a large subject pool drawn from the general Danish population for our experiment. By presenting subjects with choice tasks that vary the bias induced by random choices, we are able to generate both negative and positive correlations between risk aversion and cognitive ability. Our results suggest that cognitive ability is related to random decision making rather than to risk preferences.
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| 19. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Risking Other People's Money : Experimental Evidence on the Role of Incentives and Personality Traits
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 1467-9442 .- 0347-0520. ; 122:2, s. 648-674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decision makers often face incentives to increase risk‐taking on behalf of others through bonus contracts and relative performance contracts. We conduct an experimental study of risk‐taking on behalf of others using a large heterogeneous sample and find that people respond to such incentives without much apparent concern for stakeholders. Responses are heterogeneous and mitigated by personality traits. The findings suggest that lack of concern for others’ risk exposure hardly requires “financial psychopaths” in order to flourish, but is diminished by social concerns.
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| 20. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Robust inference in risk elicitation tasks
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Nature. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 61:3, s. 195-209
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent experimental evidence suggests that noisy behavior correlates strongly with personal characteristics. Since decision noise leads to bias in most elicitation tasks, there is a risk of falsely interpreting noise-driven relationships as preference driven. This puts previous studies that found a negative relation between personality measures and risk aversion into perspective and in particular raises the question of how to achieve robust inference in this domain. This paper shows, by way of an economic experiment with subjects from all walks of life, that using structural estimation to model heterogeneity of noise in combination with a balanced design allows us to mitigate the bias problem. Our estimations show that cognitive ability is related to noisy behavior rather than risk preferences. We also find age and education to be strongly related to noise, but the personality characteristics obtained using the Big Five inventory are less related to noise and more robustly correlated to risk preferences.
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| 21. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
The impact of stay-at-home policies on individual welfare
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 124:2, s. 340-362
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we perform a choice experiment assessing the impact of stay-at-home policies on individual welfare. We estimate the willingness to accept compensation (WTA) for restricting non-working hours in Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic. The WTA for a one-month stay-at-home policy is about US$480 per person, or 9.1 percent of Sweden's monthly per capita GDP. Stricter lockdowns require disproportionately higher compensation than more lenient ones, indicating that strict policies are cost-effective only if they are much more successful in slowing the spread of the disease. Moreover, older people have a higher WTA of staying home than the rest of the population.
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| 22. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
THE INDIVIDUAL WELFARE COSTS OF STAY-AT-HOME POLICIES
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper reports the results of a choice experiment designed to estimate the private welfare costs of stay-at-home policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is conducted on a large and representative sample of the Swedish population. The results suggest that the welfare cost of a one-month stay-at-home policy, restricting non-working hours away from home, amounts to 9.1 percent of qSweden's monthly GDP. The cost can be interpreted as 29,600 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which roughly corresponds to between 3,700 and 8,000 COVID-19 fatalities. Moreover, we find that stricter and longer lockdowns are disproportionately more costly than more lenient ones. This result indicates that strict stay-at-home policies are likely to be cost-effective only if they slow the spread of the disease much more than more lenient ones.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Bouwmeester, Sjoerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Registered Replication Report : Rand, Greene, and Nowak (2012)
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Perspectives on Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1745-6916 .- 1745-6924. ; 12:3, s. 527-542
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an anonymous 4-person economic game, participants contributed more money to a common project (i.e., cooperated) when required to decide quickly than when forced to delay their decision (Rand, Greene & Nowak, 2012), a pattern consistent with the social heuristics hypothesis proposed by Rand and colleagues. The results of studies using time pressure have been mixed, with some replication attempts observing similar patterns (e.g., Rand et al., 2014) and others observing null effects (e.g., Tinghög et al., 2013; Verkoeijen & Bouwmeester, 2014). This Registered Replication Report (RRR) assessed the size and variability of the effect of time pressure on cooperative decisions by combining 21 separate, preregistered replications of the critical conditions from Study 7 of the original article (Rand et al., 2012). The primary planned analysis used data from all participants who were randomly assigned to conditions and who met the protocol inclusion criteria (an intent-to-treat approach that included the 65.9% of participants in the time-pressure condition and 7.5% in the forced-delay condition who did not adhere to the time constraints), and we observed a difference in contributions of −0.37 percentage points compared with an 8.6 percentage point difference calculated from the original data. Analyzing the data as the original article did, including data only for participants who complied with the time constraints, the RRR observed a 10.37 percentage point difference in contributions compared with a 15.31 percentage point difference in the original study. In combination, the results of the intent-to-treat analysis and the compliant-only analysis are consistent with the presence of selection biases and the absence of a causal effect of time pressure on cooperation.
