| 1. |
- Larsson, D. G. Joakim, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 117, s. 132-138
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing understanding that the environment plays an important role both in the transmission of antibiotic resistant pathogens and in their evolution. Accordingly, researchers and stakeholders world-wide seek to further explore the mechanisms and drivers involved, quantify risks and identify suitable interventions. There is a clear value in establishing research needs and coordinating efforts within and across nations in order to best tackle this global challenge. At an international workshop in late September 2017, scientists from 14 countries with expertise on the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance gathered to define critical knowledge gaps. Four key areas were identified where research is urgently needed: 1) the relative contributions of different sources of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria into the environment; 2) the role of the environment, and particularly anthropogenic inputs, in the evolution of resistance; 3) the overall human and animal health impacts caused by exposure to environmental resistant bacteria; and 4) the efficacy and feasibility of different technological, social, economic and behavioral interventions to mitigate environmental antibiotic resistance.(1)
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| 2. |
- Vishnu, N., et al.
(författare)
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Mitochondrial clearance of calcium facilitated by MICU2 controls insulin secretion
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular Metabolism. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8778. ; 51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Transport of Ca2+ into pancreatic 13 cell mitochondria facilitates nutrient-mediated insulin secretion. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Recent establishment of the molecular identity of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and associated proteins allows modification of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in intact cells. We examined the consequences of deficiency of the accessory protein MICU2 in rat and human insulin-secreting cells and mouse islets. Methods: siRNA silencing of Micu2 in the INS-1 832/13 and EndoC-13H1 cell lines was performed; Micu2-/- mice were also studied. Insulin secretion and mechanistic analyses utilizing live confocal imaging to assess mitochondrial function and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics were performed. Results: Silencing of Micu2 abrogated GSIS in the INS-1 832/13 and EndoC-13H1 cells. The Micu2-/- mice also displayed attenuated GSIS. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake declined in MICU2-deficient INS-1 832/13 and EndoC-13H1 cells in response to high glucose and high K+. MICU2 silencing in INS-1 832/13 cells, presumably through its effects on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, perturbed mitochondrial function illustrated by absent mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization and lowering of the ATP/ADP ratio in response to elevated glucose. Despite the loss of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, cytosolic Ca2+ was lower in siMICU2-treated INS-1 832/13 cells in response to high K+. It was hypothesized that Ca2+ accumulated in the submembrane compartment in MICU2-deficient cells, resulting in desensitization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, lowering total cytosolic Ca2+. Upon high K+ stimulation, MICU2-silenced cells showed higher and prolonged increases in submembrane Ca2+ levels. Conclusions: MICU2 plays a critical role in 13 cell mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. 13 cell mitochondria sequestered Ca2+ from the submembrane compartment, preventing desensitization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and facilitating GSIS.
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| 3. |
- Cherkaoui, K., et al.
(författare)
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High-k/InGaAs interface defects at cryogenic temperature
- 2023
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Ingår i: Solid-State Electronics. - 0038-1101. ; 207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxide defects in the high-k/InGaAs MOS system are investigated. The behaviour of these traps is explored from room temperature down to 10 K. This study reveals that the exchange of free carriers between oxide states and either the conduction or the valence band is strongly temperature dependant. The capture and emission of electrons is strongly suppressed at 10 K as demonstrated by the collapse of the capacitance frequency dispersion in accumulation for n-InGaAs MOS devices, though hysteresis in the C-V sweeps is still present at 10 K. Phonon assisted tunnelling processes are considered in the simulation of electrical characteristics. The simulated data match very well the experimental characteristics and provide energy and spatial mapping of oxide defects. The multi phonon theory also help explain the impedance data temperature dependence. This study also reveals an asymmetry in the free carrier trapping between n and p type devices, where hole trapping is more significant at 10 K.
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| 4. |
- Floor, P. A., et al.
(författare)
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Power constrained channel optimized vector quantizers used for bandwidth expansion
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 4th IEEE Internatilonal Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems 2007, ISWCS. - New York : IEEE. - 9781424409792 - 1424409799 ; , s. 667-671
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with algorithms for determining well performing bandwidth expanding joint source-channel coding (JSCC) systems. The JSCC systems are realized as direct source-channel mappings. The algorithms presented are "Power Constrained Channel Optimized Vector Quantizers" (PCCOVQ). The PCCOVQ algorithm is a modified generalized Lloyd algorithm. Theory on PCCOVQ is presented, with the emphasis on bandwidth expansion. Examples and results concerning bandwidth expansion by a factor of 2 and 3 are given.
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| 5. |
- Floor, P. A., et al.
(författare)
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Transmitting multiple correlated gaussian sources over a Gaussian MAC using delay-free mappings
- 2011
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Ingår i: ISABEL '11 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450309134
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we study the problem of communicating multiple correlated Gaussian memoryless sources over a Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (GMAC). We focus on distributed delay-free, low complexity, joint source-channel coding (JSCC) solutions to the problem. Theoretical performance bounds are derived and linear and nonlinear JSCC schemes are evaluated. The main contribution is a nonlinear hybrid discrete-analog mapping based on distributed quantization and a linear continuous mapping named Distributed Quantizer Linear Coder (DQLC). The proposed scheme shows promising performance which improve with increasing correlation and is robust against variations in noise level.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Passlack, M., et al.
(författare)
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Core-shell tfet developments and tfet limitations
- 2019
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Ingår i: 2019 International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Application, VLSI-TSA 2019. - 9781728109428
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tunneling field-effect transistors (TFET) based on a vertical gate-All-Around (VGAA) nanowire (NW) architecture with a core-shell (CS) structure have been explored for future CMOS applications. Performance predictions based on a tight-binding mode-space NEGF technique include a drive current \mathrm{I}-{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}} of 6.7\ \mu \mathrm{A} (NW diameter \mathrm{d}= 10.2\ \mathrm{nm}) at \mathrm{V}-{\mathrm{dd}}=0.3\ \mathrm{V} under low power (LP) conditions (\mathrm{I}-{\mathrm{off}}=1 \mathrm{pA}) for an InAs/GaSb CS TFET. This compares to Si nMOSFET \mathrm{I}-{\mathrm{on}} =2.3\ \mu \mathrm{A} at \mathrm{V}-{\mathrm{dd}}=0.55\ \mathrm{V}(\mathrm{d}=6\ \mathrm{nm}). On the experimental side, scaling of vertical CS NWs resulted in smallest dimensions of \mathrm{d}-{\mathrm{c}}= 17 nm (GaSb core) and \mathrm{t}-{\mathrm{sh}}=3 nm (InAs shell) for a total diameter of 23 nm. VGAA CS nFETs demonstrated drive current of up to 40\ \mu \mathrm{A} (\mathrm{V}-{\mathrm{d}}=0.3\ \mathrm{V}) and subthreshold swing \mathrm{SS}=40\mathrm{mV}/\mathrm{dec}(\mathrm{V}-{\mathrm{d}}=10\mathrm{mV}) for NW diameters between 35-50 nm. Although key TFET properties such as current drive and subthermal SS have been demonstrated using a VGAA CS architecture for the first time, experimental results still lag predictions. An intrinsic relationship between band-To band-Tunneling (BTBT) and \mathrm{D}-{\mathrm{it}} related trap assisted tunneling (TAT) was found which imposes challenging \mathrm{D}-{\mathrm{it}} requirements, in particular for LP \mathrm{I}-{\mathrm{off}} specifications. Complexity of fabrication and a material system foreign to CMOS manufacturing further impact prospects of TFET technology.
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| 8. |
- Rosca, T., et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Study of Heterostructure Tunnel FET Nanowire Arrays : Digital and Analog Figures of Merit from 300K to 10K
- 2019
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Ingår i: 2018 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM 2018. - 9781728119878 ; 2018, s. 1-13
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, we experimentally report the figures of merit of state-of-the-art heterostructure Tunnel Field-Effect-Transistor (TFET) arrays from room (300K) down to cryogenic temperature (10K) at supply voltages below 400mV. We demonstrate here, for the first time, that InAs/InGaAsSb/GaSb Nanowire (NW) TFETs are robust enough to maintain excellent figures of merit over a large temperature range even in devices with a large number arrayed nanowires (here, from 4 to 184 nanowires per device), accounting for technological variability. The investigated Tunnel FETs have temperature-independent min and average subthreshold swings of 45mV/dec/67mV/dec in large NW arrays, versus ∼36/45mV/dec in smaller arrays, once the trap-assisted tunneling is removed (from 150K down to 10K). In all NW arrays we observe improvement of the on-current and of maximum transconductance, gmax, at cryogenic temperatures, with very little dependence of temperature, from 150K to 10K. The paper reports that in the range 150K to 10K only band-to-band-tunneling dominates the analog figures of merit of Tunnel FETs; we measured transconductance efficiencincies higher than 60V -1 for small arrays (breaking the limit of CMOS at RT) and close to 42V -1 for large arrays, for supply volrages smaller than 100mV, offering the possibility to design future energy efficient readouts and analog-to-digital converters. In contrast with cryogenic MOSFETs, Tunnel FETs show almost no hysteresis (<24mV), steep transfer characteristics, are free of kinks in output characteristics, with a unique stability of the swing drift with T, and negligible threshold voltage drift in all arrays configurations.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Vasen, T., et al.
(författare)
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InAs nanowire GAA n-MOSFETs with 12-15 nm diameter
- 2016
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Ingår i: 2016 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology, VLSI Technology 2016. - 9781509006373 ; 2016-September
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- InAs nanowires (NW) grown by MOCVD with diameter d as small as 10 nm and gate-All-Around (GAA) MOSFETs with d = 12-15 nm are demonstrated. Ion = 314 μA/μm, and Ssat =68 mV/dec was achieved at Vdd = 0.5 V (Ioff = 0.1 μA/μm). Highest gm measured is 2693 μS/μm. Device performance is enabled by small diameter and optimized high-k/InAs gate stack process. Device performance tradeoffs between gm, Ron, and Imin are discussed.
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| 11. |
- Vasen, T., et al.
(författare)
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Vertical Gate-All-Around Nanowire GaSb-InAs Core-Shell n-Type Tunnel FETs
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors (TFET) are one of the most promising candidates for future low-power CMOS applications including mobile and Internet of Things (IoT) products. A vertical gate-all-around (VGAA) architecture with a core shell (C-S) structure is the leading contender to meet CMOS footprint requirements while simultaneously delivering high current drive for high performance specifications and subthreshold swing below the Boltzmann limit for low power operation. In this work, VGAA nanowire GaSb/InAs C-S TFETs are demonstrated experimentally for the first time with key device properties of subthreshold swing S = 40 mV/dec (Vd = 10 mV) and current drive up to 40 μA/wire (Vd = 0.3 V, diameter d = 50 nm) while dimensions including core diameter d, shell thickness and gate length are scaled towards CMOS requirements. The experimental data in conjunction with TCAD modeling reveal interface trap density requirements to reach industry standard off-current specifications.