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| 25. |
- Campos-Mercade, Pol, et al.
(författare)
-
Monetary incentives increase COVID-19 vaccinations
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 374:6569, s. 879-882
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stalling COVID-19 vaccination rates threaten public health. To increase vaccination rates, governments across the globe are considering using monetary incentives. We present evidence on the effect of guaranteed payments on COVID-19 vaccination uptake. We ran a large pre-registered randomized controlled trial (N = 8,286) in Sweden and linked the data to population-wide administrative vaccination records. We found that modest monetary payments of $24 (SEK 200) increased vaccination rates by 4.2 percentage points (p = 0.005), from a baseline rate of 71.6%. In contrast, behavioral nudges increased stated intentions to vaccinate but had only small and not statistically significant impacts on vaccination rates. The results highlight the potential of modest monetary incentives to increase vaccination rates.
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| 26. |
- Campos-Mercade, Pol, et al.
(författare)
-
Prosociality predicts health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727. ; 195
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Socially responsible behavior is crucial for slowing the spread of infectious diseases. However, economic and epidemiological models of disease transmission abstract from prosocial motivations as a driver of behaviors that impact the health of others. In an incentivized study, we show that a large majority of people are very reluctant to put others at risk for their personal benefit. Moreover, this experimental measure of prosociality predicts health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, measured in a separate and ostensibly unrelated study with the same people. Prosocial individuals are more likely to follow physical distancing guidelines, stay home when sick, and buy face masks. We also find that prosociality measured two years before the pandemic predicts health behaviors during the pandemic. Our findings indicate that prosociality is a stable, long-term predictor of policy-relevant behaviors, suggesting that the impact of policies on a population may depend on the degree of prosociality.
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| 27. |
- Cappelen, Alexander W., et al.
(författare)
-
Fairness is intuitive
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Experimental Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-6938 .- 1386-4157. ; 19:4, s. 727-740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we provide new evidence showing that fair behavior is intuitive to most people. We find a strong association between a short response time and fair behavior in the dictator game. This association is robust to controls that take account of the fact that response time might be affected by the decision-maker’s cognitive ability and swiftness. The experiment was conducted with a large and heterogeneous sample recruited from the general population in Denmark. We find a striking similarity in the association between response time and fair behavior across groups in the society, which suggests that the predisposition to act fairly is a general human trait.
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| 28. |
- Døssing, Felix, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive Load and Cooperation
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Review of Behavioral Economics. - : Now Publishers. - 2326-6198 .- 2326-6201. ; 4:1, s. 69-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effect of intuitive and reflective processes on cooperation using cognitive load. Compared with time constraint, which has been used in the previous literature, cognitive load is a more direct way to block reflective processes, and thus a more suitable way to study the link between intuition and cooperation. Using a repeated public goods game, we study the effect of different levels of cognitive load on contributions. We show that a higher cognitive load increases the initial level of cooperation. In particular, subjects are significantly less likely to fully free ride under high cognitive load.
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| 29. |
- Ellingsen, Tore, et al.
(författare)
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How does communication affect beliefs in one-shot games with complete information?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Games and Economic Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-8256 .- 1090-2473. ; 107, s. 153-181
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper experimentally studies unilateral communication of intentions in eight different two-player one-shot normal form games with complete information. We find that communication is used both to coordinate and to deceive, and that messages have a significant impact on beliefs and behavior even in dominance solvable games. Nash equilibrium and cognitive hierarchy jointly account for many regularities, but not all of the evidence. Sophisticated sender behavior is especially difficult to reconcile with existing models.
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| 30. |
- Fosgaard, Toke Reinholt, et al.
(författare)
-
Cooperation, Framing and Political Attitudes
- 2017
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper shows that political attitudes are linked to cooperative behavior in an incentivized experiment with a large sample randomly drawn from the Danish population. However, this relationship depends on the way the experiment is framed. In the standard game in which subjects give to a public good, contributions are the same regardless of political attitudes. In an economically equivalent version, in which subjects take from a public good, left-wingers cooperate significantly more than subjects in the middle or to the right of the political spectrum. Through simulation techniques we find that this difference in the framing effect across political point of views is to some extent explained by differences in beliefs and basic cooperation preferences.
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| 31. |
- Fosgaard, Toke R., et al.