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| 12. |
- Wheeler, D., et al.
(författare)
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Deposition of HfO2 on InAs by atomic-layer deposition
- 2009
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Ingår i: Microelectronic Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-5568 .- 0167-9317. ; 86:7-9, s. 1561-1563
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors are formed on bulk InAs substrates by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) of HfO2. Prior to film growth, InAs substrates receive a wet-chemical treatment of HCl, buffered HF (BHF), or (NH4)(2)S. Hafnium dioxide films are grown using 75 ALD cycles with substrate temperatures of 100, 200, and 300 degrees C. Substrate temperature is found to have a significant influence on the current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of the capacitors, while the influence of substrate pretreatment manifests itself in interface trap density, D-it, as measured by the Terman method. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Caroff, Philippe, et al.
(författare)
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InAs film grown on Si(111) by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 100, s. 042017-042017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the successful growth of high quality InAs films directly on Si( 111) by Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy. A nearly mirror-like and uniform InAs film is obtained at 580 C for a thickness of 2 mu m. We measured a high value of the electron mobility of 5100 cm(2)/Vs at room temperature. The growth is performed using a standard two-step procedure. The influence of the nucleation layer, group V flow rate, and layer thickness on the electrical and morphological properties of the InAs film have been investigated. We present results of our studies by Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, electrical Hall/van der Pauw and structural X-Ray Diffraction characterization.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Duraj, F, et al.
(författare)
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Tarmtransplantation
- 1998
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. ; 28, s. 3172-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 19. |
- Favre-Nicolin, V., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of strain and stacking faults in single nanowires using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging
- 2010
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Ingår i: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1367-2630. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) on Bragg reflections is a promising technique for the study of three-dimensional (3D) composition and strain fields in nanostructures, which can be recovered directly from the coherent diffraction data recorded on single objects. In this paper, we report results obtained for single homogeneous and heterogeneous nanowires with a diameter smaller than 100 nm, for which we used CDI to retrieve information about deformation and faults existing in these wires. We also discuss the influence of stacking faults, which can create artefacts during the reconstruction of the nanowire shape and deformation.
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| 20. |
- Floor, Pal Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Distributed zero-delay joint source-channel coding for a BI-variate Gaussian on a Gaussian MAC
- 2011
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Ingår i: 19TH EUROPEAN SIGNAL PROCESSING CONFERENCE (EUSIPCO-2011). - : EURASIP. ; , s. 2084-2088
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper delay-free distributed joint source-channel coding for communication of two correlated Gaussian sources over a Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (GMAC) are considered. Both discrete and hybrid discrete analog schemes arc proposed and optimized. The proposed schemes are noise robust and show promising performance which improve with increasing correlation.
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| 21. |
- Floor, Pal Anders, et al.
(författare)
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On Joint Source-Channel Coding for a Multivariate Gaussian on a Gaussian MAC
- 2015
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Communications. - 0090-6778 .- 1558-0857. ; 63:5, s. 1824-1836
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, nonlinear distributed joint source-channel coding (JSCC) schemes for transmission of multivariate Gaussian sources over a Gaussian multiple access channel are proposed and analyzed. The main contribution is a zero-delay JSCC named Distributed Quantizer Linear Coder (DQLC), which performs relatively close the information theoretical bounds, improves when the correlation among the sources increases, and does not level off as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) becomes large. Therefore it outperforms any linear solution for sufficiently large SNR. Further an extension of DQLC to an arbitrary code length named Vector Quantizer Linear Coder (VQLC) is analyzed. The VQLC closes in on the performance upper bound as the code length increases and can potentially achieve the bound for any number of independent sources. The VQLC leaves a gap to the bound whenever the sources are correlated, however. JSCC achieving the bound for arbitrary correlation has been found for the bivariate case, but that solution is significantly outperformed by the DQLC/VQLC when there is a low delay constraint. This indicates that different approaches are needed to perform close to the bounds when the code length is high and low. The VQLC/DQLC also apply for bandwidth compression of a multivariate Gaussian transmitted on point-to-point links.
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| 22. |
- Floor, Pål Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Zero-Delay Joint Source-Channel Coding for a Bivariate Gaussian on a Gaussian MAC
- 2012
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Communications. - 0090-6778 .- 1558-0857. ; 60:10, s. 3091-3102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, delay-free, low complexity, joint source-channel coding (JSCC) for transmission of two correlated Gaussian memoryless sources over a Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (GMAC) is considered. The main contributions of the paper are two distributed JSCC schemes: one discrete scheme based on nested scalar quantization, and one hybrid discrete-analog scheme based on a scalar quantizer and a linear continuous mapping. The proposed schemes show promising performance which improves with increasing correlation and are robust against variations in noise level. Both schemes also exhibit a constant gap to the performance upper bound when the channel signal-to-noise ratio gets large.
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| 23. |
- Gelali, E, et al.
(författare)
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iFISH is a publically available resource enabling versatile DNA FISH to study genome architecture
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 10:1, s. 1636-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (DNA FISH) is a powerful method to study chromosomal organization in single cells. At present, there is a lack of free resources of DNA FISH probes and probe design tools which can be readily applied. Here, we describe iFISH, an open-source repository currently comprising 380 DNA FISH probes targeting multiple loci on the human autosomes and chromosome X, as well as a genome-wide database of optimally designed oligonucleotides and a freely accessible web interface (http://ifish4u.org) that can be used to design DNA FISH probes. We individually validate 153 probes and take advantage of our probe repository to quantify the extent of intermingling between multiple heterologous chromosome pairs, showing a much higher extent of intermingling in human embryonic stem cells compared to fibroblasts. In conclusion, iFISH is a versatile and expandable resource, which can greatly facilitate the use of DNA FISH in research and diagnostics.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Girelli, G, et al.
(författare)
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Sequencing Genome Organization
- 2022
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Ingår i: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS. - 1018-4813. ; 30:SUPPL 1, s. 16-16
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Jurgilaitis, Andrius, et al.
(författare)
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Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction Investigation of the Modified Phonon Dispersion in InSb Nanowires
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nano letters (Print). - Washington, DC : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 14:2, s. 541-546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The modified phonon dispersion is of importance for understanding the origin of the reduced heat conductivity in nanowires. We have measured the phonon dispersion for 50 nm diameter InSb (111) nanowires using time-resolved X-ray diffraction. By comparing the sound speed of the bulk (3880 m/s) and that of a classical thin rod (3600 m/s) to our measurement (2880 m/s), we conclude that the origin of the reduced sound speed and thereby to the reduced heat conductivity is that the C44 elastic constant is reduced by 35% compared to the bulk material. © 2014 American Chemical Society.
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| 29. |
- Kanwischer, Marion, et al.
(författare)
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Substances of emerging concern in Baltic Sea water: Review on methodological advances for the environmental assessment and proposal for future monitoring
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 51, s. 1588-1608
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Baltic Sea is among the most polluted seas worldwide. Anthropogenic contaminants are mainly introduced via riverine discharge and atmospheric deposition. Regional and international measures have successfully been employed to reduce concentrations of several legacy contaminants. However, current Baltic Sea monitoring programs do not address compounds of emerging concern. Hence, potentially harmful pharmaceuticals, UV filters, polar pesticides, estrogenic compounds, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or naturally produced algal toxins are not taken into account during the assessment of the state of the Baltic Sea. Herein, we conducted literature searches based on systematic approaches and compiled reported data on these substances in Baltic Sea surface water and on methodological advances for sample processing and chemical as well as effect-based analysis of these analytically challenging marine pollutants. Finally, we provide recommendations for improvement of future contaminant and risk assessment in the Baltic Sea, which revolve around a combination of both chemical and effect-based analyses.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Lawson, Paul A, et al.
(författare)
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Dysgonomonas hofstadii sp. nov., isolated from a human clinical source.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Anaerobe. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-8274 .- 1075-9964. ; 16:2, s. 161-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Gram-negative staining, facultative anaerobic, cocco-bacillus-shaped organism was isolated from a post-operative abdominal wound. Based on morphological and biochemical criteria, strain MX 1040 (=CCUG 54731(T)) was tentatively identified as Bacteroidaceae but did not correspond to any recognized species of this family. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis demonstrated the organism to be related to species of the genus Dysgonomonas, although sequence divergence values of >5% with the other members of this genus demonstrated the organism to represent a novel species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the novel organism to be most closely related to Dysgonomonas gadei. The major long-chain cellular fatty acids of the novel species consisted of iso-C(14:0), anteiso-C(15:0), C(16:0), and iso-C(16:0). Based on the phenotypic criteria and phylogenetic considerations, it is proposed that strain MX 1040 from a human clinical source represents a new species of the genus Dysgonomonas, as Dysgonomonas hofstadii sp. nov. The type strain of D. hofstadii is CCUG 54731(T) (=CCM 7606(T)).
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| 32. |
- Lee, S. -K, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of the barrier height and enhancement of tunneling current of titanium contacts using embedded Au nano-particles on 4H and 6H silicon carbide
- 2002
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications Inc.. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 389-393:2, s. 937-940
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have investigated the electrical characteristics of Ti Schottky contacts with embedded Au nano-particles on various types of epilayers of SiC (4H- and 6H-SiC). From our current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements, we observed that Ti Schottky contacts with embedded Au nano-particles had 0.19 eV (n-4H-SiC) and 0.15 eV (n-6H-SiC) lower barrier height than those of particle free Ti Schottky contacts. In order to understand this reduction of the Schottky barrier height (SBH) for Ti Schottky contacts with embedded Au nano-particles, it has been proposed that SBH lowering is caused by an enhanced electric field due to the small size of the Au nano-particles and the large SBH difference. We have also tested these contacts on highly doped n-and p-type SiC material to study ohmic contacts using linear TLM measurements.
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| 33. |
- Lee, S. K., et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of the Schottky barrier height on silicon carbide using Au nano-particles
- 2002
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Ingår i: Solid-State Electronics. - 0038-1101 .- 1879-2405. ; 46:9, s. 1433-1440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By the incorporation of size-selected Au nano-particles in Ti Schottky contacts on silicon carbide, we could observe considerably lower the barrier height of the contacts. This result could be obtained for both n- and p-type Schottky contacts using current-voltage and capacitance voltage measurements. For n-type Schottky contacts, we observed reductions of 0.19-0.25 eV on 4H-SiC and 0.15-0.17 eV on 6H-SiC as compared with particle-free Ti Schottky contacts. For p-type SiC, the reduction was a little lower with 0.02-0.05 eV on 4H- and 0.10-0.13 eV on 6H-SiC. The reduction of the Schottky barrier height is explained using a model with enhanced electric field at the interface due to the small size of the circular patch and the large difference of the barrier height between Ti and Au.