(författare)
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Cooperation, framing, and political attitudes
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 158, s. 416-427
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper shows that political attitudes are linked to cooperative behavior in an incentivized experiment with a large sample randomly drawn from the Danish population. However, this relationship depends on the way the experiment is framed. In the standard game in which subjects give to a public good, contributions are not linked to political attitudes. In an economically equivalent version, in which subjects take from a public good, left-wingers cooperate significantly more than subjects to the right of the political spectrum. This difference is to some extent caused by differences in beliefs and cooperation preferences but a substantial part is left unexplained, indicating that left wingers find cooperating under this institution more attractive than right wingers do.
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| 32. |
- Fosgaard, Toke Reinholt, et al.
(författare)
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Framing and Misperception in Public Good Experiments
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 1467-9442 .- 0347-0520. ; 119:2, s. 435-456
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier studies have found that framing has a substantial impact on the degree of cooperation observed in public good experiments. We show that the way the public good game is framed affects misperceptions about the incentives of the game. Moreover, we show that such framing-induced differences in misperceptions are linked to the framing effect on subjects’ cooperation behavior. When we do not control for the different levels of misperceptions between frames, we observe a significant framing effect on subjects’ cooperation preferences. However, this framing effect becomes insignificant once we remove subjects who misperceive.
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| 33. |
- Fosgaard, Toke R., et al.
(författare)
-
Norm compliance in an uncertain world
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - 2214-8043. ; 107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many situations, pro-social norms govern behavior. While the existence of a pro-social norm may be clear to someone entering the situation, it is often less clear precisely how much effort is required in order to comply with the norm. We investigate how people react to uncertainty about which effort level implements the prevailing norm using a modified version of the dictator game. Since the behavioral effects of pro-social norms are tightly linked to the degree of anonymity in a situation, we also vary the extent to which subjects’ behavior is observable. We find that when behavior is anonymous, uncertainty about which effort level implements the norm reduces aggregate norm compliance. However, when others can observe behavior, introducing a small degree of implementation uncertainty increases aggregate norm compliance. This implies that norm implementation uncertainty may actually facilitate interaction as long as behavior is observable and uncertainty is sufficiently small. We also document that reactions to norm implementation uncertainty are heterogeneous with one group of people reacting to implementation uncertainty by increasing compliance (over-compliers), while another group reacts by reducing compliance (under-compliers). The main effect of increased observability operates through the intensive margin of the under-compliers; they reduce their negative reaction to norm implementation uncertainty when their actions become more visible.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf-G., et al.
(författare)
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Trait self-control, exercise and exercise ambition : Evidence from a healthy, adult population
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Psychology, Health & Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1354-8506 .- 1465-3966. ; 25:5, s. 583-592
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores if self-control predicts exercise ambition and actual exercise, and if exercise ambition predicts actual exercise. Members and guests at a not-for-profit sports club were invited to participate. 264 individuals completed a self-reported (Self-Control Scale) measure of self-control, and responded to questions about actual exercise as well as exercise ambition prior to their workout. Main Outcome Measures are exercise ambition, actual exercise, and the difference between them. We find that trait self-control predicts both actual exercise and exercise ambition. Exercise ambition also predicts actual exercise. The results suggest a path from self-control, via exercise ambition, to actual exercise. Individuals with relatively low self-control might benefit from some aid in setting goals for their workouts and committing to exercise.
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| 36. |
- Hardardottir, Hjördis, et al.
(författare)
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Parameterizing standard measures of income and health inequality using choice experiments
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Health Economics. - : Wiley. - 1099-1050 .- 1057-9230. ; 30:10, s. 2531-2546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When measuring inequality using conventional inequality measures, ethical assumptions about distributional preferences are often implicitly made. In this paper, we ask whether the ethical assumptions underlying the concentration index for income-related health inequality and the Gini index for income inequality are supported in a representative sample of the Swedish population using an internet-based survey. We find that the median subject has preferences regarding income-related health inequality that are in line with the ethical assumptions implied by the concentration index, but put higher weight on the poor than what is implied by the Gini index of income inequality. We find that women and individuals with a poorer health status put higher weight on the poor than men and healthier individuals. Ethically flexible inequality measures, such as the s-Gini index and the extended concentration index, imply that researchers have to choose from a toolbox of infinitely many inequality indices. The results of this paper are indicative of which indices (i.e. which parameter values) reflect the views of the population regarding how inequality should be defined.
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| 37. |
- Hardardottir, Hjördis, et al.