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| 34. |
- Moore, Edward R.B. 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Considerations for Authenticating Bacterial Strains Coming Into and Going Out of Service Culture Collections
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the XXVII ECCO Annual Meeting, June 10-11, Ghent, Belgium. ; , s. 22-24
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Culture collections effectively provide important depositories of prokaryotic diversity, to be available for academic, biotechnological and commercial exploitation. Given the rationale for maintaining reference collections of bacterial strains, it is essential that the collections insure four important points: 1) the viability of strains; 2) the purity of strains; 3) the “authenticity” of strains, i.e., strains are what have been described and represented by the depositors; and 4) the accessibility of strains. Indeed, Rule 27(3) of the Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes states, “in the case of species or subspecies the culture collection numbers of at least two publicly accessible service collections in different countries where a subculture of the type strain has been deposited must be indicated”. Since 2002, proof of deposit and availability from culture collections has been required. Implicit in these requirements is the responsibility for the collection to provide proof of deposit to confirm the authenticity of the strain. However, culture collections should not consider themselves obligated to repeat the complete experimental procedures of depositors. The numbers of new taxonomic names included in categories covered by the rules of the Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes and validly published have risen an average of 14% each year for the last five years, to more than 900 in 2007 (www.bacterio.cict.fr/). The designated type strain for each of these new species and new combinations must be confirmed as available within culture collections. In principle, it is the responsibility of the respective culture collections to confirm the authenticity of these additions. In 2007, the CCUG issued 118 Certificates of Deposit (CoD) for type strains of newly proposed species. This represents 13% of the total number of new taxa described for that year and was an increase of 34% more than the number of CoD issued by the CCUG in 2006. In light of such increasing numbers of new taxa, culture collections must also respect the time, effort and expense required for “confirming” the authenticities of new deposits. The CCUG has assumed the responsibility for confirming authenticities of deposited strains, i.e., with respect to the protocols used to analyse the strains, and including the qualification: with a high degree of confidence. To this end, culture collections must consider carefully the methods they employ for analysing the authenticity of deposits. The methods to be used should necessarily be reproducible and elucidate the resolution adequate for recognising incorrect strains or contaminations. The CCUG employs phenotypic and cellular fatty acid (CFA) profiling as first- and second-phase analyses, with subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing as a tertiary-phase tool in cases wherein the phenotyping and CFA analyses prove to be inadequate. Phenotyping. CCUG “phenotyping” employs an initial screening of Gram-reaction, oxidase, catalase and cultivation on differential media. As has been pointed out before, if the results of simple, initial screening do not conform to the description of the organism, there is no need to carry on with more extensive analyses. Assuming that initial screening agrees with the description received from the depositor, phenotyping proceeds, employing taxon-specific customised and commercial (API, bioMérieux) tests (described in “CCUG Databases, Worksheets and Statistics”, www.ccug.se/default.cfm?navID=160). The resulting data are compared with the differential characteristics described by the depositors (i.e., the CCUG strongly recommends that depositors send the manuscript describing the strains, to be held in confidence). The CCUG carries out “phenotyping” analyses on most deposits. Thus, phenotypic authentications or identifications were performed on most of 1,715 strains deposited with the CCUG in 2007. Such analyses are reliable and useful for some taxa. Unfortunately, phenotyping also possesses well-known inherent problems. Firstly, the protocols require cultivation periods to allow the reactions to develop within the test panels. This generally takes 4 – 48 hours for most commercial systems, and some tests can require as long as six days. Secondly, reproducing phenotypic profiles in the culture collection lab that match those produced in the labs of depositors can be a challenge. Many reasons are responsible for inter-laboratory variability noted in phenotyping results. Additionally, it is recognised that some bacteria do not respond well to the substrates in commercial test panels (e.g., Stenotrophomonas spp., Sphingomonas spp.,), resulting in profiles of limited diversity. Deposits of such bacteria can not be reliably assessed, using phenotyping protocols. Furthermore, some bacteria do not present profiles that distinguish them from other species (e.g., Burkholderia cepacia complex spp., Streptococcus mitis complex spp., etc.). Thus, although bacteria belonging to closely related “species complexes” may be easily differentiated from organisms outside the respective species complex, the culture collection should be aware that inadvertent switches or contaminations with closely related species will most likely not be detected. For this reason, it is recommended that handling multiple samples of closely related and similar organisms on the bench should be done at different times. Chemotyping. CCUG “chemotyping”, may be applied, using cellular fatty acid (CFA) profiling and the protocols described in the MIDI Technical Note #101 (www.midi-inc.com). In 2007, the CCUG determined CFA profiles of 743 deposits (43%). In many cases, such analyses are able to confirm the authenticity of a deposited bacterial strain. Unfortunately, chemotyping faces some of the same limitations observed for phenotyping, in that some bacteria will produce CFA profiles of minimal diversity (e.g., Methylobacterium spp., etc.) or profiles that are not distinguishing (e.g., species of Enterobacteriaceae, etc.). The same risks associated with switching samples or contamination with closely related organisms must be acknowledged by culture collections. Furthermore, a minimal amount (100 mg) of biomass is necessary, which may be problematic to obtain from some fastidious organisms. Genotyping. It is clear that, just as phenotypic and chemotypic profiling may not be adequate for identifications of some bacteria, they also will prove less than perfect for reliable authentications of some bacteria. In such cases, 16S rRNA gene sequence determinations and comparative analyses may provide evidence supporting the authenticity of deposits. The CCUG employs partial 16S rRNA gene sequences for analysing the authenticities of deposited bacteria. The 16S rRNA genes are amplified by PCR, using universal primers. Amplification reactions are set up in duplicate, in order to minimise potential sequence mistakes caused by PCR error. The duplicate amplification products are combined prior to setting up sequence reactions. For purposes of authenticating deposited strains, the CCUG depends upon a single sequence reaction, resulting in determination of approximately 500 nucleotide positions (one third of the 16S rRNA gene) at the 5’-terminus of the 16S rRNA gene. Throughout the length of the 16S rRNA gene, five “hypervariable” regions have been observed to encompass the majority of nucleotide positions exhibiting variation. Three of the regions, comprising 71% of the variable positions in the five “hypervariable” regions, are located within the range of 500 nucleotide positions at the 5’-terminus of the gene. Thus, the probability is high that any deviation in sequence identity between sequences determined for deposited strains and the sequences determined for the strains by the depositors will be detected in this region. In order to provide a systematic assessment of deposited strains, using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the exact region of sequence comparison must be specified, preferably with reference to the E. coli or other species 16S rRNA gene sequence. An extremely high, or perfect, correlation of sequence identities would be expected in order to confirm the deposited strains as being the same as described by the depositors. Of course, the limitations of using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as a tool for authenticating deposited strains can be the same as those faced by phenotyping and chemotyping, i.e., the problem of resolution between very closely related organisms. However, again, the question is whether the deposited strains can be considered to be the same organisms described by the depositors – with a high degree of confidence. In point of fact, the authentication process for strains coming into the CCUG is overly complex because information obtained from new organisms is, at the same time, incorporated into the CCUG identification databases. If the only issue were to confirm the authenticity of new strains deposited in the collection, a partial, single-reaction sequence of 16S rRNA genes could be recommended as adequate, in most cases. Such an approach would provide the necessary confidence in the authenticity of newly deposited strains and would help minimise the time, effort and expense of analyses. It is important to note that the 16S rRNA gene sequence is the only characteristic that is required in all cases of new bacterial species descriptions. Whereas phenotypic differential characteristics are required, the specific analyses are not defined. Chemotypic data may be recommended, but are not necessarily required. G+C% content and DNA-DNA similarities are required only in specific conditions. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that information certain to be included in the descriptions of new organisms would be used also by culture collections for authenticating new deposits. Although the methods described above may be considered to be “adequate” for authentication
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| 35. |
- Mota, A, et al.
(författare)
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Simultaneous visualization of DNA loci in single cells by combinatorial multi-color iFISH
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific data. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2052-4463. ; 9:1, s. 47-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single-molecule DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques enable studying the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the genome at the single cell level. However, there is a major unmet need for open access, high quality, curated and reproducible DNA FISH datasets. Here, we describe a dataset obtained by applying our recently developed iFISH method to simultaneously visualize 16 small (size range: 62–73 kilobases, kb) DNA loci evenly spaced on chromosome 2 in human cells, in a single round of hybridization. We show how combinatorial color coding can be used to precisely localize multiple loci in 3D within single cells, and how inter-locus distances scale inversely with chromosome contact frequencies determined by high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C). We provide raw images and 3D coordinates for nearly 10,000 FISH dots. Our dataset provides a free resource that can facilitate studies of 3D genome organization in single cells and can be used to develop automatic FISH analysis algorithms.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Osbeck, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Var fjärde elev kränks i skolan
- 2003
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. 2003, februari, 26.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 38. |
- Raffan, Eleanor, et al.
(författare)
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A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene Is Associated with Weight and Appetite in Obesity-Prone Labrador Retriever Dogs
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cell Metabolism. - : Elsevier BV. - 1550-4131 .- 1932-7420. ; 23:5, s. 893-900
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sequencing of candidate genes for obesity in Labrador retriever dogs identified a 14 bp deletion in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) with an allele frequency of 12%. The deletion disrupts the b-MSH and beta-endorphin coding sequences and is associated with body weight (per allele effect of 0.33 SD), adiposity, and greater food motivation. Among other dog breeds, the deletion was only found in the closely related flat-coat retriever (FCR), where it is similarly associated with body weight and food motivation. The mutation is significantly more common in Labrador retrievers selected to become assistance dogs than pets. In conclusion, the deletion in POMC is a significant modifier of weight and appetite in Labrador retrievers and FCRs and may influence other behavioral traits.
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| 39. |
- Riel, Heike, et al.
(författare)
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III-V compound semiconductor transistors-from planar to nanowire structures
- 2014
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Ingår i: MRS Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1938-1425 .- 0883-7694. ; 39:8, s. 668-677
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventional silicon transistor scaling is fast approaching its limits. An extension of the logic device roadmap to further improve future performance increases of integrated circuits is required to propel the electronics industry. Attention is turning to III-V compound semiconductors that are well positioned to replace silicon as the base material in logic switching devices. Their outstanding electron transport properties and the possibility to tune heterostructures provide tremendous opportunities to engineer novel nanometer-scale logic transistors. The scaling constraints require an evolution from planar III-V metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) toward transistor channels with a three-dimensional structure, such as nanowire FETs, to achieve future performance needs for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) nodes beyond 10 nm. Further device innovations are required to increase energy efficiency. This could be addressed by tunnel FETs (TFETs), which rely on interband tunneling and thus require advanced III-V heterostructures for optimized performance. This article describes the challenges and recent progress toward the development of III-V MOSFETs and heterostructure TFETs-from planar to nanowire devices-integrated on a silicon platform to make these technologies suitable for future CMOS applications.
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| 40. |
- Rutsdottir, Gudrun, et al.