(författare)
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What Kind of Inequality Do You Prefer? Evaluating Measures of Income and Health Inequality Using Choice Experiments
- 2019
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When measuring inequality using conventional inequality measures, ethical assumptions about distributional preferences are often implicitly made. In this paper, we ask whether the ethical assumptions underlying the concentration index for income-related inequality in health and the Gini index for income inequality are supported in a representative sample of the Swedish population using an internet-based survey. We find that the median subject has preferences regarding income-related inequality in health that are in line with the ethical assumptions implied by the concentration index, but put higher weight on the poor than what is implied by the Gini index of income inequality. We find that women and individuals with a poorer health status put higher weight on the poor than men and healthier individuals. Ethically flexible inequality measures, such as the s-Gini index and the extended concentration index, imply that researchers have to choose from a toolbox of infinitely many inequality indices. The results of this paper are indicative of which indices (i.e. which parameter values) reflect the views of the population regarding how inequality should be defined.
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| 38. |
- Holmen, Martin, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Preferences and Personality Traits Among Finance Professionals and the General Population
- 2023
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Ingår i: Economic Journal. - 0013-0133 .- 1468-0297. ; 133:656
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on artefactual field experiments, we investigate whether finance professionals differ from a sample of the working population in terms of industry-relevant preferences and personality traits. When adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics, we find only few and less marked differences: finance professionals are less risk averse, less trustworthy, show higher levels of psychopathy and are more competitive than participants from the general population. In an additional survey, experts with hiring experience consider industry selection, self-selection and imprinting by industry norms as explanatory for the observed subject pool differences.
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| 39. |
- Holzmeister, Felix, et al.
(författare)
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Delegation Decisions in Finance
- 2020
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We run an online experiment with finance professionals and subjects from the general population (clients) to examine drivers and implications of clients' delegation decisions. We find that clients favor delegation to investment algorithms, followed by delegation to finance professionals with aligned incentives and lastly to those with fixed incentives. We also show that trust in investment algorithms or money managers (finance professionals), respectively, and clients' propensity to shift blame on others increases the likelihood of delegation, whereas own decision-making quality is associated with a decrease. In measuring the implications of clients' delegation decisions, we report high variability among finance professionals' perceptions of clients' preferred risk levels. We show that this results in overlaps in portfolio risk across risk-levels of clients, indicating problems of risk communication between clients and their money managers.
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| 40. |
- Holzmeister, Felix, et al.
(författare)
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Delegation Decisions in Finance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Management Science. - : Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). - 0025-1909 .- 1526-5501. ; 69:8, s. 4828-4844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on an online experimentwith a sample of finance professionals and participants from the general population (acting as clients), we examine drivers and motives of clients' choices to delegate investment decisions to agents.We find that clients favor delegation to investment algorithms, followed by delegation to finance professionals compensated with an aligned incentive scheme, and lastly to finance professionals receiving a fixed payment for investing on behalf of others. We show that trust in investment algorithms or finance professionals, and clients' propensity to shift blame on others increase the likelihood of delegation, whereas clients' own decision-making quality is associated with a decrease in delegation frequency.
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| 41. |
- Jiborn, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Har vi en klimatskuld?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Generationsmålet. - Stockholm : Dialogos Förlag. - 9789175042626 ; , s. 35-63
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 42. |
- Jiborn, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Har vi en klimatskuld?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Generationsmålet. - 9789175042626 ; , s. 35-63
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Jimenez, Natalia, et al.
(författare)
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Thinking fast, thinking badly
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765. ; 162, s. 41-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We test for the construct validity of the cognitive reflection test (CRT) by eliciting response times. We find that incorrect answers to the CRT are quicker than correct answers. At the individual level, we classify subjects into impulsive and reflective, depending on whether they choose the incorrect intuitive answer or the correct answer the majority of the time. We show that impulsive subjects complete the test quicker than reflective subjects.
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| 46. |
- Kitson, Alison, et al.