(författare)
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Structural model of dodecameric heat-shock protein Hsp21 : Flexible N-terminal arms interact with client proteins while C-terminal tails maintain the dodecamer and chaperone activity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 292:19, s. 8103-8121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small heat-shock proteins (sHsps) prevent aggregation of thermosensitive client proteins in a first line of defense against cellular stress. The mechanisms by which they perform this function have been hard to define due to limited structural information; currently, there is only one high-resolution structure of a plant sHsp published, that of the cytosolic Hsp16.9. We took interest in Hsp21, a chloroplast-localized sHsp crucial for plant stress resistance, which has even longer N-terminal arms than Hsp16.9, with a functionally important and conserved methionine-rich motif. To provide a framework for investigating structure-function relationships of Hsp21 and understanding these sequence variations, we developed a structural model of Hsp21 based on homology modeling, cryo-EM, cross-linking mass spectrometry, NMR, and small-angle X-ray scattering. Our data suggest a dodecameric arrangement of two trimer-of-dimer discs stabilized by the C-terminal tails, possibly through tail-to-tail interactions between the discs, mediated through extended IXVXI motifs. Our model further suggests that six N-terminal arms are located on the outside of the dodecamer, accessible for interaction with client proteins, and distinct from previous undefined or inwardly facing arms. To test the importance of the IXVXI motif, we created the point mutant V181A, which, as expected, disrupts the Hsp21 dodecamer and decreases chaperone activity. Finally, our data emphasize that sHsp chaperone efficiency depends on oligomerization and that client interactions can occur both with and without oligomer dissociation. These results provide a generalizable workflow to explore sHsps, expand our understanding of sHsp structural motifs, and provide a testable Hsp21 structure model to inform future investigations.
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| 41. |
- Schenk, A., et al.
(författare)
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The impact of hetero-junction and oxide-interface traps on the performance of InAs/Si and InAs/GaAsSb nanowire tunnel FETs
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2017 International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices, SISPAD 2017. - 9784863486102 ; 2017-September, s. 273-276
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fabricated InAs/Si and InAs/GaAsSb vertical nanowire tunnel FETs are analyzed by physics-based TCAD with emphasis on the impact of hetero-junction and oxide-interface traps on their performance. After careful fitting of a minimum set of parameters, the effects of diameter scaling and gate alignment are predicted. Trap-assisted tunneling at the oxide interface is suppressed by scaling the diameter into the volume-inversion regime. Gate alignment steepens the slope and increases the ON-current. The 'trap-tolerant' device geometry can result in a small sub-threshold swing despite commonly present trap concentrations.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Vinnars, Marie-Therese, et al.
(författare)
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Treatments for hyperemesis gravidarum: A systematic review
- 2024
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 103:1, s. 13-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionHyperemesis gravidarum affects 0.3%-3% of pregnant women each year and is the leading cause of hospitalization in early pregnancy. Previous systematic reviews of available treatments have found a lack of consistent evidence, and few studies of high quality. Since 2016, no systematic review has been conducted and an up-to date review is requested. In a recent James Lind Alliance collaboration, it was clear that research on effective treatments is a high priority for both patients and clinicians.Material and methodsSearches without time limits were performed in the AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases until June 26, 2023. Studies published before October 1, 2014 were identified from the review by O'Donnell et al., 2016. Selection criteria were randomized clinical trials and non-randomized studies of interventions comparing treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum with another treatment or placebo. Outcome variables included were: degree of nausea; vomiting; inability to tolerate oral fluids or food; hospital treatment; health-related quality of life, small-for-gestational-age infant; and preterm birth. Abstracts and full texts were screened, and risk of bias of the studies was assessed independently by two authors. Synthesis without meta-analysis was performed, and certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. PROSPERO (CRD42022303150).ResultsTwenty treatments were included in 25 studies with low or moderate risk of bias. The certainty of evidence was very low for all treatments except for acupressure in addition to standard care, which showed a possible moderate decrease in nausea and vomiting, with low certainty of evidence.ConclusionsSeveral scientific knowledge gaps were identified. Studies on treatments for hyperemesis gravidarum are few, and the certainty of evidence for different treatments is either low or very low. To establish more robust evidence, it is essential to use validated scoring systems, the recently established diagnostic criteria, clear descriptions and measurements of core outcomes and to perform larger studies. The certainty of evidence according to GRADE (The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was very low for all treatments of hyperemesis gravidarum except for acupressure in addition to standard care, which showed a possible moderate decrease in nausea and vomiting, with low certainty of evidence.image
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Wernersson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Deconwolf enables high-performance deconvolution of widefield fluorescence microscopy images
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Nature Methods. - 1548-7091 .- 1548-7105.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microscopy-based spatially resolved omic methods are transforming the life sciences. However, these methods rely on high numerical aperture objectives and cannot resolve crowded molecular targets, limiting the amount of extractable biological information. To overcome these limitations, here we develop Deconwolf, an open-source, user-friendly software for high-performance deconvolution of widefield fluorescence microscopy images, which efficiently runs on laptop computers. Deconwolf enables accurate quantification of crowded diffraction limited fluorescence dots in DNA and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization images and allows robust detection of individual transcripts in tissue sections imaged with x20 air objectives. Deconvolution of in situ spatial transcriptomics images with Deconwolf increased the number of transcripts identified more than threefold, while the application of Deconwolf to images obtained by fluorescence in situ sequencing of barcoded Oligopaint probes drastically improved chromosome tracing. Deconwolf greatly facilitates the use of deconvolution in many bioimaging applications. Deconwolf is a computationally efficient and user-friendly software tool for fluorescence microscopy image deconvolution that improves the analysis of diverse fluorescence in situ hybridization methods and can handle large datasets.