(författare)
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Speaking Up for Fundamental Care : the ILC Aalborg Statement
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 9:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The International Learning Collaborative (ILC) is an organisation dedicated to understanding why fundamental care, the care required by all patients regardless of clinical condition, fails to be provided in healthcare systems globally. At its 11th annual meeting in 2019, nursing leaders from 11 countries, together with patient representatives, confirmed that patients' fundamental care needs are still being ignored and nurses are still afraid to 'speak up' when these care failures occur. While the ILC's efforts over the past decade have led to increased recognition of the importance of fundamental care, it is not enough. To generate practical, sustainable solutions, we need to substantially rethink fundamental care and its contribution to patient outcomes and experiences, staff well-being, safety and quality, and the economic viability of healthcare systems.KEY ARGUMENTS: We present five propositions for radically transforming fundamental care delivery:Value: fundamental care must be foundational to all caring activities, systems and institutionsTalk: fundamental care must be explicitly articulated in all caring activities, systems and institutions.Do: fundamental care must be explicitly actioned and evaluated in all caring activities, systems and institutions.Own: fundamental care must be owned by each individual who delivers care, works in a system that is responsible for care or works in an institution whose mission is to deliver care.RESEARCH: fundamental care must undergo systematic and high-quality investigations to generate the evidence needed to inform care practices and shape health systems and education curricula.CONCLUSION: For radical transformation within health systems globally, we must move beyond nursing and ensure all members of the healthcare team-educators, students, consumers, clinicians, leaders, researchers, policy-makers and politicians-value, talk, do, own and research fundamental care. It is only through coordinated, collaborative effort that we will, and must, achieve real change.
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| 47. |
- Montinari, Natalia, et al.
(författare)
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Self-Scanning and Self-Control: A Field Experiment on Real-Time Feedback and Shopping Behavior
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Payment and checkout at retail stores is increasingly being replaced by automated systems. One recent technological invention in this area is mobile self-scanning in which customers carry a mobile scanner while shopping. Mobile self-scanners give real-time feedback on spending. The device increases price saliency and enables customers to keep track of the total amount spent. Using a field experiment, we test if mobile self-scanning affects shopping behavior. Consumers of two grocery stores were allocated randomly to use a mobile self-scanner or not. Overall, we find that using the self-scanner has a negative but insignificant effect on total amount spent. However, the response to using the scanner is heterogeneous and for customers with low self-control, it significantly reduces both their spending and number of items bought when using the mobile scanner. Moreover, we find that consumers with low self-control are more likely to use the self-scanner than individuals with high self-control. Taken together, our results suggest that sophisticated individuals, that is, individuals who are aware of their self-control problem, use the scanner to control their spending.
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| 48. |
- Morton, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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Personality Traits and the Gender Gap in Ideology
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Political Economy of Social Choices. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2364-5903. - 9783319401164 - 9783319401188 ; , s. 153-185
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- What explains the gender gap in ideology, i.e. the observation that women tend to be more leftist than men? We provide new evidence showing that personality traits play a key role. Using a novel high-quality data set, we show that the mediating (i.e. indirect) effects of gender operating through personality traits by far dominate the direct effects of gender. They also dominate other potential differences between the sexes like income or education as explanatory factors. Our findings suggest that women tend to be more leftist than men mainly because they have different personalities, which, in turn, shape their expressed ideology. Taking such mediating effects of personality traits into account explains over three quarters of the observed gender gap in general ideological preferences.
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| 49. |
- Nielsen, Ulrik H., et al.
(författare)
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Second Thoughts on Free Riding
- 2014
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765. ; 122:2, s. 136-139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the strategy method to classify subjects into cooperator types in a large-scale online Public Goods Game and find that free riders spend more time on making their decisions than conditional cooperators and other cooperator types. This result is robust to reversing the framing of the game and is not driven by free riders lacking cognitive ability, confusion, or natural swiftness in responding. Our results suggest that conditional cooperation serves as a norm and that free riders need time to resolve a moral dilemma.
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| 50. |
- Schneider, Florian H, et al.
(författare)
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Financial incentives for vaccination do not have negative unintended consequences
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 613:7944, s. 526-533
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Financial incentives to encourage healthy and prosocial behaviours often trigger initial behavioural change, but a large academic literature warns against using them. Critics warn that financial incentives can crowd out prosocial motivations and reduce perceived safety and trust, thereby reducing healthy behaviours when no payments are offered and eroding morals more generally. Here we report findings from a large-scale, pre-registered study in Sweden that causally measures the unintended consequences of offering financial incentives for taking the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. We use a unique combination of random exposure to financial incentives, population-wide administrative vaccination records and rich survey data. We find no negative consequences of financial incentives; we can reject even small negative impacts of offering financial incentives on future vaccination uptake, morals, trust and perceived safety. In a complementary study, we find that informing US residents about the existence of state incentive programmes also has no negative consequences. Our findings inform not only the academic debate on financial incentives for behaviour change but also policy-makers who consider using financial incentives to change behaviour.
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