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| 46. |
- Wernersson, Lars-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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A combined chemical vapor deposition and rapid thermal diffusion process for SiGe Esaki diodes by ultra-shallow junction formation
- 2005
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. - 1536-125X. ; 4:5, s. 594-598
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SiGe Esaki diodes have been realized by rapid thermal diffusion of phosphorous into an SiGe layer grown by ultra-high-vacuum chemical-vapor-deposition on an Si p(+)-substrate for the first time. The phosphorous-doped SiGe forms the n(+)-electrode, while heavily boron-doped Si0.74Ge0.26 and Si substrate is used for the p(+) electrode. The diodes show a peak current density of 0.18 kA/cm(2), a current peak-to-valley ratio of 2.6 at room temperature, and they exhibit only a weak temperature dependence. Cross-sectional transmission microscopy showed a good crystalline quality of the strained Si0.74Ge0.26 layer even after the diffusion step at 900 degrees C.
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| 47. |
- Wernersson, Lars-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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SiGe Esaki tunnel diodes fabricated by UHV-CVD growth and proximity rapid thermal diffusion
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Electronics Letters. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). - 1350-911X .- 0013-5194. ; 40:1, s. 83-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A process for realisation of SiGe Esaki diodes in layers grown by ultra-high vacuum chemical vapour deposition has been developed and the first Esaki diodes are reported for this growth method. Intrinsic SiGe-layers are grown on highly boron-doped p(+)-Si layers, while post-growth proximity rapid thermal diffusion of phosphorous into the SiGe is employed to form an n(+)-layer. Tunnel diodes with a depletion layer width of about 6 nm have been realised in Si0.74Ge0.26, showing a peak current density of 0.18 kA/cm(2) and a current peak-to-valley ratio of 2.6 at room temperature.
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| 48. |
- Wernersson, Sven, et al.
(författare)
-
Bromodomain Interactions with Acetylated Histone 4 Peptides in the BRD4 Tandem Domain : Effects on Domain Dynamics and Internal Flexibility
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 61:21, s. 2303-2318
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) protein BRD4 regulates gene expression via recruitment of transcriptional regulatory complexes to acetylated chromatin. Like other BET proteins, BRD4 contains two bromodomains, BD1 and BD2, that can interact cooperatively with target proteins and designed ligands, with important implications for drug discovery. Here, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the dynamics and interactions of the isolated bromodomains, as well as the tandem construct including both domains and the intervening linker, and investigated the effects of binding a tetra-acetylated peptide corresponding to the tail of histone 4. The peptide affinity is lower for both domains in the tandem construct than for the isolated domains. Using 15N spin relaxation, we determined the global rotational correlation times and residue-specific order parameters for BD1 and BD2. Isolated BD1 is monomeric in the apo state but apparently dimerizes upon binding the tetra-acetylated peptide. Isolated BD2 partially dimerizes in both the apo and peptide-bound states. The backbone order parameters reveal marked differences between BD1 and BD2, primarily in the acetyl-lysine binding site where the ZA loop is more flexible in BD2. Peptide binding reduces the order parameters of the ZA loop in BD1 and the ZA and BC loops in BD2. The AB loop, located distally from the binding site, shows variable dynamics that reflect the different dimerization propensities of the domains. These results provide a basis for understanding target recognition by BRD4.
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| 49. |
- Zhang, J., et al.
(författare)
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Projected performance of experimental InAs/GaAsSb/GaSb TFET as millimeter-wave detector
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2017 IEEE SOI-3D-Subthreshold Microelectronics Unified Conference, S3S 2017. - 9781538637654 ; 2018-March, s. 1-2
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on measurements of a vertical nanowire InAs/GaAsSb/GaSb tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) that exhibited minimum subthreshold swing of 48 mV/dec and a record high I60 of 0.31 μA/μm, a SPICE model has been generated to allow an experimentally-based prediction of the nanowire TFET technology. At 30 GHz the detector has been simulated to reveal a sensitivity of 4.8 kV/W biased near zero volts (VGS =-0.06 V, VDS = 0.1 V). A maximum sensitivity of over 4000 kV/W has been obtained under biased conditions. These results exceed prior measurements of an In0.53Ga0.47As/GaAs0.5Sb0.5 heterojunction TFET by over an order of magnitude.
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| 50. |
- Ågerstrand, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities to tackle antibiotic resistance development in the aquatic environment through the Water Framework Directive
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 52:5, s. 941-951
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotics are critical components of modern health care. Protecting their efficacy through managing the rise in antibiotic resistance is therefore a global concern. It is not known to what extent environmental pollution from antibiotics contributes to the development of resistance, but encountered concentrations are frequently above concentrations predicted to select for resistance. Hence, measures are needed to manage risks. Here, we analyse if the indirect health risks from antibiotics in the aquatic environment can be considered in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive and the setting of environmental quality standards (EQS). By scrutinising current legislation, we conclude that it is possible to take the indirect health risks from antimicrobial resistance into account when deriving EQS for substances with antibiotic activity. We base this on the following conclusions: (1) human health concerns can be the main driver when setting an EQS, (2) an EQS can be based on data not specified in the guidance document, and (3) there are no restrictions against establishing EQS using data on antimicrobial resistance properties. In addition, since antimicrobial resistance travel across borders, we see strong reasons to prioritise setting these EQS on the EU level over the national level. Even though there is no agreed-upon method for how to develop EQS protective against resistance selection, there are several suggestions available in the literature and a couple of examples of regulatory initiatives. Also, addressing antimicrobial resistance through the Water Framework Directive can act as a driving force for other applicable legislation where such risks are not considered. We end by providing a set of recommendations for the European Commission and the Members States' future work on addressing aquatic pollution and antimicrobial resistance.
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